Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Weeks 1 through 6
Video 1 Self-test 1
▪ 4-7 video units and self-tests Week 1
Video 2 Self-test 2
▪ 1 weekly assignment Introduction to
Video n Self-test n
▪ Online discussion forum (collaborate, ask questions) Statistics
Weekly assignment
▪ ~3-4 hours of effort each week
▪ Final exam
Week 3 Correlation and Linear Regression
Record of achievement
Week 4 Introduction to Probability
▪ Collect at least 50% of the total points available in all online
tests during the course Week 5 Probability Distributions
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/StatisticsData/STPopSample.html
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Introduction to Statistics
Descriptive statistics
Median Variance
Mode Range
Quartiles
1.50
1.45
1.40
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
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https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/29/bill-gates-davos-global-poverty-infographic-neoliberal
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Numbers in Everyday Life
Questioning the statistics
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685008/
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Use and Abuse of Numbers
Cherry picking
https://rampages.us/noelta/tag/overgeneralization/
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Use and Abuse of Numbers
Biased samples
https://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/emf.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
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Use and Abuse of Numbers
Statistical vs. practical significance
Panel from a 2011 xkcd cartoon explaining p-hacking, in which scientists look for relationships
between many colors of jelly beans and acne, and find a p value <0.05 only for green ones.
https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/882:_Significant
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Use and Abuse of Numbers
Data dredging
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It’s 9 It’s 6
6
endeavor to recognize and report all exceptions
that do slip thought the cracks."
Good and Hardin (2006) Common Errors in Statistics (and
How to Avoid Them), p. 113
AVERAGE
POOR
Y Y
X X
Just right! overfitting
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▪ The type of analytical approach you take depends on the type of data you have collected and the question
you are answering.
▪ There are two types of data: qualitative and quantitative.
▪ There are two common types of analysis that are referred to as “descriptive” and “inferential”.
▪ Organize
Descriptive ▪ Summarize
Statistics ▪ Simplify
▪ Describe and visualize data
12 12
10 10
8 8
Frequency
Frequency
6 6
4 4
2 2
-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Score Score_1
Regression: Analyze how change in one variable predicts change in another variable
Simple regression Tests how change in the predictor variable predicts the level of change in the
outcome variable
Multiple regression Tests how change in the combination of two or more predictor variables
predicts the level of change in the outcome variable
https://towardsdatascience.com/statistical-tests-when-to-use-which-704557554740
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Different Kinds of Analytic Approaches
Common nonparametric statistical tests
Nonparametric: used when the data does not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests
Sign test Tests if two related variables are different – ignores the magnitude of change,
only takes into account direction. The sign is an alternative to one sample T-
test or a paired T-test.
Wilcoxon rank-sum test Tests for the difference between two independent variables – takes into
account magnitude and direction of difference
Wilcoxon sign-rank test Tests for the difference between two related variables – takes into account the
magnitude and direction of difference
Chi-square Tests for the strength of the association between two categorical variables
10
0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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