ESc201 : Introducton to Electronics

DC Power Supply

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT Kanpur

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Recap: Diode Models iD  I S  {exp(
vd
)  1}
VT
I

+ vd -

V rf
V > V

V < V
Simplicity
open circuit

V
Accuracy
V > V

V < V
open circuit

V>0

V<0
open circuit 2
2
 DC power supply
220V rms  311.127V peak value
VO

dc power RL
supply 12V
VS
Circuit

vin

t
vO

t
 Strategy 1
vin

vO
t

vO
Power supply: block diagram
VO

RL
Half wave
VS Filter
Rectifier
Half wave Rectifier circuit

220V rms
VO
D
VS R
Half wave Rectifier circuit

220V rms
VO
D
VS R
220V  2
311.127V peak value
Half wave Rectifier circuit

220V rms
VO
D
VS R
220V  2
311.127V peak value
VO

VS R

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Half wave Rectifier circuit

220V rms
VO
D
VS R
220V  2
311.127V peak value
VO

VS R

VO

VS R

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 VO
D
VS R

vO

vS

10
 VO
D
VS R
Voltage too high!

vO

vS

11
Transformer N1 N2

VS Vin

VS N1

VIN N 2

12
Half Wave Rectifier N1 N2
VO
+
D
VS Vin R

-
Half Wave Rectifier N1 N2
VO
+
D
VS Vin R

VS 220V  2
311.127V peak value

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Half Wave Rectifier N1 N2
VO
+
D
VS Vin R

VO
0.7V VS 220V  2
VIN R
311.127V peak value

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Half Wave Rectifier N1 N2
VO
+
D
VS Vin R

VO
0.7V VS 220V  2
VIN R
311.127V peak value

For VO to be 12V, the input VIN should be

~12.7V 16
Half Wave Rectifier N1 N2
VO
+
D
VS N1
 VS Vin R
VIN N 2
-

VO
0.7V VS 220V  2
VIN R
311.127V peak value

N1 311
For VO to be 12V, the input VIN should be  24.5
~12.7V N 2 12.7 17
 VO
V0=VIN - 0.7
0.7V
VIN R

18
Zoomed view

V0=VIN - 0.7

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 N1 N2
VO
D
VS R

20
 N1 N2
VO
D
VS R

Want to hold that voltage

during negative half cycle

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 N1 N2
VO
D
VS R

N1 N2
VO Want to hold that voltage
D during negative half cycle
VS RL C

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 N1 N2
VO
D
VS R

N1 N2
VO Want to hold that voltage
D during negative half cycle
VS RL C

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 VO
D
VS RL C

Diode is forward biased 24

 VO VO

D
RL
VS RL C C

Diode is forward biased Diode is reverse biased 25

Output has a ripple

VM

VL

Vr 1.95V

Ripple Voltage : Vr VM  VL

VR
Average Output Voltage : VO ( avg ) VM 
2 26
What does ripple voltage depend on?

N1 N2 VO
VO
D RL
VS C RL C

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What does ripple voltage depend on?

N1 N2 VO
VO
D RL
VS C RL C

dVO VO dVO VO t
C  0   
RL C
dt RL dt RLC VO (t ) VM e
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 N1 N2
VO
D
VS C RL

VM

VL

t=0 t=t1
t1 t1
 
RL C RL C
VL VM e Vr VM  VL VM (1  e )

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 N1 N2
VO
D
VS C RL

VM

VL

t=0 t=t1
t1 t1
 
RL C RL C
VL VM e Vr VM  VL VM (1  e )
t1 VM t1
Vr VM {1  (1  )} 
Assuming that t1 << RL C RL C RLC 30
 T
VM

VL

t=0 t=t1

t1 T VM t1 VM T VM
Vr   Vr 
RLC RLC fRLC
31
Example N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
100F

VM

VL

Vr 1.95V

VM 11.923 RLC
Vr   3 6
2.385V 5
fRLC 50 10 100 10 T 32
Example N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
500F

Changing Capacitor Value from 100 uF to 500 uF

VM
VL

Vr 0.438V

VM 11.904 RLC
Vr   3 6
0.476V 25
fRLC 50 10 500 10 T 33
Design Example
Design a power supply that will supply 6V to a load of 100Ω
with ripple voltage less than 0.1V.
N1 N2
+ VO
50 Hz D
Vin
VS 0.1K
C
-

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Design Example
Design a power supply that will supply 6V to a load of 100Ω
with ripple voltage less than 0.1V.
N1 N2
+ VO
50 Hz D
Vin
VS 0.1K
C
-

For VO to be 6V, the input VIN should be ~6.7V

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Design Example
Design a power supply that will supply 6V to a load of 100Ω
with ripple voltage less than 0.1V.
N1 N2
+ VO
50 Hz D
Vin
VS 0.1K
C
-

For VO to be 6V, the input VIN should be ~6.7V N1  311.127 46.4

N2 6.7
VM
Vr  0.1  C 12mF
fRLC

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Design Example
Design a power supply that will supply 6V to a load of 100Ω
with ripple voltage less than 0.1V.
N1 N2
+ VO
50 Hz D
Vin
VS 0.1K
C
-

For VO to be 6V, the input VIN should be ~6.7V N1  311.127 46.4

N2 6.7
VM
Vr  0.1  C 12mF
fRLC

How do we choose a diode for this application?

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How do we choose a diode for this application?
N1 N2
VO
D
VS RL
C

Peak diode current, average diode current and peak inverse voltage

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How do we choose a diode for this application?
N1 N2
VO
D
VS RL
C

Peak diode current, average diode current and peak inverse voltage

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 Step 1: key approximation
N1 N2
VO dvO vO
D
iD C  
VS RL dt RL
C
Approximation: Vo follows Vs when D is
forward biased

� � ≈ � � cos ( � � )

t=0
 Step 2: more approximations
� � cos ( � � )
• Substituting: � � ( � ) ≈ − �� � � sin ( � � )+
��

• Diode current is maximum near t=-Δt

t=-Δt t=0
 Step 3: calculation
(� Δ�)
of Δt 2
� � ≈ � � cos ( � Δ� ) ≈ � � (1 − )
2

2��
� � ( Δ� ) ≈ −�� � � Δ�+
��

• Recall that
Ripple Max diode
Voltage current
• So: High low high
Cap
Low high low
Cap
Peak Diode Current

VM
Vr 
fRLC

i D max =
VM
RL [ √ ]
1+2 π
2V M
Vr
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 N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
100F

Vr 1.95V
iD max 250mA

N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
500F

Vr 0.438V
iD max 545mA
Peak diode current increases as ripple reduces44
Peak Inverse Voltage

N1 N2
VO
- D
VS Vm RL
C
+

I
PIV Vm

V
45
Peak Inverse Voltage

N1 N2
VO
- D +
VS Vm RL
C
+
-

PIV=2VM - VY

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 Strategy 2
vin

vO Full-wave rectifier

vO
Full wave Rectifier

N1 N2
D1 VO
+- OFF
ON RL
VS

-+ OFF ON
D2

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 N1 N2
D1 VO
RL
VS

D2

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 N1 N2
VO

D1 RL C
VS

t1

RL C
Vr VM  VL VM (1  e )
D2
t V t
Vr VM {1  (1  1 )}  M 1 VM
RL C RLC
VM t1 VM T Vr 
Vr   2 fR C
RLC 2 RLC L

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Comparison of Full and Half Wave Rectifier
N1 N2 N1 N2
VO VO
D D1
C RL RL C
VS
VS

VM
Vr  D2 VM
fRLC Vr 
2 fRL C

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Diode Currents in Full wave Rectifier
VM
N1 N2
VO iD max C  2VrVM 
D1 RL C
RL
VS

D2
i D max =
VM
RL [ √ ]
1+π
2V M
Vr

D2 D1

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Peak Inverse Voltage

N1 N2
D1 VO
+
Vm RL +
VS - VM = Vm-V
-
+
Vm
-
D2
OFF

Vm +VD +Vm-V = 0

VD   2Vm  V  PIV 2Vm  V

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