NEET Study Material of Physics Part 1 PDF

16/01/2020 NEET Study Material Of Physics Part 1
NEET Study Material Of Physics Part 1

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PHYSICS NOTES
CENTRE OF MASS
As shown in figure consider two particles having mass m
and m
lying on X
-axis at
distance of x
and x
respectively from the origin
(O). The centre of mass of this system is that
point whose distance from origin O is given by
푥=
+푚
+푚
Here, x is the mass
-weight average position of x
and x
2.
The centre of mass of the two particles of equa
l mass lies at the centre
(on
the line joining
the two particles between the two particles)
Consider a set of n particles whose masses are m
,m
, ... m
and whose vector relative
to an origin O are
, ........
respectively
The centre of mass of this set of particles is defined as the point with position vector
CM
퐶푀
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
퐶푀
푖=1
Here M is the total mass of the body
Solved numerical
Q) Three particles of
mass 2kg, 5kg, and 3kg are situated at
points with position vectors (
+ 4j
7k)m, (3i
2j +k )m and (I
6j +13k) m respectively. Find the position vector of
centre of mass
Solution
퐶푀
+푚
+푚
+푚
+푚
퐶푀
̂+4 ̂−7푘
+5
3 ̂−2 ̂+푘
+3
̂−6 ̂+13푘
2+5+3
퐶푀
2 ̂−2 ̂+3푘
PHYSICS NOTES
Centre of mass of continuous bodies
For calculating centre of mass of continuous body, we first divide the body into suitably
chosen infinitesimal elements. The choice is usually determined by the symmetry of
the
body.
Consider an element dm of the body having position vector r, the quantity m
can be
replaced by dm
, direct sum over particles becomes integral over the body
퐶푀
푑푚
In component form, this equation can be written as
푐푚
푥 푑푚
푐푚
푦 푑푚
푐푚
푧 푑푚
To evaluate the integral we must express the variable m in terms of spatial coordinates
x, y, z or
Solved Numerical
Q) Locate the centre of mass of a uniform semicircular rod of radius R and linear density
kg/m
Solution
From the symmetry of the body we see at once t
hat the centre of mass
of the body must
lie along y
-axis. So X
CM
= 0.
In this case it is convenient to express the mass element in terms of the angle θ
, measured
in radian
The element, which
subtends an angle dθ
at the origin, has a length Rdθ and a mass
dm = σRdθ
. Its y coordinate is y = Rsin
Therefore
퐶푀
푦 푑푚
PHYSICS NOTES
퐶푀
휎푅
푠푖푛휃푑휃
퐶푀
휎푅
−푐표푠휃
퐶푀
2휎푅
Total mass of ring M =
∴푦
퐶푀
2푅
Q) A
circular plate of uniform thickness has a diameter of 56 cm. A circular portion of
diameter 42cm is removed from one edge of the plate as shown in figure. Find the centre
of mass of the remaining portion
Solution
Let O be the centre of circular plate and
, the centre of circular
portion removed from the plate. Let O
be the centre of mass of the
remaining part.
Area of original plate =
= (28)
cm
Area removed from circular plate =
= (21)
cm
Let
be the mass per cm
. Then
Mass of the
original plate m = (28)
πσ
Mass of the removed part m
= (21)
πσ
Mass of the remaining part m
= (28)
πσ
- (21)
πσ
= 343πσ
Now the masses m
and m
may be supposed to be concentrated at O
and O
respectively. Their combined centre of mass is at O. Taking O as origin we have form
definition of centre of centre of mass.
푐푚
+푚
+푚
= OO
= OA
A = 28
-2 1 = 7cm
= OO
= ?, x
cm
=0
0=
21
휋휎×7+343휋휎×푥
+푚
21
휋휎×7+343휋휎×푥
=0
= -9 cm
Q) The distance between two particles of mass m
and m
is r. If the distances of these
particles from the centre of mass of the system are r
and r
respectively, show that
=푟
+푚
푎푛푑 푟
=푟
+푚
Solution
Centre of mass will be in between the line joining the two masses as shown in figure
PHYSICS NOTES
Velocity of centre of mass
퐶푀
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
Momentum of centre of mass
=푀
퐶푀
=푚
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
=푃
+푃
+푃
+⋯+푃
Acceleration of centre of mass
퐶푀
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
Force on centre of mass
=푀
퐶푀
=푚
+푚
+푚
+⋯+푚
=퐹
+퐹
+퐹
+⋯+퐹
Equation shows that the system moves under the influence of the resultant external force
F as if the whole mass
of the system is concentrated at its centre of mass
Law of conservation of momentum
=푃
+푃
+푃
+⋯+푃
Above equation
shows that “If resultant external force acting on a system of particle is
zero, then the total linear momentum of the system remain
constant” this statement is
known as the law of conservation of linear momentum.
Solved numerical
Q) A man weighing 70kg is standing at the centre of a flat boat of mass 350 kg.
The man
who is at a distance of 10m from the shore walks 2m towards it and s
tops. Ho
w far will he
be from the
bank
? Assume the boat to be of uniform thickness and neglect friction
between boat and water.
Solution
Man and boat form a system. This system is not acted by any external force
Thus according to law of conservation of
momentum
Centre of mass of system will remain unchanged with reference to observer on the bank
Now man is standing at the centre of boat thus CM is at 10 m from bank
퐶푀
+푚
+푚
10=
70푥
+350푥
70+350
PHYSICS NOTES
420
= 7x
+ 35 x
60
=x
+ 5x
----
eq(1)
Since man has walked 2 m distance between the CM of Boat and Man is 2m
Also x
=2
-----
eq(2)
From equation (1) and (2) we get
= 25/3=8.33 m
Q) A person is standing on a stationary raft in a lake. The distance of the person from ban
of the lake is 30m.
The masses of the person and the raft are 60kg and 40kg respectively.
Now, the person starts running on the raft towards the bank at the speed of 10m/s with
respect to the raft. How far from the bank, would be the person be after one
second
Solution
Since no external force acts on the system, the position of centre of mass of the system
should remain unchanged. If we take coordinates as (0,0) then
푐푚
+푚
+푚
Here x
Cm
= (0,0)
Let m
= mass of boat ,
= mass of man
0=
40
−푥
+60푥
+푚
40푥
=60푥
Let x
+x
=x
=x
40
푥−푥
=60푥
40푥 =100푥
So centre of mass C is at a distance of (2/5) from the centre of boat
In one second, person will run through a distance of 10m towards the bank.
So raft mu
st move (2/5)
10 away from the bank. So that centre of mass of system
remains unchanged.
So, person distance from bank = 30
- (2/5)
10 = 26
Q) Two skaters A and B of mass M and 1.5M are standing
together on
a frictionless ice
surface. They push each other apart. The skater B moves away from A with a speed of
2m/s relative to ice. What will be the separation between two skaters after 8 seconds?
Solution
Since no external force acts on the system
, Centre of m
ass with respect to observer on ice
remains unchanged
PHYSICS NOTES
Thus Mv = (1.5M)
Thus velocity of A with respect to ice = 3 m/s
Now relative velocity = 3 +2 m/s
Relative separation = 5
8 = 40 m
PHYSICS NOTES
CIRCULAR AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
Circular Motion
When a particle moves on a circular
path with a constant speed, then its
motion is known
as uniform circular
motion in a plane. The
magnitude of
velocity
in circular motion remains
constant but the direction changes
continuously.
Let us consider a particle of mass
moving with a velocity
along the circle
of radius
with centre O as shown in Fig
P is the position of the particle
at a given instant of time such
that the radial line OP makes an angle
with the reference line
DA. The
magnitude of the velocity remains constant, but its
direction changes
continuously. The linear velocity always acts tangentially to the position
of the
particle (i.e) in each position, the linear velocity
is perpendicular
to the radius
vector
Angular displacement
Let us consider a particle of mass
moving along the circular path of radius
as shown in
Fig.
Let the initial position of
the
particle be A. P and Q are the
positions of
the particle at any instants of time
and
dt
respectively. Suppose the particle traverses a
distance
ds
along the circular path in time
interval
dt.
During this interval,
it moves through
an angle
The angle swept by
the
radius vector at a given time is called the angular
displacement of the particle.
If
be the radius of the circle, then the angular displacement is
given by
ds
/r
The angular displacement is measured in terms of
radian.
Angular velocity
The rate of change of angular displacement is called the angular velocity of the particle
Let
be the angular displacement made by the particle in
time
dt
, then the angular
velocity of the particle is
휔=
푑휃
푑푡
Its unit
is rad s
and dimensional formula is
PHYSICS NOTES
For one complete revolution, the angle swept by the radius vector
is 360
or 2
radians. If
is the time taken for one complete revolution,
known as period, then the angular
velocity of the particle is
휔=
2휋
If particle makes n revolution per second then frequency is n
Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity
Let us consider a body P moving along the circumference of a
circle of radius
with linear
velocity
and angular velocity
as shown
in Fig
.. Let it move from
P to Q in time
dt
and
be the angle
swept by the radius vector.
Let PQ =
ds,
be the arc length covered
by the particle moving along
the circle, then
the angular displacement
is expressed
as
푑휃 =
푑푠
But ds = v dt
∴푑휃 =
푣푑푡
푑휃
푑푡
∴휔 =
표푟 푣 = 휔푟
In vector notion
=휔
Thus, for a given angular velocity
, the linear velocity
of the
particle is directly
proportional to the distance of the particle from the
centre of the circular path (i.e)
for a
body
in a uniform circular motion,
the angular velocity is the same for all points in the body
but linear
velocity is different for
different points of the body.
Angular acceleration
If the angular velocity of the body performing rotatory motion is
non
-uniform, then the
body is said to possess angular acceleration.
The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration.
If the angular velocity of a body moving in a circular path changes
from
to
in time
then its angular
acceleration is
훼=
푑휔
푑푡
푑푡
푑휃
푑푡
푑푡
훼=
−휔
The angular acceleration is measured in terms of rad s
and
its
dimensional formula is T
PHYSICS NOTES
Centripetal acceleration
The speed of a particle performing uniform circular motion
remains
constant throughout
the motion but its velocity changes continuously
due to the change in direction (i.e)
the
particle executing uniform circular
motion is said to possess an acceleration.
Consider a particle executing circular motion of radius
with
linear velocity
and angular velocity
. The linear
velocity of the
particle acts along the tangential line.
Let
be the angle described
by the particle at the
centre when it moves from A to B in time
dt
At A and B, linear velocity
acts along
AH
and BT respectively. In Fig.
AOB
θ=
HET
angle subtended by
the two radii of a circle = angle
subtended
by the two tangents).
The velocity
at B of the particle
makes an angle d
with the line BC and
hence it is
resolved horizontally as
v cos d
along BC and vertically as
sin
along
BD.
The change in velocity along the horizontal direction =
v cos d
θ−
If
is very small,
cos d
=1
Change in velocity along the horizontal direction =
=0
(i.e) there is no change in velocity in the
horizontal direction.
The change in velocity in the vertical direction (i.e along AO) is
dv = v sin d
θ−
0 = v sin d
If
is very small,
sin d
The change in velocity in the vertical direction (i.e) along radius
of the circle
dv = v.d
But linear acceleration
푎=
푑푣
푑푡
=푣
푑휃
푑푡
=푣휔
We know that
푎=
Hence,
the acceleration of the particle producing uniform circular
motion is along AO (i.e)
directed towards the centre of
the circle. This acceleration is directed towards
the centre
of the circle
along the radius and perpendicular to the velocity of the particle. This
acceleration is known as centripetal or radial or normal acceleration

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16/01/2020 NEET Study Material Of Physics Part 1

NEET Study Material Of Physics Part 1

As shown in figure consider two particles having mass m

respectively from the origin

(O). The centre of mass of this system is that

point whose distance from origin O is given by

Here, x is the mass

-weight average position of x

The centre of mass of the two particles of equa

l mass lies at the centre

the line joining

the two particles between the two particles)

Consider a set of n particles whose masses are m

and whose vector relative

Here M is the total mass of the body

mass 2kg, 5kg, and 3kg are situated at

points with position vectors (

6j +13k) m respectively. Find the position vector of

Centre of mass of continuous bodies

chosen infinitesimal elements. The choice is usually determined by the symmetry of

Consider an element dm of the body having position vector r, the quantity m

, direct sum over particles becomes integral over the body

In component form, this equation can be written as

From the symmetry of the body we see at once t

hat the centre of mass

of the body must

The element, which

at the origin, has a length Rdθ and a mass

. Its y coordinate is y = Rsin

Total mass of ring M =

circular plate of uniform thickness has a diameter of 56 cm. A circular portion of

of mass of the remaining portion

Let O be the centre of circular plate and

, the centre of circular

portion removed from the plate. Let O

be the centre of mass of the

Area of original plate =

Area removed from circular plate =

be the mass per cm

original plate m = (28)

Mass of the removed part m

Mass of the remaining part m

Now the masses m

may be supposed to be concentrated at O

respectively. Their combined centre of mass is at O. Taking O as origin we have form

definition of centre of centre of mass.

Q) The distance between two particles of mass m

is r. If the distances of these

particles from the centre of mass of the system are r

respectively, show that

Velocity of centre of mass

Momentum of centre of mass

Acceleration of centre of mass

Force on centre of mass

F as if the whole mass

of the system is concentrated at its centre of mass

Law of conservation of momentum

shows that “If resultant external force acting on a system of particle is

zero, then the total linear momentum of the system remain

constant” this statement is

known as the law of conservation of linear momentum.

who is at a distance of 10m from the shore walks 2m towards it and s

? Assume the boat to be of uniform thickness and neglect friction