INTRODUCTION

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic

communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In

amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion

to the waveform being transmitted. That waveform may, for instance, correspond to the sounds

to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light intensity of television pixels. This technique

contrasts with frequency modulation, in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and

phase modulation, in which its phase is varied.

AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio. It was

developed during the first two decades of the 20th century beginning with Landell de Moura

and Reginald Fessenden's radiotelephone experiments in 1900. It remains in use today in

many forms of communication; for example it is used in portable two-way radios, VHF aircraft

radio, Citizens Band Radio, and in computer modems (in the form of QAM). "AM" is often used

to refer to mediumwave AM radio broadcasting.

MATERIALS USED

Label Component
R1 22kΩ - ½ WATTS

R2 30kΩ - ½ WATTS

R3 3kΩ - ½ WATTS

R4 1.8kΩ - ½ WATTS

R5 2kΩ - ½ WATTS

RL 10kΩ - ½ WATTS

IC LF353

2n5458
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PCB LAY OUT

ABSALON
BANSIL
CAUBALEJO
GARCIA
TURINGAN
 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION

On our 2nd experiment we were going to construct and work an AM modulator

.On our 1st alpha we construct the given circuit by our instructor through multism. The

frequency required for the information signal is 5khz to 10khz. and the carrier signal is 514khz.

but unfortunately we did not get our desired output.

On the 2nd alpha we ask an advice with our classmates if they also try to change the

value of the resistor. Also our friend advised us that we should not depend on multism. So we

decided to trouble shoot using breadboard since we have a complete value of resistor. Our

wien bridge is not yet working so we used two function gen. One will be our information signal

range from 5 khz to 10khz and the other one will be the carrier signal (514Khz).We 1st change

the value of RL and R5 we decreased the value from 10kohm to 5kohm and R5 from 2012ohm

to 2kohm. The output signal is not perfectly sinewave. On the 2nd troubleshooting we only

change the value of resistor R5 to 100ohm and returned the value of RL to 10kohm, but still we

did not get the desired output. We try to change Value of each resistor until we get the desired

output. We try also to change the value of R1 from 22kohm to 2.2kohm for us to get the

desired output. However upon trouble shooting we decided to changed it to its ideal value and

try to trouble shoot on actual. We came out on this result (see photo below)

For the pcb layout we used photo paper in printing the designed and also used flat iron

to processed it on the pcb. We also double the check the specs of the transistor so that we

avoid malfunctioning of our circuit. Since we used two power supplies, the signal for the carrier

is not perfectly mirror on the EC to –EC. We also try if we used one power supply what will be

the result.