Technological Institute of the Philippines

Manila Campus

Design of a Sampaguita Garland Machine

Gabriel, Justin Mark T.

Garcia, Joseph Deus Paul O.

Guerrero, Mark Anthony C.

Olivar, Jenny S.

Sotomil, Nathaniel R.

March 2019

Mechanical Engineering Department

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 Acknowledgement

It is a golden opportunity to have this project study. However, the project study would not

have been achievable without the uttermost effort and cooperation of the group members.

Aside from this, there are also other people who helped us with fulfilling this study. We,

the researchers, would like to express our deepest gratitude to these people.

We, the proponents of this study, are grateful for the love and support of our friends and

families.

We are also thankful to Engr. Maurice Sorita; his guidance had helped us develop and

improve our project study. Also, he was the one who taught us the methods of using

Solidworks.

We would also like to give thanks to “Sampaguita Girl” of Quiapo, Manila. Her instant

fame had given us an idea to design a sampaguita garland machine for our project study.

Most importantly, we thank our Almighty God for giving us wisdom and for giving us the

beauties of nature such as the sampaguita flowers.

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 Abstract

Sampaguita is the national flower of the Philippines. It is normally sold in the market as

flower garlands. Sampaguita garlands are the best-selling flower garlands in the country.

These garlands are manufactured manually by hands which makes the manufacturing

process time consuming. There is a lot of time allotted for manually manufacturing these

garlands. This problem had given the researchers an idea to design a sampaguita garland

machine that can reduce the time consumed in manual manufacturing. This study will

benefit the manufacturers of sampaguita garlands by giving them more time on selling their

garlands rather than using most of their time on manufacturing. The goal for this study is

to design a machine that can minimize at least 50% of the time consumed in manual

manufacturing of sampaguita garlands. The proponents of the study will achieve their goal

mainly by using the principle of a slider-crank mechanism that will be powered by a motor.

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 Table of Contents

Title Page…………………...……………………………………………………………..i
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. ii
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ................................................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1
1.1The problem and its background.................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of the study.................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Significance of the study............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Scope and delimitation of the study .............................................................................. 3
Chapter 2: Review of related literature .......................................................................... 4
2.1 Sampaguita Garland Making ........................................................................................ 4
2.2 Sampaguita Flower ....................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Common Parts of a Flower ........................................................................................ 6
2.2.2 Symbol of Sampaguita Flower................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Characteristic of Sampaguita Flower ......................................................................... 7
2.3 Sampaguita Garland Industry ....................................................................................... 8
2.3.1 Local .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Flower Knitting Machine .............................................................................................. 9
2.5 Skewer......................................................................................................................... 10
2.5.1 Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18 ..................................................................... 10
2.6 Principle of Electromagnetic Field ............................................................................. 11
2.6.1 Electromagnets ......................................................................................................... 12
2.7 DC Motor .................................................................................................................... 12
2.7.1 Types of DC Motor .................................................................................................. 12
2.7.2 Application of DC Motor ......................................................................................... 15
2.8 Rotational and Linear Motion ..................................................................................... 16
2.8.1 Rotational Motion .................................................................................................... 16
2.8.2 Linear Motion .......................................................................................................... 19
2.9 Slider-crank Mechanism ............................................................................................. 20

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2.10 Patent Searches ......................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 3: Materials and methods ................................................................................ 23
3.1 Project Development Flow ......................................................................................... 23
3.1.1 Project Management ................................................................................................ 24
3.1.2 Advising and Consultations ..................................................................................... 26
3.1.3 Project Designing ..................................................................................................... 26
3.1.4 Solidworks Modelling .............................................................................................. 26
3.2 Materials Selection...................................................................................................... 27
3.2.1 Needle ...................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.2 Bed ........................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Rotating Disc ........................................................................................................... 29
3.2.4 Connecting Rod ....................................................................................................... 29
3.2.5 Magnetic Holders ..................................................................................................... 29
3.2.6 Switches ................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.7 DC Motor ................................................................................................................. 30
3.2.8 Variable Voltage Power Supply (VVPS) ................................................................. 30
3.2.9 Batteries ................................................................................................................... 31
3.3 Proposed Design ......................................................................................................... 31
3.3.1 Exploded View......................................................................................................... 32
3.4 Cost Benefit Analysis ................................................................................................. 32
References ........................................................................................................................ 35

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 List of Figures

Figure 1: Sampaguita Garland…………………....……………………………................ 5

Figure 2: Parts of a Flower…………………………………………………………….… 6
Figure 3: Sampaguita Flower……………………………………………………………. 8
Figure 4: Wooden Skewers……………………...…………………………………….... 10
Figure 5: Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18………………………………………. 11
Figure 6: Permanent Magnet DC Motor………………………………………………. 13
Figure 7: Series wound DC Motor……………………………………………………… 13
Figure 8: DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor………………………………. 14
Figure 9: Compound Wound DC Motor……………………………………………….. 15
Figure 10: Slider-crank Mechanism……………………………………………………. 21
Figure 11: Patent Search………………………………………………………………... 22
Figure 12: Project Development Flow Program………………………………………... 24
Figure 13: Gantt-Chart…………………………………………………………………. 25
Figure 14: Needle………………………………………………………………………. 27
Figure 15: Bed………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Figure 16: Length of an Untied Sampaguita Garland………………………………….. 28
Figure 17: Designed Sampaguita Garland Machine…………………………………… 31

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 List of Tables

Table 1: Costs of Materials…………………………………………………………...…32

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 The problem and its background

Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac), a delightfully scented tropical flower, is the national

flower of the Philippines. Sampaguita is definitely the best-selling flower in the Philippine

market. Most of the time, these flowers are manufactured into a flower garland before being

sold in the market. Normally, the worth of sampaguita garlands ranges from ten to twenty

pesos per piece. These sampaguita garlands are usually sold near Catholic churches and

are normally hanged on the statues of Catholic saints. Sometimes, it is used as an air

freshener for cars.

Sampaguita garlands are manufactured, manually by hand, through the use of a needle and

an abaca or Manila hemp. Sampaguita garlands seem simple and easy to make but in

reality, making these garlands are difficult and consumes a lot of time. In “Day Off,” a

segment in GMA News TV, Liza, a veteran sampaguita garland maker and vendor, was

interviewed. According to Liza, it normally takes her six hours before finishing a hundred

of sampaguita garlands. Since it is only manufactured by hand, there is a lot of time and

energy wasted in making a sampaguita garland. A machine that can minimize the time

consumed in manufacturing these garlands will surely be a great help for sampaguita

garland manufacturers and vendors like Liza.

The researchers of this project study aim to minimize the time and energy consumed by

sampaguita garland manufacturers by designing a machine that can aid them in making

sampaguita garlands a lot of time faster than they normally do. The researchers will use

their knowledge on machine design, materials engineering, and economics for this study.

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1.2 Objectives of the study

The project’s main objective is to design a sampaguita garland machine. In order to achieve

the main objective, the researchers shall meet the following:

 The machine should be able to minimize at least 50% of the time consumed in

manually manufacturing sampaguita garlands. Manufacturers can manually

manufacture one garland within three (3) minutes. The researchers aim to make

their machine manufacture one garland within the span of at least one and a half

(1.5) minute;

 The researchers should follow the PSME codes and standards in designing the

machine;

 The principles of kinematics, design, materials engineering, and economics must

be applied properly;

 Through the use of Solidworks, the researchers must design the machine and its

components and simulate its motion using motion analysis;

 The prototype of the design project must be built before the final period of the 1st

semester of S.Y. 2019-2020.

1.3 Significance of the study

The researchers believe that this study is significant because sampaguita garlands are part

of the Philippine culture and their value in the Philippine market will never cease. There

are seven best-selling flowers in the Philippines and sampaguita sits on the number one

spot (Anon, 2017). Sampaguita garlands are traditionally offered to Catholic saint statues.

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Since more than 86% of the population of the Philippines is Roman Catholic (Jack Miller,

2018), many Filipinos buy sampaguita garlands and offer them to their Catholic saints.

Aside from offering it to Catholic saints, sampaguita garlands are also used by several

Filipinos to freshen the air since they are sweetly-scented flowers. Aside from being the

national flower of the Philippines, sampaguita has always been a part of the culture and

lives of many Filipinos thus the sampaguita trade will never vanish in the Philippine

market. The result of this study will benefit the manufacturers of sampaguita garlands; this

study will reduce the time they consume in manufacturing sampaguita garlands. This study

will also benefit the researchers by providing a wider understanding of the problem.

1.4 Scope and delimitation of the study

The study focuses on minimizing the time and energy consumed by manufacturers in

manufacturing sampaguita garlands through designing a sampaguita garland machine. The

two basic main components of this machine are a container and a long needle. The

container will hold the sampaguita flowers before and during the manufacturing process.

The container will be stored in a cooler so that the sampaguita flowers will remain fresh

before the manufacturing process. An abaca string is connected to the long needle; this

string will be the bone of the garland. These two components along with the other

components will be designed and simulated through the use of Solidworks.

There are many types of sampaguita garlands; the most expensive are those with pure

sampaguita flowers. Others are consist of sampaguita flowers with varieties of other

flowers such as camia, ylang-ylang, and champak. There are also two types of

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“pagtutuhog;” some sampaguita flowers are pierced along the pistil and the stalk while

others are pierced right through the stalk. The sampaguita garland machine being designed

in this study will only manufacture sampaguita garlands that are consist of pure sampaguita

flowers that are pierced through the stalk.

Chapter 2: Review of related literature

2.1 Sampaguita Garland Making

Sampaguita livelihoods of peri-urban Metro Manila, Philippines: key actors, activities,

benefits and constraints

According to the article written by Constancio C. de Guzman, the sampaguita (Jasminum

Sambac) was accorded as the Philippines’ national flower back in the year 1934. These

white, dainty, and soothing fresh flowers are strung together into garlands being used as

religious and decorative ornaments in homes and churches, offerings given to people

during events as tokens of appreciation. Producing sampaguita garlands is a staple in the

economic landscape of the country as it is a vital source of agricultural livelihood for some.

In the process of picking out the sampaguita flower, the person assigned to perform the

task is usually chosen by the farmer wherein the picker are usually children. It is said that

these children go to the farm early in the morning with a plastic container tied around their

waists. It is said that sampaguita flowers’ peak season are on the months of March, April,

May, and June.

The raw materials usually used for sampaguita garland making include abaca fibers and

these other flowers namely: ilang-ilang, camia, or champaca which are used as hanging

ornaments to go with the sampaguita.

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In the article, it is said that the garland makers or in local terms, tagatuhog, string together

the sampaguita buds to form a garland or leis. Garlands are classified according to the

number of floral buds per abaca string. The terms used are “de dos” for two buds of

sampaguita flower, “de cuatro” for four buds, “de dies” for 10 buds and so on.

Sampaguita garland making is a tradition that should be preserved. The process is a part of

the country’s national identity. The skills of garland making are passed on from one

generation to another which makes this industry thrive.

Figure 1: Sampaguita Garland

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2.2 Sampaguita Flower

2.2.1 Common Parts of a Flower

Figure 2: Parts of a Flower

Peduncle - It supports or connects other parts of a flower, commonly it is called stalk.

Receptacle - This is the part where the other parts of the flower are attached and is above

the stalk.

Sepal - This surrounds the developing bud and located on the outer parts of the flower. It

appears to be leaf-like and often green.

Petal - The parts of a flower that has a flamboyant colour.

Stamen - The part that usually has a narrow filament which supports the anther and the

pollen producing part of a flower.

Anther - It is the portion where the pollen is produced and is a part of the stamen.

Pistil - The part of the flower where ovule producing happens. The stigma usually topped

the ovary that supports a long style. The mature ovary and ovule is dissimilar, the mature

ovary is a fruit while the mature ovule is a seed.

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Stigma - This is where pollen is generates and is a part of the pistil.

Ovary - The portion of the pistil where ovules are produced. It is an enlarged basal portion.

2.2.2 Symbol of Sampaguita Flower

Sampaguita flower comes in several symbolic meaning was created by civilization that

lived around it. Further, it was created by cultures that resides in the tropical areas where

this grows and the most symbolic meaning are love, divine hope, dedication, devotion and

purity.

 Love - Sampaguita flower, show love to someone. The beauty and tropical appeal

are going to the person who received the special bouquet with love.

 Divine hope - Where the color white of petals symbolic the meaning of perfectly

alignment to its presence that is going to filled the future with divine hope and

optimism.

 Dedication - In addition of being the symbol of love this flower dedicated to

someone who surrendering their soul to another person.

 Devotion - Desire to spend a lifetime with a person and offer endless love to

someone. It helps to transfer the message without even saying a word.

 Purity - This symbolized innocence, purity, and divine forces, which is the reason

where often use in baptism and religious ceremonies. However, the sampaguita

flower extremely important used as decorations in weddings and baptisms.

2.2.3 Characteristic of Sampaguita Flower

The sampaguita is a tropical flower, pure white, star-shaped blossoms that belong to the

broad variety of jasmines who has a scientific name, jasminum sambac. It serves as a

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natural culture symbol for two countries - Philippines and Indonesia. Many countries have

adopted flowers as their natural culture symbol, the Sampaguita Flower is the Philippine’s

National Flower since 1934, it is also well known in Asia for its different uses such as in

teas and religious offerings. It commonly grows on a woody vine, which reaches 1.2 meters

in height and leaves are rounded which measures 6 to 12 cm long. Sampaguita blossoms

all through the year in either as bundles or singly at the top of branches, because both leaves

and flowers grow on short stalks. The flowers open at night and easily less than a day wilt,

cuttings are necessary for the flowers because it does not bear seeds. The 2 stamens on the

sampaguita are included with a 2-celled ovary. Centuries ago the sampaguita flower was

imported in the Philippines from around the Himalayan areas, originally from India, and

has grown throughout the Philippines today.

Figure 3: Sampaguita Flower

2.3 Sampaguita Garland Industry

2.3.1 Local

A. Urban Agriculture in the Philippines: Initiatives, Practices, Significance, and Threats

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Based on the book ‘Sustainable Landscape Planning in Selected Urban Regions’ by

Constancio C. De Guzman, one chapter provides an overview of urban agriculture (UA) in

the Philippines. Such government’s initiative helped raised awareness in our urban

agriculture, which started this practice through conducting studies within Metro Manila

and also in a pre-urban livelihood system based on the jasmine species known

as sampaguita, flower that used to make garlands in San Pedro, Laguna, near Metro Manila.

By studying this, it has shown a positive impact in employment and income generation and

helped as well in promoting a positive social values. Still, the government did not plot a

policy regarding this matter, which contributed a lot hence, the decline of this practice

happened.

2.4 Flower Knitting Machine

According to the article authored by R. Anandhi, D. Kowsalya, and. N.Jerusha Chintu, they

have developed a flower knitting machine composed of three important elements, a

conveyor belt, a robotic arm, and a sewing machine. The conveyor belt is the main transport

system used to carry the flower from one point to another. The conveyor belt that they are

using is made up of a fiber material and the vibration is lessened so that the flower cannot

be damaged in the process. Two DC motors are used to power the said conveyor belt. As

stated, both DC motors can be driven concurrently moving in both in a frontward and

reverse direction. The robotic arm used in their design is fully automated and is used to

take the flower off the conveyor belt and place it in the sewing machine. The sewing

machine’s process is that first the needle descends to the bottom of its stroke, and

concurrently the shuttle slides, vibrates, or oscillates as far as the end of its diffident

movement. Enduring the movement of the balance wheel, the needle begins to ascend, and

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the shuttle instantaneously after begins to move forward. As the needle rises the material

through which it is passing holds the needle flower long enough to cause it to loop out

behind the eye of the needle under the needle-plate. The shuttle, still moving forward,

enters this loop and passes through it, the necessary amount of flower being supplied either

by the “time" of the needle-bar or by then check or take-up lever, according to the style of

the machine. As the machine makes the loop then the robotic arm places the flower in the

sewing machine and hence it tied.

2.5 Skewer

This is used to hold pieces of food together, it can be a metal or wood stick. It is commonly

used in culinary application such as grilling or roasting meats and fish.

Figure 4: Wooden Skewers

2.5.1 Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18

Based on the article of the Kong Shiang Engineering, skewering by hand takes up a lot of

time and because of that they designed a machine to reduce time and as well as labour. The

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product meats are loaded onto the conveyor for skewering, there are mould trayset provided

which the meats are loaded manually, the mould tray set is consist of 6 individual mouds.

The process in this system is repeated after every cycle. The cycle starts in skewering 6

pieces and stop, then the skewered tray set will be removed by the operator, after this they

will place an un-skewered set onto the conveyor and repeat again the process. Each whole

cycle of this process: covering, loading, skewering and unloading is approximately done

in 20 seconds.

The small design of this tabletop skewer machine does not need a vast space because of

the high rental cost. It is compact which means it can fit into any small space and can be

used at any location because it run on a single phase electrical supply.

Figure 5: Tabletop Skewer Machine KSE-ST18

2.6 Principle of Electromagnetic Field

 Consist of a soft iron piece, which an insulated copper wire is wound.

 It is a temporary magnet when the current through the coil switch off, the

arrangement refrain to be a magnet.

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  The strength of electromagnetic depends on the number of coil and strength of the

electric.

 Increase in the number of turns of the coil, also increase the amount of the current

passed through the coil.

2.6.1 Electromagnets

For David Smith, Physicist (2016), Electromagnets can be created by passing electric

current through a looped wire. The loop allows the magnetic field to generate by the

current, if the current switch it off then obviously there is no electric current and no induced

magnetic field.

Two types of electromagnets:

A.) Bar magnet which the iron piece was in the form of a bar.

B.) U-shaped magnet which the iron piece was in U-shaped.

2.7 DC Motor

DC Motor is a device which transforms the electrical energy into mechanical energy. The

working principle is the interaction between magnetic field and the current to produce a

force within the motor. The motor principle is basically based on Faraday's Law, states the

conservation of electrical and mechanical energy.

2.7.1 Types of DC Motor

 Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Used to create field flux. This type of DC motor provides starting torque and good

speed regulation, but the torque is limited so they are found on low horsepower

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 applications. These types of motors are commonly used as a starter motor in

automobiles, windshield wipers, washers, and for blowers used in heaters and air

conditioned.

Figure 6: Permanent Magnet DC Motor

 Series wound DC Motor

Falls under the category of self-excited DC motors, and the fact that the field

winding in this case is connected internally in series to the armature winding.

Another interesting fact about DC series motor is that the field flux of any other

DC motor is proportional to field current. Also, the DC series motor has very poor

speed regulation. However, it is most applicable as starting motor for industrial

applications

Figure 7: Series wound DC Motor

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 DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor

A type of self-excited DC motor where the field windings are shunted or connected

in parallel to the armature windings of motor. The fact about the DC shunt motor,

is the ability to self-regulate its speed on the application of the load to the shaft of

the rotor terminals. Meanwhile, this special ability of the shunt wound DC motor is

to regulate the speed by itself on loading thus it’s rightly called the constant flux /

constant speed motor.

Figure 8: DC Shunt Motor or Shunt Wound DC Motor

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  Compound Wound DC Motor

Falls under the category of self-excited motors. DC Compound motors can mainly

classify as cumulative compound wound motors and differential compound wound

motors. Cumulative compound wound DC motors are good for adjustable varying

speed while differential compound wound DC motors have constant speed and

torque.

Figure 9: Compound Wound DC Motor

2.7.2 Application of DC Motor

According to Eloise Augustine (2016), DC motors are used widely in Smart Home,

automobiles, medical devices, and electronic products.

 Smart Home - such as intelligent electric curtains, escort robot, oil fume wood, and

air conditioning.

 Automobile - such as electric positioning system, automobile panoramic sliding

skylight, seat headrest, and automobile power liftgate cables.

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  Medical device - such as eye massage, insulin pump, smart medical injection

system, and minimally invasive linear cutting stapler.

 Electronic Product - such as full screen mobile phone camera, smart phone photo

printer, and electric toothbrush.

2.8 Rotational and Linear Motion

2.8.1 Rotational Motion

Based on the article authored by Carl E. Howard and R. J. Stephenson, rotational motion

is defined to be as the motion of a rigid body which takes place in such a manner that its

particles move in a circular motion over an axis consisting of a common angular velocity.

In addition, it is also defined as the rotation of a particle about a fixed point in space. In

analyzing rotational motion, imagine a rigid body that is rotating about a fixed axis. This

axis is at rest in some inertial frame and this axis does not veer away relative to that frame.

Figure 9.1 shows a rigid body (the indicator needle of a speedometer is being shown)

rotating about a fixed axis. The axis passes through point O and is perpendicular to the

plane of the diagram. The plane is called as the xy-plane. One manner to describe the
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rotation of this rigid body would be to select a select point “P” on the body and to oversee

the x- and y-coordinates of this point. This method isn’t a terribly convenient to perform,

since it takes two numbers (the two coordinates x and y) to specify the rotational position

of the body. Instead, we notice that the line OP is fixed in the body and rotates with it. The

angle that this line makes with describes the rotational position of the body; we will use

this single quantity as a coordinate for rotation. The angular coordinate of a rigid body

rotating around a fixed axis can either be classified as positive or negative. If we choose

positive angles to be measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis, then the angle

in Fig. 9.1 is then deemed positive. If we instead choose the positive rotation direction to

be clockwise, then in Fig. 9.1 is then deemed negative. When we considered the motion of

a particle along a straight line, it was essential to specify the direction of positive

displacement along that line; when we discuss rotation around a fixed axis, it’s just as

essential to specify the direction of positive rotation.

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In describing rotational motion, the most natural way to determine the angle ϴ should be

in terms of radians, not in degrees. As shown in Fig. 9.2a, one radian (1 rad) is the angle

subtended at the center of a circle by an arc with a length equal to the radius of the circle.

In Fig. 9.2b an angle ϴ is subtended by an arc of length s on a circle of radius r. The value

of ϴ (in radians) is equal to s divided by r:

An angle expressed in radians is said to be the ratio of two lengths, therefore it is defined

to be a pure number without any dimensions. The circumference of a circle or the full arc

length of a circle is said to be 2π times the radius. Therefore, it is said that in one revolution:

The coordinate shown in Fig. 9.1 specifies the rotational position of a rigid body at a given

instant. We can describe the rotational motion of such a rigid body in terms of the rate of

change of ϴ. We refer this change in ϴ with respect to time simply as angular velocity.

Angular velocity is the instantaneous angular velocity not its average. This angular velocity

can either be positive or negative which depends on the direction of the rotation of the rigid

body. Angular velocity is the first derivative of an angular coordinate with respect to time.

Equation 9.3 shows the definition of angular velocity.

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When the angular velocity of a rigid body changes, this rigid body is said to undergo

angular acceleration. The instantaneous angular acceleration is defined to be as:

The usual unit assigned to angular acceleration is rad/s2. Angular acceleration is defined to

be as the second derivative of an angular coordinate with respect to time.

2.8.2 Linear Motion

Linear Motion is defined to be as rectilinear or uniform motion, or the motion in a spatial

dimension. As stated in Newton’s First Law or the Law of Inertia, a body with no net force

acting on it will either remain at rest or continue to move with uniform speed in a straight

line, according to its initial condition of motion. In addition to this, Newtonian Mechanics

states that there is no essential difference between the state of rest and uniform motion in

a straight line as they can be defined as the same state of motion observed differently as on

is moving at the same velocity of the particle, and the other moving at constant velocity

with respect to the particle. In understanding linear motion, one must first understand the

concept of displacement, time and average velocity. Displacement as defined in mechanics,

is the distance moved by a certain particle or body in a specific direction. Time is defined

to be a measured or measurable period. It is said to be a continuum that doesn’t consist of

spatial dimensions. Average Velocity is defined to be as the change of displacement over

the change of time. It can be defined through the equation:

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It is said that determining the average velocity of a particle is not enough to fully define its

linear motion and that one must solve for the instantaneous velocity of the particle or body.

Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity of a body or particle at an instant of time

along or specific point of the particle’s path. It is the limit of the average velocity as the

time interval approaches zero. It can be defined by the equation:

Acceleration is defined as the change of velocity with respect to time. The average

acceleration of a particle is defined to be as the change of the component of velocity divided

by the time interval. It is defined through the equation expressed through a particle’s path

on the x-component:

Instantaneous acceleration on the other hand, is defined to be the limit of the average

acceleration as the time interval approaches zero. Instantaneous acceleration is equal to the

derivative of velocity with respect to time. It can be shown through the equation:

2.9 Slider-crank Mechanism

As defined by the authors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, a slider-crank mechanism is an

arrangement of mechanical parts that are designed to transform rotary motion to linear or

straight-line motion or vice versa. Some concrete examples that uses this kind of

mechanism are reciprocating piston engines or pumps.

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 Figure 10: Slider-crank Mechanism
The figure above depicts the basic nature of a slider-crank mechanism. The lightly shaded

elements in the figure are said to be moving parts of the mechanism. The fixed frame or

the block of the mechanism is the darkly shaded element of part 1. Part 1 of the figure also

contains a cylinder which is shown in cross section by its walls assigned as DE and FG,

wherein the piston, in part 4 of the mechanism, slides back and forth. The small circle at

point A represents the main crankshaft bearing of the mechanism wherein it is also in part

1. The crankshaft, in part 2 of the figure, is depicted as a straight member stemming from

the crankpin bearing at point B extending to the wristpin bearing at point C, which then

joins it to the piston, assigned as part 4 of the figure, represented as a rectangle. The three

circles at points A, B, and C are bearings that allows the joined members to freely rotate

with respect to one another. The path of point B is defined to be a radius AB; when point

B is going to be at point h, point B will then be at position H, and when point B will be at

point j, similarly its position will be in position J.

Slider-crank mechanisms are also defined as four bar linkages configurations. A common

examples of machine that uses this mechanism are internal combustion engines wherein

the process of combustion involves a cylinder that creates pressure that drives a piston in

21
the said engine. It is said that the use of slider-crank mechanisms for power generation go

way back to the 18th century as it was integrated with the steam engine. The connecting rod

is the mutual link of the mechanism that converts the rotational motion at the crank.

Shaking forces, by product of the conversion process of motion, are said to impede the

operation of the engine as these forces are applied to the crank’s housing. In analysing the

slider-crank mechanisms, it is said that the factors one must consider are the position,

velocity, acceleration, and the shaking forces generated by the mechanism. In integrating

this mechanism to a design, these factors are to be essentially considered and interpreted

especially in producing credible experimental data.

2.10 Patent Searches

The researchers have found zero related registered patents by using ESPACENET.com

when “Sampaguita Garland Machine” was searched under the title category.

Figure 11: Patent Search

22
Chapter 3: Materials and methods

3.1 Project Development Flow

Design of a
Sampaguita
Garland Machine

Project Planning

Is it NO
Feasible?

YES

Project Management

Designation of
Tasks A

23
 Review of
Related
A Literature

Material
Selection

Modeling and Simulation

Evaluation

Figure 12: Project Development Flow Program

3.1.1 Project Management

This process was done to determine the feasibility of the proposed project. All members of

the research group have been given tasks and were required to research more about the

24
topic so that they can contribute ideas to the project. To be able to make the project flow

more organized, the researchers prepared a Gantt chart.

Task November December January February March

Development

Weekly 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Activities

Brainstorming

and Researching

for Project Ideas

Project Proposal

Chapter 1:

Introduction

Chapter 2: RRL

Designing of

Project using

Solidworks

Chapter 3:

Materials and

Methods

Presentation of

Project Proposal

Figure 13: Gantt-Chart

25
3.1.2 Advising and Consultations

Before proceeding to chapter 1, the researchers asked for the advice and approval of their

instructor regarding the proposed idea of the project. After the idea has been accepted, the

researchers proceeded to chapter 1 and sought again for the advice of their instructor

regarding the objectives of the project. Also, chapter 1 and 2, and the patent search of the

project have been submitted to the instructor in case of revision.

3.1.3 Project Designing

The proponents of this project study conducted several meetings for brainstorming. These

brainstorming sessions have brought them to their final design. The mechanism of the

device, its power source, and some of its important components such as magnets and

switches are products of these brainstorming sessions.

3.1.4 Solidworks Modelling

The device has been designed using Solidworks. This part of project development is

essential since the mechanism of the design project has been analyzed in Solidworks by

motion study.

26
3.2 Materials Selection

Material selection is vital in designing a project. This is an essential method used for

determining the proper materials and components of a design project.

3.2.1 Needle

A 50 centimeters needle will have an essential role in this device. Its job is to pierce through

the peduncles of the sampaguita flowers and insert the abaca string into the peduncles. The

length of the needle was based on the length of an untied sampaguita garland which is

approximately 50 centimeters. This length is desired so that the needle will only need to

pierce all the sampaguita flowers with just one operation. AISI 430 stainless steel is the

preferred material for the needle since it is magnetic and corrosion resistant. The needle

needs to be magnetic since it will be held by a magnet. It needs to be corrosion resistant

since it will pierce through sampaguita flowers; the moisture from the flowers can greatly

accelerate the rate of corrosion. A non-corrosion resistant needle will rust easily and will

need frequent replacement making it more expensive than a corrosion resistant needle.

Also, the needle is designed to have slots and sharp points in both ends.

Figure 14: Needle

27
3.2.2 Bed

The bed is the part of the design which holds the sampaguita flowers before and during

operation. Also, ice can be placed inside the bed. The coldness coming from the ice inside

the bed will prevent the sampaguita flowers from withering. The bed’s length is 50

centimeters; this was based on the length of an untied sampaguita garland.

Figure 15: Bed

Figure 16: Length of an Untied Sampaguita Garland

28
3.2.3 Rotating Disc

This component is attached to the rotor shaft of the DC motor. Its role is to convert the

rotary motion of the rotor into linear or reciprocating motion that will deliver the needle

holders.

3.2.4 Connecting Rod

This element will connect the rotating disc to the slider where the electromagnetic holders

are attached.

3.2.5 Magnetic Holders

The design has two magnetic holders. These magnetic holders are electromagnets and

functions like a human hand; these will hold the needle during the manufacturing process

of sampaguita garlands. These electromagnets are made of copper wire coiled around an

iron rod which has a slotted end. The holders are electromagnets so that they can be switch

on and off. The first electromagnet will hold the needle during the piercing process. After

the needle pierced through the sampaguita flowers, the first electromagnet will be switch

off and the second electromagnet will be switch on. The second electromagnet will hold

the needle during the pulling process. When the needle is completely pulled, the abaca

string will also be completely inside the peduncles of the flowers.

29
3.2.6 Switches

The switches will activate and deactivate the motors and the electromagnetic holders. There

are separate switches for the motors and electromagnetic holders. The off switch of the

motor is placed at the ends of the fixed plane (the path in which the slider slides) so that

the motor will automatically stop when the slider, which holds the electromagnets, reaches

one end of the plane.

3.2.7 DC Motor

The DC motor will convert electrical energy to mechanical energy; this will make the

rotating disc rotate. Permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor is the type of motor that will be

used on this device. The proponents of this study prefer to use PMDC motor because it is

cheaper than other DC motors and it is easy to regulate its speed.

3.2.8 Variable Voltage Power Supply (VVPS)

A variable voltage power supply will be the source of power of the motors. It will also be

used to regulate the speed of the motors. Batteries can also be used as a source of power

but, the proponents of this study prefer to use a variable voltage power supply first before

using batteries. VVPS will help the researchers determine the appropriate voltage needed

by the motor to obtain its desired speed.

30
3.2.9 Batteries

Batteries will be used for the electromagnetic holders. These batteries will give electric

current to the wires that are coiled around the holders thus producing a magnetic field.

3.3 Proposed Design

Figure 17: Designed Sampaguita Garland Machine

31
3.3.1 Exploded View

3.4 Cost Benefit Analysis

Materials Cost

Needle ₱500

Bed ₱700

Motors ₱400

Rotating Discs and Connecting Rods ₱500

Switches ₱400

Electromagnetic Holders ₱500

TOTAL ₱3,000

Table 1: Costs of Materials

32
According to Liza, the sampaguita vendor who was interviewed in a segment of GMA

News TV, “Day Off,” her income per day ranges from ₱600 to ₱1200. Liza works ten (10)

hours a day. Liza uses six (6) hours of her day in manufacturing the garlands and four (4)

hours for selling the garlands. If she starts manufacturing at 9 am, she will start selling her

products from 3 pm to 7 pm. With the help of the Sampaguita Garland Machine (SGM),

Liza will only need 2.5 hours to finish manufacturing one hundred (100) garlands. Instead

of selling at 3 pm, she can start selling as early as 11:30 am since it will only take her two

and a half hours in the manufacturing process. Instead of selling for only four hours, she

can maximize the time for selling the garlands to at least seven hours.

Mean Income for Four Hours of Selling (x):

₱600 + ₱1200
𝑥= = ₱900
2

Assuming that Liza earns ₱900 for selling garlands in the span of four hours, Liza will earn

“y” in the span of seven hours:

𝑦 ₱900
=
7 ℎ𝑟𝑠 4 ℎ𝑟𝑠

7 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑥 ₱900
𝑦= = ₱1,575
4 ℎ𝑟𝑠

Through the use of the Sampaguita Garland Machine, a sampaguita vendor can earn

approximately ₱1,575 per day.

33
Cost Analysis:

The total price of the Sampaguita Garland Machine is 3000 pesos. The price of sampaguita

flowers and abaca string to be used for manufacturing the sampaguita garlands is

approximately 200 pesos per day. The total expenses will be ₱3,400 if the vendor will sell

and manufacture the garlands for two days.

Using the first method of computation which was based with the time allotted for selling:

₱3,400 7 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ∗ = 15 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
₱1,575/𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

It will only take a vendor approximately 15 hours of working in order to earn back the

expenses used for the Sampaguita Garland Machine and some other expenses for

manufacturing the garlands.

Another method of computation based on the price of each sampaguita flower:

₱20 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = ∗ 100 ∗ 2𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = ₱4,000
garland 𝑑𝑎𝑦

If each garland is worth twenty pesos and if a vendor can sell 100 of these garlands per

day, he/she can earn ₱4,000 within 2 days.

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = ₱4,000 − ₱3,400 = ₱600

Within two days, the vendor can earn back all of the expenses and earn an income of ₱600

pesos.

34
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