VISOKA TEHNIČKA ŠKOLA STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA

NOVI BEOGRAD

SEMINARSKI RAD
PREDMET: ENGLESKI II
TEMA: PODELA ČELIKA

Profesor: Student:
Igor Petrovic Aleksandar Dikić
Br. indeksa: 14/2018
Jun, Beograd 2019.
 CONTENT

CONTENT ................................................................................................................................................... 2
1. Steel .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Classification of steel ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Carbon steels ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Alloyed steels ......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Construction steels ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.4 Tool steels .............................................................................................................................................. 8
2.5 Special steels .......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Division of steel according to the method of obtaining ....................................................................... 10
3. CV .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

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 1. Steel

The steel is a metastable crystallized Fe - C (Fe - Fe3C) alloy with a carbon content of 0, 02% to
2, 14%. By adding tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, manganese, nickel, cobalt and
other metals, individually or in combination, alloyed steels for special purposes, extremely
mechanical, chemically or thermally stable, are obtained. If the mass fraction of the alloying
elements is greater than the mass fraction of the iron, or the iron is only traceable, then we are not
talking about steel but about new types of alloys. The incredible range and flexibility of properties
(by alloying, heat treatment or plastic processing) as well as the relatively low cost of production
make it still the most widespread use of metallic materials.
Under the practical conditions of steel production, the supporting elements can not be completely
removed or their presence is conditioned by the technology of steel making. In most cases, it is
not economically justified to produce very pure alloys. In this sense, the steel typically contains,
in a greater or lesser amount, supporting elements such as silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus,
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, copper, nickel, chromium, etc., next to carbon as the basic alloying
element. of the present chemical elements significantly influence the properties of the steel, then
it is considered to be the alloying element. The minimum content of the most commonly used
alloying elements is prescribed by standards relating to steel marking.
The various types of steel are mostly used in the mechanical engineering, construction, agricultural
machinery, mining, chemistry and energy. Today, several thousand different types of steel are
known worldwide, with the appropriate combination of carbon content and alloying elements of a
wide variety of properties.
A whole series of these steel has similar or similar characteristics, and the new label is often given
to use domestic raw materials or avoid patent protection, with very small changes in chemical
composition. In order to make it easier to find a solution for steel, each country today has
standardized the main groups, and is striving to create common standards for a group of countries.
International standards facilitate the exchange of goods, so that standard mergers can be expected
to be resumed quickly.
The number of standardized steel is constantly changing with the development of technology and
technology. New standards are introduced into the standards, old types disappear or are replaced
by better-quality steels. However, when introducing new steel, however, the assortment is too
tentative, since too many labels make it more difficult for the user to orientate, increases storage
costs and leads to small production batches that can not be profitable. The steels are produced in
Siemens-Marten furnaces, converters and especially high-quality types in electric furnaces.

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 2. Classification of steel

The classification of steel can be based on various criteria such as:

• Chemical composition
• Purpose
• Structure
• The method of obtaining
• Quality
• The shape and condition of the semi-finished products
According to the chemical composition, the steel is divided into:
• carbon steel
• alloyed steel
By purpose, the steel is divided into:
• structural steel
• tool steel
• steel with special properties
According to the structure, the steel can be:
• ferrite
• podeutectoid
• eutectoid
• nadeutectoid
• austenitic
• martensitic
According to the method of getting different:
• Tomasov
• Besemerov
• Simens-Marten
• electro-steel
According to quality, ie, sulfur and phosphorus, the steels are divided into:
• ordinary quality (carbon) steel with sulfur content up to 0.06% and phosphorus up to 0.07%,
• High quality steel (carbon and alloyed) with a sulfur content of 0.035-0.04% and phosphorus
0.035-0.04%
• high quality steels (alloyed) with a sulfur content up to 0.025% and phosphorus up to 0.025%, -
• Stainless steels (alloyed) with sulfur content up to 0.015% and phosphorus up to 0.015% .1
According to the shape and condition of the semi-products, the steel is divided into:
• rolled
• dragged
• forged
• cast
• brushed
• pressed
• peeled.

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 2.1. Carbon steels

Carbon steels are alloys of iron and carbon (with content C up to 2.0%), in which impurities are
present. 90% of the world's steel production is waste on carbon steel, and they are the basic
material in the machinery industry. Carbon is the basic and most influential element on which
the structure and properties of steel depend.
According to the content of the carbon, these steels are divided into:
• low carbon
• middle-aged
• high gloss
• ultra-high gloss
By purpose, carbon steels are divided into:
• structural, up to 0.6% C
• tools, over 0.6% C
Low carbon steel, approximately 0.05 to 0.29% of carbon content (steel AISI 1018). Low-carbon
steels have a relatively low tensile strength, but are cheap and forging, surface strength can be
increased by carburizing.
The middle carbon content of carbon, approximately 0.30 to 0.59% of the carbon content (eg
AISI 1040 steel), has good and ductility and strength, and is highly resistant to wear. Used for
large machine parts.
High-carbon steels, roughly 0.6 to 0.99% of carbon content. Very robust, and is used for high-
strength springs and wires.
Ultra-high carbon steel, approximately 1.0 to 2.0% of carbon content. These steels are
thermally treated to very high strength. They are used for special purposes: for knives, shafts
and drills. Most of the steels with more than 1.2% carbon content are made by powder
metallurgy, and usually fall into the category of highly alloyed carbon steel.

Picture 1. – AISI 1018 pipes

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 2.2 Alloyed steels

Contain other alloying elements, which are added to improve the required properties. Alloys must
be thermally treated prior to use. The alloyed steel is divided according to the number, content and
type of alloying elements.
According to the number of alloying elements, the steels are divided into:
• Single
• multi-alloyed
According to the total content of alloying elements, the steels are divided into:
• Low alloying - up to 5% of the alloying elements
• highly alloyed - more than 5% alloying elements
Low alloy steels have the same structure and similar properties as carbon (non-alloy) steels. Some
of their properties improve the alloying elements depending on the type and quantity. The main
advantages of low alloy steel compared to carbon are higher toughness at the same strength, higher
flow stress, higher strength at elevated temperatures and less inclination to create cracks.
Highly alloyed steels, as a rule, have special properties that do not have carbon and low alloy
steels, such as fire resistance, wear resistance, cutting ability in red absorption and corrosion
resistance. In addition, some high alloy steels have specific electrical and magnetic properties or a
small linear expansion coefficient.

Picture 2. – Simple ball bearing

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 2.3 Construction steels

The structural steel is required to have good mechanical properties, to be well treated by cutting,
deforming (forging, rolling, pulling, pressing), to have good weldability and low cost. According
to the strength (flow stress), these steels are grouped into four groups:
1. Low-strength steel, Re <250 MPa
2. Medium strength steels, 250 MPa <Re <750 MPa
3. high strength steels, 750 MPa <Re <1550 MPa
4. Ultraviolet strength steels, Re> 1550 MPa.

Carbon structural steels belong to the first group, and alloyed steels to the second, third or fourth.
Construction steels are used for steel structures or structural elements in mechanical engineering,
bridge construction, shipbuilding, boiler construction, pipeline construction and similar structures.
There are several groups of structural steel. These steels can be carbon (non-alloyed) and alloyed.
Constructional steels (unalloyed and alloyed contain C <0.60%) are used for the manufacture of
machines and devices, operating in non-aggressive environments and at temperatures from -25 to
300 ° C, as well as for load and construction structures (tab.

Picture 3. – I profiles

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 2.4 Tool steels

Tool steels are called carbon and alloy steels, which have high hardness and wear resistance, and
are used to produce a variety of tools for the processing of metals and other materials. In addition
to good mechanical properties, tool steels must also have other important properties, such as:
• good thermal stability, in order to avoid changing the structure and mechanical properties of the
tool heating during the working process
• resistance to degreasing of the surface layer and oxidation, since these phenomena reduce the
strength, hardness and wear resistance
• suitable thermal conductivity to prevent overheating, and thus reducing hardness in the surface
layer, which is especially important in the heat deformation tool
• small coefficient of linear expansion at the temperatures in which the tool is exposed during
operation, i.e. dimensional stability
• Good grinding, which is especially important when making tools for measuring instruments

Slika 4. - Top drill bit from low alloy tool steel

The most important groups of tool steels are:

• Carbon steel steels
• alloy steam tool for cold operation
• alloy steels for hot working
• high-speed high-speed tool steels.

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 2.5 Special steels

In this class of steel are classified:

• Stainless steel (resistant to acids and fire-resistant)
• High temperature steels (thermo-stable Cr-Mo-V steels)
• Steel resistant to wear

Stainless steel includes steel resistant to acids resisting primarily electrochemical corrosion
(organic and inorganic acids, nitrogen compounds, salt solutions - electrolytes, aggressive foods)
and fireproof steels that are not oxidised in the air and combusted with gases (CO, CO2, H2O,
SO2, ash) at a temperature of over 600ºC (this is about electron-conduction environments). Acid
resistant steel must contain more than 12% Cr, and fire-resistant steels more than 6% Cr and
additives Si and Al to prevent deep corrosion. According to the chemical composition, stainless
steels can be:
• chromium
• chrome-nickel
• chrome-manganese
and according to delivery condition:
• Rolled
• cast

Thermal stability is the ability of the material to withstand short and long-term loads at elevated
temperatures. Steam boilers, gas turbines, jets (reactive) engines, chemical industry plants are
made from steel of this class. Especially from hot-rolled steel is required resistance to crawling
and relaxation, a phenomenon characteristic of elevated temperatures.

It is estimated that about 50-80% of all machine and equipment failures are due to wear, and the
rest due to
fatigue of material, overload or gross violation of working conditions. The resistance of steel to
wear is determined by the chemical composition (mainly the high content of C and Mn) and the
structure, but also the types of wear that can be: adhesion, abrasion, erosion, cavitation, fatigue,
vibration.

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 2.6 Division of steel according to the method of obtaining

Melted iron is processed into steel in:

• Simens-Martenov furnace (flame process)
• electropeaks (sweeping)
• Besemer or Tomas converter.

The essential difference between the Simens-Marten process and the electroporation, and the
converter process is reflected in the method of obtaining the heat needed to obtain steel. Whereas
in the first case it is about external sources of heat (combustion of gas in the Simens-Marten
procedure or electric arc as the most common variant of electroporation), so for the converter
procedure the required amount of heat provides chemical reactions to which the steel is purified,
primarily by oxidation with oxygen under pressure.

Slika 5. – Siemens-Marten's furnace

The choice of the method for obtaining steel depends on several factors, and the most important
is the quality and price of the steel obtained, as well as the chemical composition of the iron, i.e.
his purity. For example, for the Simens-Marten process and for the ironing process in iron ore,
iron as a starting material should have as little admixture, i.e. that it is as clean as possible. In this
case, the steel is of a better quality, but more expensive than the converter steel. For the
application of converting processes, iron with higher content of silicon (Besemer's method), ie
with higher phosphorus content (Tomas process), is used, which in the purification of iron gives
an additional amount of heat.

Picture 6. - Besemer's procedure

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 3. CV

Personal data
Name and surname Aleksandar Dikić
Date of Birth 26.06.1998.
City Ruma
Address Đorđa Markovića 21
E-mail aleksandar.dikic98@gmail.com
Phone number 061 473 77 44
Citizenship Serbian
Education
Name of the school Secondary Technical School „Milenko Brzak“
Direction Electrical technician of computers
Grade IV
City Ruma
Title of graduation work C++
Awards Student of the generation, Charter of St. Sava,
municipal and republican scholarships
Work experience
Firm „Frigo Žika“
Workplace Operator on the CNC machine
Working period January – June 2018.
Job description Bending metal parts for cooling devices

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