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Section 2.

4 One-Sided Limits 63

2.4 ONE-SIDED LIMITS

1. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) True


(e) True (f) True (g) False (h) False
(i) False (j) False (k) True (l) False

2. (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) True


(e) True (f) True (g) True (h) True
(i) True (j) False (k) True

3. (a) lim f(x) œ 2


 " œ #, lim c f(x) œ $  # œ "
x Ä #b # xÄ#
(b) No, lim f(x) does not exist because lim b f(x) Á lim c f(x)
xÄ# xÄ# xÄ#
(c) lim c f(x) œ 4#  1 œ 3, lim b f(x) œ 4#  " œ $
xÄ% xÄ%
(d) Yes, lim f(x) œ 3 because 3 œ lim c f(x) œ lim b f(x)
xÄ% xÄ% xÄ%

4. (a) lim f(x) œ 2


œ 1, lim c f(x) œ $  # œ ", f(2) œ 2
x Ä #b # xÄ#
(b) Yes, lim f(x) œ 1 because " œ lim b f(x) œ lim c f(x)
xÄ# xÄ# xÄ#
(c) lim c f(x) œ 3  (1) œ 4, lim b f(x) œ 3  (1) œ 4
x Ä " x Ä "
(d) Yes, lim f(x) œ 4 because 4 œ lim f(x) œ lim f(x)
x Ä " x Ä "c x Ä "b

5. (a) No, lim b f(x) does not exist since sin ˆ "x ‰ does not approach any single value as x approaches 0
xÄ!
(b) lim c f(x) œ lim c 0 œ 0
xÄ! xÄ!
(c) lim f(x) does not exist because lim b f(x) does not exist
xÄ! xÄ!

6. (a) Yes, lim b g(x) œ 0 by the sandwich theorem since Èx Ÿ g(x) Ÿ Èx when x  0
xÄ!
(b) No, lim c g(x) does not exist since Èx is not defined for x  0
xÄ!
(c) No, lim g(x) does not exist since lim c g(x) does not exist
xÄ! xÄ!

7. (aÑ (b) lim f(x) œ " œ lim b f(x)


x Ä 1c xÄ1
(c) Yes, lim f(x) œ 1 since the right-hand and left-hand
xÄ1
limits exist and equal 1

8. (a) (b) lim f(x) œ 0 œ lim c f(x)


x Ä 1b xÄ1
(c) Yes, lim f(x) œ 0 since the right-hand and left-hand
xÄ1
limits exist and equal 0

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


64 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

9. (a) domain: 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 2
range: 0  y Ÿ 1 and y œ 2
(b) xlim
Äc
f(x) exists for c belonging to
(0ß 1)  ("ß #)
(c) x œ 2
(d) x œ 0

10. (a) domain: _  x  _


range: " Ÿ y Ÿ 1
(b) xlim
Äc
f(x) exists for c belonging to
(_ß 1)  ("ß ")  ("ß _)
(c) none
(d) none

É xx  É 0.5  2
É 3/2 È3 É xx  "
É "1  È0 œ !
1 œ 0.5  1 œ 1/2 œ # œ # œ
2 1
11. lim 12. lim
x Ä !Þ&c x Ä 1b

13. lim ˆ x x 1 ‰ ˆ 2x 5‰ ˆ 2 ‰ 2(2)  5 ˆ1‰


x#  x œ 2  1 Š (2)#  (2) ‹ œ (2) 2 œ 1
x Ä #b

14. lim ˆ x " 1 ‰ ˆ x x 6 ‰ ˆ 3 7 x ‰ œ ˆ 1 " 1 ‰ ˆ 1 1 6 ‰ ˆ 3 7 1 ‰ œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ 71 ‰ ˆ 27 ‰ œ 1


x Ä 1c

Èh#  4h  5  È5 Èh#  4h  5  È5 È # 4h  5  È5
15. lim œ lim b Š ‹ Š Èhh#  ‹
h Ä !b h
hÄ! h  4h  5  È5
ah#  4h  5b  5 h(h  4) 04
œ lim b œ lim b œ È5  È5 œ 2
È5
hÄ! h ŠÈh#  4h  5  È5‹ hÄ! h ŠÈh#  4h  5  È5‹

È6  È5h#  11h  6 È6  È5h#  11h  6 È È5h#  11h  6


16. lim œ lim c Š ‹ Š È66  ‹
h Ä !c h hÄ! h  È5h#  11h  6
6  a5h#  11h  6b h(5h  11) (0  11)
œ lim c œ lim c œ È6  È6 œ  2È
11
hÄ! h ŠÈ6  È5h#  11h  6‹ hÄ! h ŠÈ6  È5h#  11h  6‹ 6

kx 2 k (x2)
17. (a) lim (x  3) œ lim (x  3) akx  2k œ ax  2b for x  2b
x Ä #b x 2
x Ä #b (x#)

œ lim (x  3) œ a(2)  3b œ 1
x Ä #b
kx  2 k
(b) lim (x  3) œ lim (x  3) ’ (x(x#2)
) “ akx  2k œ (x  2) for x  2b
x Ä #c x2 x Ä #c
œ lim (x  3)(1) œ (2  3) œ 1
x Ä #c

È2x (x  1) È2x (x  1)
18. (a) lim œ lim b akx  1k œ x  1 for x  1b
x Ä 1b kx  1 k
xÄ1 (x  1)

œ lim b È2x œ È2
xÄ1
È2x (x  1) È2x (x  1)
(b) lim œ lim c akx  1k œ (x  1) for x  1b
x Ä 1c kx  1 k xÄ1 (x  1)

œ lim c È2x œ È2


xÄ1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 2.4 One-Sided Limits 65
Ú) Û Ú) Û
19. (a) lim œ 3
œ1 (b) lim œ 2
) Ä $b ) 3 ) Ä $c ) 3

20. (a) lim at  ÚtÛb œ 4  4 œ 0 (b) lim at  ÚtÛb œ 4  3 œ 1


t Ä %b t Ä %c

sin È2)
21. lim È 2) œ lim sin x
œ1 (where x œ È2))
)Ä! xÄ! x

k sin ) sin )
22. lim sin kt
œ lim k sin kt
œ lim ) œ k lim ) œk†1œk (where ) œ kt)
tÄ! t tÄ! kt )Ä! )Ä!

" sin )
23. lim sin 3y
œ 4 ylim
3 sin 3y
œ 3
4 ylim
sin 3y
œ 3
4 )lim œ 3
(where ) œ 3y)
yÄ! 4y Ä! 3y Ä ! 3y Ä! ) 4

24. lim h
œ lim c ˆ "3 † 3h ‰
œ "
3 h lim
"
œ "
Œ
"

"
†1œ "
(where ) œ 3h)
h Ä !c sin 3h Ä !c ˆ 3h ‰
sin 3h sin 3h 3 sin ) 3 3
hÄ! lim
)Ä!c )

ˆ cos
sin 2x ‰
"
25. lim tan 2x
œ lim 2x
œ lim sin 2x
œ Š lim ‹ Š lim #x ‹
2 sin 2x
œ1†2œ2
xÄ! x xÄ! x x Ä ! x cos 2x x Ä ! cos 2x xÄ!

26. lim 2t
œ 2 lim t
œ 2 lim t cos t
œ 2 Š lim cos t‹ Œ lim" sin t  œ 2 † " † " œ 2
t Ä ! ˆ cos t ‰ Ä!
sin t
t Ä ! tan t tÄ! sin t tÄ! t t

27. lim x csc 2x


œ lim ˆ sinx2x † " ‰
œ Š #" lim ‹ Š lim cos 5x ‹
2x "
œ ˆ #" † 1‰ (1) œ "
#
xÄ! cos 5x xÄ! cos 5x x Ä ! sin 2x xÄ!

6x# cos x
28. lim 6x# (cot x)(csc 2x) œ lim œ lim ˆ3 cos x † x
† 2x ‰
œ3†"†1œ3
xÄ! x Ä ! sin x sin 2x xÄ! sin x sin 2x

29. lim x  x cos x


œ lim ˆ sin xxcos x  x cos x ‰
œ lim ˆ sinx x † " ‰
 lim x
x Ä ! sin x cos x xÄ! sin x cos x xÄ! cos x x Ä ! sin x
œ lim Š sin" x ‹ † lim ˆ cos" x ‰  lim Š sin" x ‹ œ (1)(1)  1 œ 2
xÄ! x xÄ! xÄ! x

x#  x  sin x
30. lim #x œ lim ˆ #x  "
#  "# ˆ sinx x ‰‰ œ 0  "
#  "# (1) œ 0
xÄ! xÄ!

1  cos ) a1  cos )ba1  cos )b 1  cos2 ) sin2 )


31. lim œ lim œ lim œ lim
) Ä ! sin 2) )Ä! a2sin ) cos )ba1  cos )b )Ä! a2sin ) cos )ba1  cos )b )Ä! a2sin ) cos )ba1  cos )b
sin )
œ lim a2cos )ba1  cos )b œ 0
a2ba2b œ0
)Ä!

xa1 c cos xb 1 c cos x " lim ˆ 1 cos x ‰

32. lim x x cos x


œ lim xa1  cos xb
œ lim 9x2
œ lim 9x
œ
9x Ä! x
œ
"
9 a0 b
œ0
xÄ! sin2 3x xÄ! sin2 3x xÄ! sin2 3x
x Ä ! ˆ sin3x3x ‰
2
lim ˆ sin3x3x ‰
2 12
9x2 xÄ!

sin(1  cos t) sin )


33. lim 1cos t œ lim ) œ 1 since ) œ 1  cos t Ä 0 as t Ä 0
tÄ! )Ä!

sin )
34. lim sin (sin h)
sin h œ lim ) œ 1 since ) œ sin h Ä 0 as h Ä 0
hÄ! )Ä!

35. lim sin )


œ lim ˆ sin
sin )
2) †
2) ‰
œ "
# )lim
ˆ sin) ) † 2) ‰
œ "
†1†1œ "
) Ä ! sin 2) )Ä! #) Ä! sin 2) # #

36. lim sin 5x


œ lim ˆ sin
sin 4x †
5x 4x
† 54 ‰ œ 5
4 xlim
ˆ sin5x5x † 4x ‰
œ 5
†1†1œ 5
x Ä ! sin 4x xÄ! 5x Ä! sin 4x 4 4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


66 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

37. lim ) cos ) œ 0 † 1 œ 0


)Ä!

cos 2) cos 2) cos 2)


38. lim sin ) cot 2) œ lim sin ) sin 2) œ lim sin ) 2sin ) cos ) œ lim œ 1
)Ä! )Ä! )Ä! ) Ä ! 2 cos ) 2

39. lim tan 3x


œ lim ˆ cos 3x †
sin 3x " ‰
œ lim ˆ cos 3x †
sin 3x "
† 8x
† 83 ‰
x Ä ! sin 8x xÄ! sin 8x xÄ! sin 8x 3x

œ 3
8 xlim
ˆ cos"3x ‰ ˆ sin3x3x ‰ ˆ sin8x8x ‰ œ 3
†1†1†1œ 3
Ä! 8 8

3†4†5y
40. lim sin 3y cot 5y
œ lim sin 3y sin 4y cos 5y
œ lim Š siny3y ‹ Š cos
sin 4y cos 5y
4y ‹ Š sin 5y ‹ Š 3†4†5y ‹
yÄ! y cot 4y yÄ! y cos 4y sin 5y yÄ!
cos 5y ˆ 3†4 ‰
œ lim Š sin3y3y ‹ Š sin4y4y ‹ Š sin5y5y ‹ Š cos 4y ‹ 5 œ1†1†1†1† 12
œ 12
yÄ! 5 5

sin )
41. lim tan )
œ lim cos )
œ lim sin ) sin 3)
œ lim ˆ sin) ) ‰ˆ sin3)3) ‰ˆ cos ) 3cos 3) ‰ œ a1ba1bˆ 13†1 ‰ œ 3
) Ä ! ) cot 3) ) Ä ! ) cos ) cos 3)
3)
2
)Ä! ) cos
2
sin 3)
2
)Ä!

) cot 4) ) cos 4)
) cos 4) sin2 2) ) cos 4) a2sin ) cos )b2 ) cos 4) ˆ4sin2 ) cos2 )‰
42. lim œ lim sin 4)
œ lim œ lim œ lim
) Ä ! sin ) cot 2) ) Ä ! sin ) cos 2) sin 4) ) Ä ! sin ) cos 2) sin 4) ) Ä ! sin ) cos 2) sin 4)
2 2 2 2) 2 2 2 2 2 2
)Ä! sin ) cos
2
sin2 2)

lim 4) cos2 4) cos ) œ lim ˆ sin4)4) ‰Š coscos


4) cos ) 4) cos )
‹ œ ˆ 11 ‰Š 11†12 ‹ œ 1
2 2 2 2
œ ‹ œ lim Š sin14) ‹Š coscos
) Ä ! cos 2) sin 4)
2 2) 2 2)
)Ä! )Ä! 4)

43. Yes. If lim b f(x) œ L œ lim c f(x), then xlim


Äa
f(x) œ L. If lim b f(x) Á lim c f(x), then xlim
Äa
f(x) does not exist.
xÄa xÄa xÄa xÄa

44. Since xlim


Äc
f(x) œ L if and only if lim b f(x) œ L and lim c f(x) œ L, then xlim
Äc
f(x) can be found by calculating
xÄc xÄc
lim b f(x).
xÄc

45. If f is an odd function of x, then f(x) œ f(x). Given lim b f(x) œ 3, then lim c f(x) œ $.
xÄ! xÄ!

46. If f is an even function of x, then f(x) œ f(x). Given lim c f(x) œ 7 then lim f(x) œ 7. However, nothing
xÄ# x Ä #b
can be said about lim f(x) because we don't know lim b f(x).
x Ä #c xÄ#

47. I œ (5ß 5  $ ) Ê 5  x  &  $ . Also, Èx  5  % Ê x  5  %# Ê x  &  %# . Choose $ œ %#


Ê lim Èx  5 œ 0.
x Ä &b

48. I œ (%  $ ß %) Ê %  $  x  4. Also, È%  x  % Ê %  x  %# Ê x  %  %# . Choose $ œ %#


Ê lim È%  x œ 0.
x Ä %c

49. As x Ä 0 the number x is always negative. Thus, ¹ kxxk  (1)¹  % Ê ¸ xx  1¸  % Ê 0  % which is always
true independent of the value of x. Hence we can choose any $  0 with $  x  ! Ê lim x
œ 1.
x Ä ! c kx k

50. Since x Ä # we have x  2 and kx  2k œ x  2. Then, ¹ kxx ¸ x 2 ¸


2 k  " ¹ œ x  2  "  % Ê 0  %
2

which is always true so long as x  #. Hence we can choose any $  !, and thus #  x  #  $
Ê ¹ kxx
2k  "¹  % . Thus,
2
lim x 2
œ 1.
x Ä #b kx2k

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 2.5 Continuity 67

51. (a) lim ÚxÛ œ 400. Just observe that if 400  x  401, then ÚxÛ œ 400. Thus if we choose $ œ ", we have for any
x Ä %!!b
number %  ! that 400  x  400  $ Ê lÚxÛ  400l œ l400  400l œ !  %.
(b) lim c ÚxÛ œ 399. Just observe that if 399  x  400 then ÚxÛ œ 399. Thus if we choose $ œ ", we have for any
x Ä %!!
number %  ! that 400  $  x  400 Ê lÚxÛ  399l œ l399  399l œ !  %.
(c) Since lim b ÚxÛ Á lim c ÚxÛ we conclude that lim ÚxÛ does not exist.
x Ä %!! x Ä %!! x Ä %!!

52. (a) lim f(x) œ lim b Èx œ È0 œ 0; ¸Èx  0¸  % Ê %  Èx  % Ê !  x  %# for x positive. Choose $ œ %#


x Ä !b xÄ!
Ê lim b f(x) œ 0.
xÄ!
(b) lim f(x) œ lim c x# sin ˆ x" ‰ œ 0 by the sandwich theorem since x# Ÿ x# sin ˆ x" ‰ Ÿ x# for all x Á 0.
x Ä !c xÄ!
Since kx#  0k œ kx#  0k œ x#  % whenever kxk  È%, we choose $ œ È% and obtain ¸x# sin ˆ "x ‰  0¸  %
if $  x  0.
(c) The function f has limit 0 at x! œ 0 since both the right-hand and left-hand limits exist and equal 0.

2.5 CONTINUITY

1. No, discontinuous at x œ 2, not defined at x œ 2

2. No, discontinuous at x œ 3, " œ lim c g(x) Á g(3) œ 1.5


xÄ$

3. Continuous on [1ß 3]

4. No, discontinuous at x œ 1, 1.5 œ lim c k(x) Á lim b k(x) œ !


xÄ" xÄ"

5. (a) Yes (b) Yes, lim f(x) œ 0


x Ä "b
(c) Yes (d) Yes

6. (a) Yes, f(1) œ 1 (b) Yes, lim f(x) œ 2


xÄ1
(c) No (d) No

7. (a) No (b) No

8. ["ß !)  (!ß ")  ("ß #)  (#ß $)

9. f(2) œ 0, since lim c f(x) œ 2(2)  4 œ 0 œ lim b f(x)


xÄ# xÄ#

10. f(1) should be changed to 2 œ lim f(x)


xÄ1

11. Nonremovable discontinuity at x œ 1 because lim f(x) fails to exist ( limc f(x) œ 1 and lim b f(x) œ 0).
xÄ1 xÄ" xÄ"
Removable discontinuity at x œ 0 by assigning the number lim f(x) œ 0 to be the value of f(0) rather than f(0) œ 1.
xÄ!

12. Nonremovable discontinuity at x œ 1 because lim f(x) fails to exist ( lim c f(x) œ 2 and lim b f(x) œ 1).
xÄ1 xÄ" xÄ"
Removable discontinuity at x œ 2 by assigning the number lim f(x) œ 1 to be the value of f(2) rather than f(2) œ 2.
xÄ#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

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