HI-WAY………………………..

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
is that branch of civil engineering which deals with the application of scientific principles, tools, techniques and findings for safe rapid
convenient economic movement of people and goods.
ROAD SIGNS
OBJECTIVE:
1. To lead to a safest road traffic.
2. To facilitate this traffic.
3. To indicate or to remind some particular traffic rules.
4. To inform the drivers how to use highway.
SIGNALING DEVICES
CATEGORIES:
1. Road traffic signs
2. Road traffic signals
3. Pavement markings
4. Guide post and delineators
VISIBILITY & LEGIBILITY
THREE PARAMETERS:
1. The Detection – minimum area in contrast with the environment perceptibility by human eye.
2. The Identification – analysis of the form and color of the road signs to understand the messages it conveys.
3. The Reading – fundamental role of road signs conforming to alpha numerical language or by the symbol of information
transmitted to the driver.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ROAD SIGNS
1. Valorization Principles – to use only the needed and useful signs.
2. Concentration Principles – it is necessary that some road signs must be seen at the same time, they should be installed for the
driver to see at a glance by night and day.
3. Legibility Principles – excessive efforts of reading or memory works cannot be required for the driver.
WARNING SIGNS
• Use to warn traffic
• Yellow color is reserved only for temporary signals
EXAMPLES:
MERGING TRAFFIC, HANGING BRIGDE
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, ANIMAL CROSSING, ROAD UNDER REPAIR, APPROACHING TRAFFIC LIGHT, NARROWING ROAD, ROUGH ROAD,
STEEP DOWNWARD ROAD, STEEP UPWARD, RIVER AHEAD, TWO WAY ROAD, CAUTION FALLING STONE, RAILROAD CROSSING,
APPROACHING, SLIPPERY ROAD
INTERSECTION SIGNS
RIGHT OF WAY
3 POSSIBLE SITUATIONS:
1. GENERAL RULE
2. PRIORITY ROAD
3. NON-PRIORITY ROAD
PRESCRIPTION ROAD SIGN
THREE CATEGORIES:
1. Prohibitive Signs
EXAMPLE:
NO RIGHT TURN, NO LEFT TURN, NO U-TURN, NO ENTRY, NO STOPPING, NO PARKING, ETC.
2. Obligation Signs
EXAMPLE:
TURN LEFT AHEAD, TURN LEFT, KEEP RIGHT, STRAIGHT AHEAD, ETC.
3. End of Prescription Signs
DIRECTION SIGNS
FOUR CATEGORIES:
1. Advance direction sign
2. Intersection direction sign
3. Reassurance of confirmatory sign
4. Entering and Exit of urban area
TRAFFIC SIGNALS
Traffic Signals are Classified into:
1. Pre-Timed Signals – where traffic time intervals are divided to the various traffic movements.
2. Traffic Activated – where time intervals are controlled as a whole or in part by traffic demands.
Four Systems of Coordination:
1. Simultaneous Coordination
2. Alternative Coordination
3. Limited Progressive
4. Flexible Progressive
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Pavement markings was introduced to delineate
1. Roadway center line
2. Line boundaries
 3. No passing zone
4. Pavement edges
5. Roadway transitions
6. Turning patterns
7. Approach to obstruction
8. Light rail or bus clearance
9. Stop line
10. Cross walks
11. Railroad crossing
12. Parking limits
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Specific Uses of Colors
A. White – used where vehicles may cross the markings
B. Yellow Lines – delineates the separation of traffic flows
C. Dashed Lines – directional line
GUIDEPOST & MARKINGS
SIX TYPES OF GUIDEPOST or BEACONS
1. Curve guide post J1
2. Intersection guide post J3
3. Hazard marker J4
4. Nose marker J5
5. Delineator J6
6. Wind cone J7
GUARDRAIL
To prevent a car from leaving the highway or from colliding against an obstacle by deflecting it so that it continues to move at reduced
velocity along the guardrail and in the normal direction.
HIGHWAY &URBAN STREET OPERATIONS
ONE WAY STREET
those where traffic moves in one direction only.
ADVANTAGES OVER TWO WAY OPERATION:
1. Bigger Capacity
2. Fewer Stops and Increasing Speed
3. Improvised Pedestrian Movement
4. Reduced Accidents
5. Elimination of Headlight Glare
TRAFFIC CONTROL
Most important traffic control devices for street operations are the STOP and YIELD signs and the Traffic Signals.
CONDITIONS:
1. That its benefit include decreased operation costs.
2. Lower contributions to air pollution.
3. Passage time reduction of 2 to 6 seconds.
4. Lower accident frequency.
STREET LIGHTING
LAMP OUTPUT:
1. For EXPRESSWAYS, the standard proposed foot-candle is 10. On residential 1.4 fc in intermediate and 2.0 in downtown areas.
2. For SIDEWALKS on commercial areas, the recommended level of illumination is 1.0 foot-candle.
3. For RESIDENTIAL STREETS the value is 0.4 foot-candle.
4. The requirements for collector road facilities fall between those for arterials and minor streets.
5. For FREEWAYS, the uniformity ratio is set at 3:1 or 4:1. The uniformity ratio is the average illumination divided by the lowest
illumination.
6. The Guide also recommended the right illumination level for low mounted bridge, railings and walls of tunnels and
underpasses.
STREET PARKING
 Parking on the street substantially reduces the capacity of the road.
 It creates congestions and confusions.
 It increases travel time and accidents of vehicles.
 Under such principle, public officials are free within reasonable limits to establish rules to control parking on street and to set
penalties against violators.
ROAD MAINTENANCE
HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
• Will depend on expenditures/budget
• Local, urban & rural
• Do-betterment projects
RELATIONSHIPS B/W DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND MAINTENANCE
1. Improper construction
2. Poor drainage
3. Sharp ditches & steep Slopes
4. Narrow road lanes
ROAD SURFACE MAINTENANCE
• Construction=high work ; maintenance=just a little
• Speed at least possible disruption & danger to traffic
 • For gravel roads: blading & periodic reshaping
• For surface treatments & low type bituminous pavement: patching, seal coating, remixing & relaying
• Slick asphalt: roughening, burning or non-skid seal
• For Portland cement concrete road: removal & replacement or filling the damaged areas
SHOULDER & APPROACH
• Sod shoulder has to be mowed
• Grass prevents shoulder erosion
• Gravel & Earth must be bladed
• Rutting & Settling of shoulder must be corrected
ROADSIDE & DRAINAGE
• Mow if full of grass
• Grass should be fertilized
• If dry, burn or plow
• If brush covers the backslope, trim
SOME TOOLS FOR ROADSIDE MAINTENANCE
 Mechanical sod cutter
 Combined seed & fertilizer spreaders
 Power mowers
 Portable grass cutter
 Brush mowers
 Brush choppers
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
 Cleaning the ditches, culverts, drop inlets & catch basins
 Removal of sediments
 Removal of brush, branches and other debris
 Repair of eroded channels and dikes
 Riprapping
BRIDGE MAINTENANCE
 For steel bridge: cleaning by sandblasting, flame or other means of repainting
 Cleaning and sealing of deck joints
 Repair of drainage handrails
 Resurfacing of surface decks
 Correct serious scour
 Salt penetration that corrodes reinforcing steel
 Correction=removing concrete, clear the steel and apply new material such as polymer concrete
 Sealouts and overlays are asphaltic materials use protective covering
 To check bridge deterioration, apply latex modified concrete
 If decks are dismantled, epoxy-coated reinforcing steel may be used
TRAFFIC SERVICE
• Stripping
• Repair of signs
• Maintenance of street lights and signals
• Coping with emergencies, keeoing the roads open, signs and barricades washouts and rescue stranded vehicles
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
INTRODUCTION TO PAVEMENT
• Pavement is the actual travel surface especially made durable and serviceable to withstand the traffic load and pedestrian load coming
upon it.
• Pavement grants friction for the vehicles thus providing comfort to the driver and transfers the traffic load from the upper surface to the
natural soil.
• Pavement construction begins by properly grading and preparing the site aggregate sub base and base course which are topped with
the finish pavement.
BASIC COMPONENTS
• SUB GRADE
• It is the soil layer beneath the pavement which bears the design load, receives infiltration water, and is subject to ground water infusion
due to seasonal fluctuations or upward capillary migration.
• Sub grade bearing capacity, uniformity, and permeability are key factors in determining various pavement layers thickness.
• AGGREGATE BASE AND SUBBASE
• The base layer consists of a grades aggregate foundation that transfers the pavement load to the Sub grade in controlled radiating
manner.
• Heavy-duty pavements or weak sub grades, usually require an additional layer of base material, called a sub base, which also consists of
a clean but coarsergraded aggregate layer.
• Both aggregate base and sub base typically extend beyond the pavement edge to provide lateral support and to prevent uneven sub
grade loading.
• PAVEMENT
• The pavement material receives traffic wear and transfers loads to the base and sub grade.
• PAVEMENT EDGE
• Pavement edge require extra reinforcing to prevent breaking or crumbling due to eccentric loading, invasion plant roots, or wind erosion
in coastal sandy soils. •PAVEMENT JOINTS
• Rigid pavements requires expansion and control joints to allow for contraction and expansion due to temperature fluctuation. Such
joints may be butted, doweled or keyed using pre-molded expansion joint fillers.
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
• Flexible pavement
• Rigid pavement
• Porous pavement
CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS
 IN-SITU PAVING
• Concrete
• Asphalt
 UNIT PAVING
• Brick unit paving
• Granite unit paving
• Slate unit paving
 SOFT PAVING
• Turf grass soft paving
• Turf blocks soft paving
DESIGN CRITERIA
 APPLICATION
• Loading–Bearing Ability
• Durability
• Safety
 CLIMATE
• SUBGRADE
• MAINTENANCE
 COST
• STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
• AESTHETICAL DESIGN
LATEST TECHNOLOGY FOR PAVEMENTS
• Kinetic pavements – “PAVEGEN”
- “POWER WALKING”
• Solar Roadways
• Dazzling STARPATH Pavement
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
PROTECTIVE AND DECORATIVE COATINGS
PAINTS
• A substance composed of solid coloring matter suspended in a liquid medium and applied as a protective or decorative coating to
various surfaces.
• Has an oil as one of the cheap ingredients.
SURFACE PREPARATION
The application of protective or decorative coatings has certain limitations. The performance of any coating material is related directly to
the thoroughness and quality of the preparation of the surface prior to application of the coating.
CLEANING MATERIALS
Cleaning materials vary according to the type of surface to be cleaned and the material to be removed. Soap, detergents, and solvent-type
cleaners as well as wire brushes, scrapers, sandpaper, abrasives, and sand-blasting equipment are all used in various situations.
PRIMERS
Primers are materials which are used as a first or base coat for many surfaces and to provide a better bonding base for the subsequent
coating. The material used as a primer will vary, depending on the type of base surface.
OIL PAINTS
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF AN OIL PAINT:
• Body
• Vehicle
• Pigment
• Thinner
• Drier
ALKYD PAINTS
- Are so called because of the synthesis resin, alkyd resin, used in the paint formation.
- Produced by combining a drying oil with glycerin (the alcohol) and phthalic anhydride (the acid).
RESIN-EMULSION PAINTS
- latex paints
FOUR BASIC RESIN TYPES:
• Butadienestyrene
• Polyvinyl acetate
• Epoxy resin
• Acrylic resin
METALLIC PAINT
- Consists of a metallic pigment and a vehicle. The pigment is very fine flakes of aluminum, copper, bronze, zinc, or tin. They are
suspended in a vehicle which may be a natural or synthetic varnish, a quick-drying lacquer, special bronzing lacquer, or
bituminous-based vehicle, depending on where the paint is to be used.
FIRE-RETARDANT PAINT
- does not make a building fire-proof, but what it does do is make it more difficult for a fire to spread
- they are noncombustible
POLYESTER-EPOXY COATINGS
- much higher percentage of solid than conventional paints.
VARNISHES
Three Groups
• natural-resin varnishes
• modified natural-resin
• synthetic-resin varnishes
ENAMEL
- when the pigment is added to a varnish, the result is an enamel.
SHELLAC
- is the only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin
LACQUERS
- is made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear finishes.
VARIETY OF CLEAR AND COLORED LACQUERS
1. Clear gloss lacquer
2. Clear flat lacquer
3. Tinting lacquer
4. Brushing lacquer
5. Bronzing lacquer
6. Shading lacquer
7. Water-while lacquer
8. Dipping lacquer
STAINS
- Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces
TYPES OF WOOD STAIN
1. Water stains
2. Spirit stains
3. Penetrating Oil Stains
4. Non-Grain-Raising Stains
5. Pigment Wiping Stains
FILLERS
 - Finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces
TWO GENERAL TYPES OF FILLERS
1. Paste fillers - used on open-grained woods.
2. Liquid fillers – used on close-grained woods.
SEALERS
• Is to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats.

SPECIFIC WEIGHT, WATER ABSORPTION, ABRASION, DENSITY, MOISTURE CONTENT OF AGGREGATES

AGGREGATE
• Granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shale, slag or crushed stone.
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
• Also known as Unit Weight
• Weight per unit volume (γ = weight of fluid/ volume of fluid )
• Bulk density of aggregates depends upon the following
3 factors:
• Degree of Compaction
• Grading of Aggregates
• Shape of Aggregate Particles
SHAPE OF AGGREGATE PARTICLES
 Irregular aggregates
 Flaky and elongated aggregates
 Angular aggregates
 Rounded aggregates
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UNIT WEIGHT
1. Normal weight aggregate
2. Heavyweight or high-density aggregate
3. Light weight aggregate
DENSITY OF AGGREGATES
 Bulk density
 Absolute density
 Relative density
BULK DENSITY OF AGGREGATE
Degree of Compaction
1. Loose bulk density (un-compacted)
2. Compacted bulk density
WATER ABSORPTION
- The increase in weight due to water contained in the pores of the material.
AGGREGATE ABSORPTION
Aggregate absorption is a useful quality because:
 High values can indicate non-durable aggregate.
 Absorption can indicate the amount of asphalt binder the aggregate will absorb.
Formula :
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 % =
𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 − 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎/ 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
KINDS OF ABRASION RESISTANCE TEST:
• Deval Attrition Test
• Los Angeles Test
• Dorry Abrasion Test
MOISTURE CONTENT
- it contains absorbed water and moisture coating the surface, called free or surface moisture.
AGGREGATE MOISTURE
Four States:
A. dry (oven-dry) state
B. air-dry state
C. saturated-surface-dry (SSD) state
D. wet state
FORMULA:
MOISTURE CONTENT:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀,% = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 – 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑/ 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 × 100