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4 One-Sided Limits 63
5. (a) No, lim b f(x) does not exist since sin ˆ "x ‰ does not approach any single value as x approaches 0
xÄ!
(b) lim c f(x) œ lim c 0 œ 0
xÄ! xÄ!
(c) lim f(x) does not exist because lim b f(x) does not exist
xÄ! xÄ!
6. (a) Yes, lim b g(x) œ 0 by the sandwich theorem since Èx Ÿ g(x) Ÿ Èx when x 0
xÄ!
(b) No, lim c g(x) does not exist since Èx is not defined for x 0
xÄ!
(c) No, lim g(x) does not exist since lim c g(x) does not exist
xÄ! xÄ!
9. (a) domain: 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 2
range: 0 y Ÿ 1 and y œ 2
(b) xlim
Äc
f(x) exists for c belonging to
(0ß 1) ("ß #)
(c) x œ 2
(d) x œ 0
É xx É 0.5 2
É 3/2 È3 É xx "
É "1 È0 œ !
1 œ 0.5 1 œ 1/2 œ # œ # œ
2 1
11. lim 12. lim
x Ä !Þ&c x Ä 1b
Èh# 4h 5 È5 Èh# 4h 5 È5 È # 4h 5 È5
15. lim œ lim b Š ‹ Š Èhh# ‹
h Ä !b h
hÄ! h 4h 5 È5
ah# 4h 5b 5 h(h 4) 04
œ lim b œ lim b œ È5 È5 œ 2
È5
hÄ! h ŠÈh# 4h 5 È5‹ hÄ! h ŠÈh# 4h 5 È5‹
kx 2 k (x2)
17. (a) lim (x 3) œ lim (x 3) akx 2k œ ax 2b for x 2b
x Ä #b x 2
x Ä #b (x#)
œ lim (x 3) œ a(2) 3b œ 1
x Ä #b
kx 2 k
(b) lim (x 3) œ lim (x 3) ’ (x(x#2)
) “ akx 2k œ (x 2) for x 2b
x Ä #c x2 x Ä #c
œ lim (x 3)(1) œ (2 3) œ 1
x Ä #c
È2x (x 1) È2x (x 1)
18. (a) lim œ lim b akx 1k œ x 1 for x 1b
x Ä 1b kx 1 k
xÄ1 (x 1)
œ lim b È2x œ È2
xÄ1
È2x (x 1) È2x (x 1)
(b) lim œ lim c akx 1k œ (x 1) for x 1b
x Ä 1c kx 1 k xÄ1 (x 1)
sin È2)
21. lim È 2) œ lim sin x
œ1 (where x œ È2))
)Ä! xÄ! x
k sin ) sin )
22. lim sin kt
œ lim k sin kt
œ lim ) œ k lim ) œk†1œk (where ) œ kt)
tÄ! t tÄ! kt )Ä! )Ä!
" sin )
23. lim sin 3y
œ 4 ylim
3 sin 3y
œ 3
4 ylim
sin 3y
œ 3
4 )lim œ 3
(where ) œ 3y)
yÄ! 4y Ä! 3y Ä ! 3y Ä! ) 4
24. lim h
œ lim c ˆ "3 † 3h ‰
œ "
3 h lim
"
œ "
Œ
"
œ
"
†1œ "
(where ) œ 3h)
h Ä !c sin 3h Ä !c ˆ 3h ‰
sin 3h sin 3h 3 sin ) 3 3
hÄ! lim
)Ä!c )
ˆ cos
sin 2x ‰
"
25. lim tan 2x
œ lim 2x
œ lim sin 2x
œ Š lim ‹ Š lim #x ‹
2 sin 2x
œ1†2œ2
xÄ! x xÄ! x x Ä ! x cos 2x x Ä ! cos 2x xÄ!
26. lim 2t
œ 2 lim t
œ 2 lim t cos t
œ 2 Š lim cos t‹ Œ lim" sin t œ 2 † " † " œ 2
t Ä ! ˆ cos t ‰ Ä!
sin t
t Ä ! tan t tÄ! sin t tÄ! t t
6x# cos x
28. lim 6x# (cot x)(csc 2x) œ lim œ lim ˆ3 cos x † x
† 2x ‰
œ3†"†1œ3
xÄ! x Ä ! sin x sin 2x xÄ! sin x sin 2x
x# x sin x
30. lim #x œ lim ˆ #x "
# "# ˆ sinx x ‰‰ œ 0 "
# "# (1) œ 0
xÄ! xÄ!
sin )
34. lim sin (sin h)
sin h œ lim ) œ 1 since ) œ sin h Ä 0 as h Ä 0
hÄ! )Ä!
œ 3
8 xlim
ˆ cos"3x ‰ ˆ sin3x3x ‰ ˆ sin8x8x ‰ œ 3
†1†1†1œ 3
Ä! 8 8
3†4†5y
40. lim sin 3y cot 5y
œ lim sin 3y sin 4y cos 5y
œ lim Š siny3y ‹ Š cos
sin 4y cos 5y
4y ‹ Š sin 5y ‹ Š 3†4†5y ‹
yÄ! y cot 4y yÄ! y cos 4y sin 5y yÄ!
cos 5y ˆ 3†4 ‰
œ lim Š sin3y3y ‹ Š sin4y4y ‹ Š sin5y5y ‹ Š cos 4y ‹ 5 œ1†1†1†1† 12
œ 12
yÄ! 5 5
sin )
41. lim tan )
œ lim cos )
œ lim sin ) sin 3)
œ lim ˆ sin) ) ‰ˆ sin3)3) ‰ˆ cos ) 3cos 3) ‰ œ a1ba1bˆ 13†1 ‰ œ 3
) Ä ! ) cot 3) ) Ä ! ) cos ) cos 3)
3)
2
)Ä! ) cos
2
sin 3)
2
)Ä!
) cot 4) ) cos 4)
) cos 4) sin2 2) ) cos 4) a2sin ) cos )b2 ) cos 4) ˆ4sin2 ) cos2 )‰
42. lim œ lim sin 4)
œ lim œ lim œ lim
) Ä ! sin ) cot 2) ) Ä ! sin ) cos 2) sin 4) ) Ä ! sin ) cos 2) sin 4) ) Ä ! sin ) cos 2) sin 4)
2 2 2 2) 2 2 2 2 2 2
)Ä! sin ) cos
2
sin2 2)
45. If f is an odd function of x, then f(x) œ f(x). Given lim b f(x) œ 3, then lim c f(x) œ $.
xÄ! xÄ!
46. If f is an even function of x, then f(x) œ f(x). Given lim c f(x) œ 7 then lim f(x) œ 7. However, nothing
xÄ# x Ä #b
can be said about lim f(x) because we don't know lim b f(x).
x Ä #c xÄ#
49. As x Ä 0 the number x is always negative. Thus, ¹ kxxk (1)¹ % Ê ¸ xx 1¸ % Ê 0 % which is always
true independent of the value of x. Hence we can choose any $ 0 with $ x ! Ê lim x
œ 1.
x Ä ! c kx k
which is always true so long as x #. Hence we can choose any $ !, and thus # x # $
Ê ¹ kxx
2k "¹ % . Thus,
2
lim x 2
œ 1.
x Ä #b kx2k
51. (a) lim ÚxÛ œ 400. Just observe that if 400 x 401, then ÚxÛ œ 400. Thus if we choose $ œ ", we have for any
x Ä %!!b
number % ! that 400 x 400 $ Ê lÚxÛ 400l œ l400 400l œ ! %.
(b) lim c ÚxÛ œ 399. Just observe that if 399 x 400 then ÚxÛ œ 399. Thus if we choose $ œ ", we have for any
x Ä %!!
number % ! that 400 $ x 400 Ê lÚxÛ 399l œ l399 399l œ ! %.
(c) Since lim b ÚxÛ Á lim c ÚxÛ we conclude that lim ÚxÛ does not exist.
x Ä %!! x Ä %!! x Ä %!!
2.5 CONTINUITY
3. Continuous on [1ß 3]
7. (a) No (b) No
11. Nonremovable discontinuity at x œ 1 because lim f(x) fails to exist ( limc f(x) œ 1 and lim b f(x) œ 0).
xÄ1 xÄ" xÄ"
Removable discontinuity at x œ 0 by assigning the number lim f(x) œ 0 to be the value of f(0) rather than f(0) œ 1.
xÄ!
12. Nonremovable discontinuity at x œ 1 because lim f(x) fails to exist ( lim c f(x) œ 2 and lim b f(x) œ 1).
xÄ1 xÄ" xÄ"
Removable discontinuity at x œ 2 by assigning the number lim f(x) œ 1 to be the value of f(2) rather than f(2) œ 2.
xÄ#