Eight parts of Speech

1. Nouns 1. A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place,

thing, and abstract idea.

Name of a person- John, James , etc

Name of Animals – Cat, Dog , etc
Name of Places – Iran, Australia, Brisbane etc;
Name of things- Table, Cup, Chair etc;

Suffixes Examples….
verb + er, employ – employer, shop – shopper, work – worker
verb + or act – actor, invest – investor, supervise – supervisor,
operate - operator
Verb+ ing draw – drawing, build - building
(Gerund)
Ist anarchist, artist, journalist, pianist, typist, violinist

Abstract Nouns

Suffixes Examples….
1. ty equality, flexibility, certainty, cruelty, safety,
2. ness Goodness, sadness, awareness, happiness,
3. hood motherhood, childhood, adulthood,
4. ship Friendship, fellowship,
5. ance/ence Admittance, emergence, appearance, distance,
6. ment Movement, employment, achievement,
7. ion Correction, admiration, beautification
8. age Marriage, shortage, breakage, pilgrimage,
9. dom Kingdom, boredom, freedom
10. ry bravery imagery, slavery, trickery
11. f Belief, grief, proof, relief, strife.
12. cs ethics, linguistics, mathematics, politics
13. ism heroism, individualism, socialism, terrorism
14. th Strength, length, weight , breath, warmth,
depth
15. ure Culture, closure, pressure, pleasure
16. cy fluency, tendency, privacy
17. tude Attitude, latitude, longitude

2. Singular and Plural Nouns

By Adding Singular Plural

By adding “s” to Ant, pen, book Ants, pens, books
nouns
By adding -es to Dish,boss, dress, kiss Dishes, bosses,
nouns ending in –ch, dresses,kisses
-s, -sh, -ss, and -x
By adding –s to Studio, tattoo, zero Studios, tattoos,zeros
nouns ending in -o
By adding -–es to Potato, tomato Potatoes, tomatoes
nouns ending in -o

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 By changing –y into Family, spy, theory, Familes, spies,
–ies if a noun ends fairy theories, fairies
in a consonant
before the -y
By adding –s if there Monkey, key, toy, Monkeys, keys, toys,
is a vowel before the kidney, valley kidneys, valleys
-y
By changing –f or – Life, thief, wife, Lives, thieves, wives,
fe into –ves knife, loaf knives, loaves
By adding –s to Roof, reef, handcuff Roofs, reefs,
nouns ending in –f handcuffs
or –fe
By changing the Goose, mouse, louse, Geese, mice, lice,
vowels tooth, oasis teeth, oases
By adding –en or – Ox, child Oxen, children
ren
The plural and Music, knowledge, Music, knowledge,
singular forms of sheep, news, sheep, news,
some nouns are the
same

3. Countable nouns and Uncountable nouns

• Countable nouns- book, pen, chair, etc
• Uncountable nouns- water, sand, rice, sugar

4. QUANTIFIERS

1-Quantifiers Used With Singular Count Nouns

• Every: You make me laugh every time you lie.

• Each: I will talk to each person individually.
• Either: Shevchenko could shoot very well with his either
foot.
• Neither: He is lucky, neither foot showed anything wrong.

2-Quantifiers Used With Plural Count Nouns

• A Few: I gave him a few candies.

• Fewer: Fewer shops accept checks nowadays.
• Many: They got married many years ago.
• Great Many: Both sides had great many casualties in that
war.
• Several: Several buildings were damaged in the
earthquake.
• A Number of: A number of students failed the class.
• plenty of: We have plenty of hot dogs, it should be
enough.
• a lot of / lots of: I've got a lot of candies.
• enough: We have enough hot dogs but we need more
buns.
• any: Did you buy any hot dogs? Yes, five of them.

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 • some: She needs to buy some books.

3-Quantifiers Used With Non-Count Nouns

• plenty of: We have plenty of gas, it should be enough.

• a lot of / lots of: I've got a lot of cash on me.
• enough: We have enough gas, you don't have to worry.
• any: Did you spend any cash? No, I didn't spend any.
• some: She needs some fater advice.
• a little: Give me a little money before you go.
• less / more: You spend less time and lose more weight.
• much: We don't have so much water in the tank.
• a bit of: Can I have a bit of your chocolate?

5. Articles

the = definite article

a/an = indefinite article

Ø a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a

bike; a zoo; a dog
Ø an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg;
an apple; an idiot; an

The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the
noun is specific or particular.

Example: "The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a
specific dog, the dog that bit me.

Geographical use of the

There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.

Do not use the before:

• names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia;

however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the
Philippines, the United States
• names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
• names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.
• names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a
group of lakes like the Great Lakes
• names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with
ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual
names like the Matterhorn
• names of continents (Asia, Europe)
• names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with

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 island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary
Islands

Do use “the” before:

• names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific

• points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole
• geographical areas: the Middle East, the West
• deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian
Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula

Omission of Articles

Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are:

• Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish,

Russian (unless you are referring to the population of the nation:
"The Spanish are known for their warm hospitality.")
• Names of sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball
• Names of academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history,
computer science

2. Pronouns 1. Pronoun Table

Singular

Person Subject Object Possessive Intensive

Reflexive
1st I me My +noun/ myself
mine
2nd you you Your+ yourself
noun/yours
3rd he/she/it him/her/it His or her+ himself/herself/itself
noun/
his/hers

Plural

Person Subject Object Possessive Intensive

Reflexive
1st we us Our + noun/ ours ourselves
2nd you you Your+ noun/ yours yourselves
3rd they them Their+ noun/ theirs themselves

2. Relative Pronouns
that, which, who, whom,
whose, whichever, whoever,
These relate subordinate adjective
whomever
clauses to the rest of the sentence.

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 3. Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular Plural
These represent a thing or things.

Refers to things that are nearby this these

Refers to things that are far away that those

4. Indefinite Pronouns

These refer to something that is unspecified.

anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody,

Singular everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one,
nothing, one, somebody, someone, something

Plural both, few, many, several

Singular
all, any, most, none, some
or Plural

5. Interrogative Pronouns
what, who, which, whom,
whose
These are used to ask questions.

3. Verb
Irregular Verbs ( are different patterns of past and past participles)
Infinitive Present Present Past Past Present
Verbs Simple Simple Tense Participle Participle
(s, es, (-ing)
ies )
To be Be Am, is , Was/were Been Being
are
To have Have Has Had Had Having
Can - Could -
Shall - Should - -
Will Would
May Might
To put Put Puts Put Put putting
To hurt Hurt Hurts Hurt Hurt Hurting
To cast Cast Casts Cast Cast Casting
To cut Cut Cuts Cut Cut Cutting

Regular Verbs ( usually added “ed” in the base verbs for the past)
Infinitive Present Present Past Past Present

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 Verbs Simple Simple Tense Participle Participle
(s, es, (-ing)
ies )
To stay Stay Stays Stayed Stayed Staying

To live Live Lives Lived Lived Living

To talk Talk Talks Talked Talked Talking

To chat Chat Chats Chatted Chatted Chatting

Adjective is followed by Nouns ; eg; a beautiful girl

4. Adjective (Article ) (adj) (Noun)
1. Adj+N - beautiful girls
2. Adj+ adj+ N- big black dogs
You may also form three adjectives and noun depending on how you
want to express …

We use words like very, really and extremely to make adjectives

stronger examples: very beautiful, extremely difficult, really nice etc;

For example:
General Adjectives: big, tall, dirty, curly, ugly, small, nice, ect;

Degree of Adjectives

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (er/est)

Positive Comparative Superlative

big bigger biggest
tall taller tallest
nice nicer nicest
high higher higest
clean Cleaner Cleanest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most)

• adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives

not ending in -y/-er)

Positive Comparative Superlative

Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Ugly More ugly Most ugly
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Handsome More handsome Most handsome

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 Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad / ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much / many more most
far (place +
further furthest
time)
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
old (people and
older oldest
things)
old (people) elder eldest

You may further learn how to use with “ as…as and not as…as, more..
than, the most – example: he is as handsome as me” he is not as
handsome as me. He is more handsome than me. He is the most handsome
man.

Now let’s learn the suffixes of adjectives

Suffixes Examples
1. Past participle Interested, worried, excited,
See- in the tables of regular and bored, printed, broken, spoken ,
irregular verbs
Example: a broken chair , a
spoken language , a printed
image
2. Present participle- Interesting, boring, exciting,
ing- See- in the singing
tables of regular
and irregular verbs Examples: an interesting person
A boring place
An exciting place
A singing bird
3. ous Dangerous , obvious,
monogamous, famous
4. able Unable, comfortable, available,
eatable, countable
5. ic Gigantic, rustic, organic,
electronic , basic, athletic
6. al Normal, literal, external,
internal, educational, fatal,
judgmental
7. ary Customary, momentary,

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 cautionary, complimentary,
honorary, dietary
8. ful Beautiful, wonderful, awful,
delightful , skillful
9. cal Magical, logical, historical,
practical,
10. ish Foolish, childish, selfish, pinkish
11. less Powerless, friendless, hopeless,
helpless, needless
12. like Ladylike, warlike, birdlike,
childlike
13. ly – there are a Friendly, costly, monthly, lovely,
few adjectives cowardly, badly – check more
with “ly” but the adjectives with “ly” on google
rest are adverbs internet
14. y Rainy, funny, messy, dirty
15. ve Active, creative, objective ,
subjective , talkative
16. ent /ant Excellent, distant,
17. some Troublesome, handsome,

Many adverbs end with "ly" since it is a quick way to turn an adjective
5. Adverbs into an adverb-

Examples- perfect (adj)- perfectly ( adv)

Quick- quickly , slow- slowly, etc;

Irregular forms
good well
fast fast
hard hard

Types of adverbs

1) Adverbs of manner -quickly, kindly

2) Adverbs of degree – very, rather

3) Adverbs of frequency- often, sometimes

4) Adverbs of time – now, today

5) Adverbs of place – here,, there nowhere

Prepositions – Time
6. Preposition
Pre Examples Pre Examples
On on Monday In in August / in winter , in
the morning, in 2006 ,in an

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 hour
At at night , at the Since Since 1980
weekend, at half
past nine
For For 2 hours Ago Two days ago
Before Before 2004 to Tem to six ( 5:50)
Past Ten past six to / till / from Monday to/till Friday
(6:10) until
till / He is on holiday by I will be back by 6 o’clock.
until until Friday
By 11 o'clock, I had read
five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

Pre Examples Pre Examples

On the picture on the In in the kitchen, in London ,
wall, London lies in the book , in the car, in a
on the Thames,on taxi ,in the picture, in the
the table,on the world
left,on the first
floor,on the bus,
on a plane,on TV,
on the radio
At at the door, at the Below the fish are below the
station , at the surface
table ,at a
concert, at the
party ,at the
cinema, at school,
at work
Over put a jacket over Above a path above the lake
your shirt, over
16 years of age,
,walk over the
bridge, climb
over the wall
Across walk across the Through drive through the tunnel
bridge, swim
across the lake
To go to the cinema, Into go into the kitchen / the
go to London / house
Ireland,go to bed
Towards go 5 steps by, next Jane is standing by / next
towards the house to, to / beside the car.
beside
Under the bag is under Onto jump onto the table
the table
From a flower from the
garden
7. Conjunction

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 1. Coordinating Conjunctions

• And , But , Or , Nor, For ,Yet , So

Let’s take a look at some sentences with coordinating conjunctions:

1. On Friday night we watched TV and a movie.

2. We went to the park, but we did not have time for the museum.
3. She has to work late tonight, so she cannot make it to party.
4. Let's meet at the beach or in front of the hotel.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions

Here's a list of some of the most common subordinating conjunctions:

after , although ,as ,because ,before , how ,if , once , since , than
,that ,though ,till ,until, when where ,whether , while

Let's take a look at some examples:

1. They went running (independent clause), although it was very

hot (dependent clause).
2. We decided to take a couple of French classes this summer
(independent clause), since we could not go away on vacation
(dependent clause).
3. Monica went to law school in New York, while her brother went
to law school in California.

Subordinating conjunctions always come at the beginning of a dependent

clause. It’s important to note, however, that dependent clauses can
sometimes (not always) come before an independent clause. We could
write the above sentences this way:

1. Although it was very hot, they went running.

2. Since we could not go away on vacation (dependent clause), we
decided to take a couple of French classes this summer
(independent clause).
3. While her brother went to law school in California, Monica went
to law school in California.
4. Correlative Conjunctions

• both / and , not only / but also , either / or ,neither / nor, whether /
or

Correlative conjunctions come in pairs. The word correlative (adjective)

means a similar relationship of some kind. Thus correlative conjunctions
join similar concepts in a sentence together.

Examples: We talked both to her parents and her doctor.

1. Jason not only speaks Chinese, but also Japanese and Korean.
2. You can have either pie or a cake.
3. She neither liked the hotel nor the restaurant.

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 4. Everything depends on whether he gets the teaching job in June
or the one in September.

8. Interjection Interjections like er and um are also known as "hesitation devices". They
are extremely common in English. People use them when they don't know
what to say, or to indicate that they are thinking about what to say. You
should learn to recognize them when you hear them and realize that they
have no real meaning.

The table below shows some interjections with examples.

interjection meaning example

expressing pleasure "Ah, that feels good."

expressing realization "Ah, now I understand."

ah
"Ah well, it can't be
expressing resignation
heped."

expressing surprise "Ah! I've won!"

alas expressing grief or pity "Alas, she's dead now."

expressing pity "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"

dear
"Dear me! That's a
expressing surprise
surprise!"

"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I

asking for repetition
said it's hot today."

"What do you think of that,

expressing enquiry
eh eh?"

expressing surprise "Eh! Really?"

inviting agreement "Let's go, eh?"

"Lima is the capital

er expressing hesitation
of...er...Peru."

hello, hullo expressing greeting "Hello John. How are you

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 today?"

expressing surprise "Hello! My car's gone!"

calling attention "Hey! look at that!"

hey
expressing surprise, joy etc "Hey! What a good idea!"

hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?"

expressing hesitation,
hmm "Hmm. I'm not so sure."
doubt or disagreement

expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!"

oh, o expressing pain "Oh! I've got a toothache."

expressing pleading "Oh, please say 'yes'!"

ouch expressing pain "Ouch! That hurts!"

"Uh...I don't know the

uh expressing hesitation
answer to that."

uh-huh expressing agreement "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."

"85 divided by 5
um, umm expressing hesitation
is...um...17."

expressing surprise "Well I never!"

well
introducing a remark "Well, what did he say?"

End of Eight parts of speech !!

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