ESc201 : Introducton to Eliectronics

Amplifiers

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT Kanpur

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 Why amplify?
• Key to analog and digital processing

Active Device: supplies power

 Noise tolerance
• Amplification is the key to noise tolerance during
communications
Noise tolerance
 One port network
I1

Network

I1

Network consists of R, L, C, and dependent sources

 Two port networks
• General two-port networks

+ +
Two-Port
V1 I1 I2 V2
Network
- -
I1 I2

• Network consists of R, L, C, and dependent sources

• One way to characterize the system is

V1 z11I1  z12 I 2
V2 z21I1  z22 I 2
 Amplifer
• A 3-port device actually

• Power port is generally not shown

• All ports share common ground
 Simple voltage amplifer

+ + Vo G Vi
Vi V0
G 1
- -
• Equivalent representation
I0 I1 I0
I1
+ +
+ + gmvi
V0 Vi Ri rO
Vi V0
- - - -

note: Vi does not depend on Io

 I1 I0 Input resistance R i =Vi / Ii
+ + (Ideally large)
Vi V0
- -

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 I1 I0 Input resistance R i =Vi / Ii
+ + (Ideally large)
Vi V0
Trans conductance
- - Io
gm =
Vi V 0
(Ideally large) 0

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 I1 I0 Input resistance R i =Vi / Ii
+ + (Ideally large)
Vi V0
Trans conductance
- - Io
gm =
Vi V 0
(Ideally large) 0

I1 I0
+ +
Ri gmvi rO
Vi V0
- -
Io
Output conductance:go = 1 / ro =
(Ideally small) Vo V =0 11
i
Voltage Amplifier
RS
V0

VS RL

12
Voltage Amplifier
RS I1 I0
V0 + +
VS RL Ri gmvi rO
Vi V0
- -

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Voltage Amplifier
RS I1 I0
V0 + +
VS RL Ri gmvi rO
Vi V0
- -

RS
v0
+
Ri gmvi
vS vi rO RL
-

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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Ri
Vi  VS
Ri  RS

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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Ri
Vi  VS Vo  g mVi ro RL
Ri  RS

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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Ri
Vi  VS Vo  g mVi ro RL
Ri  RS
Vo RL Ri
AV   g m ro  
Vs ro  RL Ri  RS

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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Ri
Vi  VS Vo  g mVi ro RL
Ri  RS
Vo RL Ri
AV   g m ro  
Vs ro  RL Ri  RS

AV  g m ro
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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Ri
Vi  VS Vo  g mVi ro RL
Ri  RS
Vo RL Ri
AV   g m ro  
Vs ro  RL Ri  RS

AV  g m ro
Necessary Condition for Voltage Amplification g m ro  1
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Voltage Amplification

gm r o >> 1
Voltage Amplification

gm r o >> 1 gm >> g o

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Voltage Amplification

gm r o >> 1 gm >> g o
Trans-conductance >> Output Conductance

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Voltage Amplification

gm r o >> 1 gm >> g o
Trans-conductance >> Output Conductance

Io Io
gm = go 
Vi V 0 Vo V =0
0
i

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Voltage Amplification

gm r o >> 1 gm >> g o
Trans-conductance >> Output Conductance

Io Io
gm = go 
Vi V 0 Vo V =0
0
i

I1 I0 I1 I0
+ +
+ + gmvi
Vi V0 Vi Ri rO
V0
- - - -

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Voltage Amplification

gm r o >> 1 gm >> g o
Trans-conductance >> Output Conductance

Io Io
gm = go 
Vi V 0 Vo V =0
0
i

I1 I0 I1 I0
+ +
+ + gmvi
Vi V0 Vi Ri rO
V0
- - - -

Transistor 26
Transistor

IO
+ Trans-resistor +

VIN Vo

- -

Current IO is much more sensitive to VIN than VO

• Can be used for voltage amplification

• Can be used as a switch
• Implement logic
•…
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 I0 I1 I0
I1
+ +
+ +
V0 Ri gmvi rO
Vi Vi V0
- - - -

RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Vo RL Ri
AV   g m ro  
VS ro  RL Ri  RS 28
 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Vo RL Ri
AV   g m ro  
Vs ro  RL Ri  RS

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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Vo RL Ri
AV   g m ro  
Vs ro  RL Ri  RS
In the ideal case ro is infinite
Vo Ri
AV   g m RL 
Vs Ri  RS

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 RS
v0
+
Ri g m vi
vS vi rO RL
-

Vo RL Ri
AV   g m ro  
Vs ro  RL Ri  RS
In the ideal case ro is infinite
Vo Ri
AV   g m RL 
Vs Ri  RS
We would ideally like input resistance Ri to be infinite as well !

AV  g m RL
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 An ideal 3-terminal device for Voltage Amplification

I1 I0
+ +
Vi V0
- -

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 An ideal 3-terminal device for Voltage Amplification

I0 I0
I1
+ +
+ +
Vi V0 gmvi
Vi V0
- -
- -

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 An ideal 3-terminal device for Voltage Amplification

I0 I0
I1
+ +
+ +
Vi V0 gmvi
Vi V0
- -
- -

I0

Vi

Ideal Transistor Characteristics 34

 An ideal 3-terminal device for Voltage Amplification

I0 I0
I1
+ +
+ +
Vi V0 gmvi
Vi V0
- -
- -

I0
I0
Vi Vi3
Vi2
Vi1
V0
Ideal Transistor Characteristics 35
Ideal Transistor (IT)
Making a voltage amplifier with an ideal transistor is straightforward
v0 I0
+ +
IT gmvi
Vi V0
RL
- -
vs
vo
AV   g m RL
vs
v0
+
gm vi
vS vi RL
-

In practice there is no element which has the characteristics of ideal 36

transistor !
 I0 I0
Vi3
Ideal transistor Vi
Vi2
Vi1
V0

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 I0 I0
Vi3
Ideal transistor Vi
Vi2
Vi1
V0

I0
I0
Device X Vi3
Vi2
Vi Vi1
V V0

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 I0 I0
Vi3
Ideal transistor Vi
Vi2
Vi1
V0

I0
I0
Device X Vi3
Vi2
Vi Vi1
V V0

Device Y I0
I0
Vi3
Vi2
Vi Vi1
V
Vsat V0
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 I0 I0
Vi3
Ideal transistor Vi
Vi2
Vi1
V0

I0
I0
Device X Vi3
Vi2
Vi Vi1
V V0

Device Y I0
I0
Vi3
Vi2
Vi Vi1
V
Vsat V0
How do we use elements such as X, Y etc to make amplifiers? 40
Device X
I1 I0
X
+ +
Vi V0
- -

I0 I0
Vi3
Vi2
Vi
Vi1
V
V0

Io = 0 for V i≤V α
= gm ×(V i −V α ) for V i >V α
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How do amplifier
Simple we use device X towork
will not make! an amplifier?
v0
X
+
RL
vi
vs -

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How do amplifier
Simple we use device X towork
will not make! an amplifier?
v0
X
+
RL
vi
vs -
I0

Vi
V

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How do amplifier
Simple we use device X towork
will not make! an amplifier?
v0
X
+
RL
vi
vs -
I0

Vi
V

V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω−1
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt

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How do amplifier
Simple we use device X towork
will not make! an amplifier?
v0
X
+
RL
vi
vs -
I0

Vi
IO V

V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω−1
Vi
1V
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt

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How do amplifier
Simple we use device X towork
will not make! an amplifier?
v0
X
+
RL
vi
vs -
I0

Vi
IO V

V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω−1
Vi
1V
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt
IO 0  VO 0
No Amplification 46
Simple
How doamplifier will not
we use device work
X to ! an amplifier?
make
v0
X
+
RL
vi
vs -

V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω−1
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt

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Simple
How doamplifier will not
we use device work
X to ! an amplifier?
make
v0
X
+
RL
vi
vs -

V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω−1
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt
IO

Vi
V

48
Simple
How doamplifier will not
we use device work
X to ! an amplifier?
make
v0
v0
X
+
+ X RL
RL vi
vi vB
-
vs -
vs

−1 VB  V
V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt
IO

Vi
V

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Simple
How doamplifier will not
we use device work
X to ! an amplifier?
make
v0
v0
X
+
+ X RL
RL vi
vi vB
-
vs -
vs

−1 VB  V
V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt
IO IO

Vi VB Vi
V
V

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Simple
How doamplifier will not work ! an amplifier? V
we use device X to make
o  I o RL
v0
v0
X
+
+ X RL
RL vi
vi vB
-
vs -
vs

−1 VB  V
V α = 1V ; g m = 0.01Ω
R L = 1 K ; v s = 0.5V Sin ωt
IO IO

Vi VB Vi
V
V

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When only a part of device characteristics is suitable for amplification, then we
need to push the device into that region by applying suitable bias voltages.
This process is called BIASING

v0
X
+
RL
vi
-
vB

vs IO

VB Vi
V

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