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Mik

T H Q U A K E
EAR G I C A L  
G E O L O
H A Z A R D S
and Girls Week
n for Boys
Presentatio
 OBJECTIVES

Demonstrate understanding of
potential earthquake hazards

Explain the different potential

earthquake hazards
 WORDS OF INSPIRATION
"It takes an earthquake
to remind us that we walk
on the crust of an unfinished planet."
-Charles Kuralt
 D S HA K E!
M I N
 MIND SHAKE!
It is the responsibility for an
accident or misfortune.

__ __ __ __ __
 MIND SHAKE!
An act of concentrating interest
or activity on something.

__ __ __ __ __
 MIND SHAKE!
The great size or extent of
something.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 
 T H Q U A K E S
EAR
Earthquake: any sudden shaking of
the ground caused by the passage
of seismic waves through Earth’s
rocks.

We are within the Pacific Ring of

Fire.

What does this mean for us as a

population?
 T H Q U A K E S
EAR
Focus (Hypocenter)- the place where
rock ruptures and slips.

Epicenter- point at the surface directly

above the focus.

Seismic waves- energy released from

the hypocenter of an earthquake
travels as seismic waves.
SEISMIC WAVES Body waves - waves that travel within the
interior of Earth
Primary waves (P-waves) - move
back and forth parallel to the direction
of wave motion
Secondary waves (S-waves) - move
back and forth perpendicular to the
wave motion
SEISMIC WAVES
Surface waves - waves that travel
along the Earth’s surface
Rayleigh waves- surface waves
that cause the ground to ripple up
and down
Love waves - surface waves that
cause the ground to move back
and forth in a snake-like
movement
MEASURING THE QUAKE

We use a seismograph to detect and record seismic

waves.

The vibration record, called a seismogram, looks like

jagged lines on paper.

We can determine the distance between the recording

seismograph and the epicenter by measuring the time
between the arrival of P-waves and S-waves.

Triangulation identifies the epicenter of an earthquake.

MEASURING THE QUAKE

Size of an earthquake is measures in two ways:

Magnitude - energy released, measured using

Richter Scale

Intensity - amount of damage, using Mercalli

Intensity Scale (first intensity scale)
MEASURING THE QUAKE
QUAKES HAPPEN BECAUSE...

Forces and stresses ( tension, compression, and

shearing) along faults can build up as blocks of rock
are pushed (compression or shearing) or pulled apart
(tension).

If the pressure or stress becomes too great, the rock

breaks at a weak point along the fault and energy is
released.
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

Tectonic earthquakes are those

generated by the sudden
displacement along faults in the
solid and rigid layer of the earth.
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes induced by rising lava

or magma beneath active
volcanoes are called volcanic
earthquakes.

There are also man-made triggered

earthquakes like nuclear bomb
explosions, etc.
 WHAT IS A FAULT?
Fault: refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of
weakness where movement or displacement has
occurred or may occur again

A fault is said to be “active fault” if it has historical and

contemporary seismicity, has evidence of fault slip
based on displaced rocks or soil units of known age
and displaced landforms

An active fault is defined as a fault which has moved

within the last 10,000 years
 WHAT IS A HAZARD?

A dangerous phenomenon (substance or

human activity) that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihood and services,
social and economic disruption or
environmental damage
 r t hq u a k e
t e n t ia l E a
Po z a rd s
H a
 GROUND SHAKING
Disruptive up-down and sideways movement
or motion experienced during an earthquake.

Happens when rocks break due to intense

burden, sending waves and generating the
vibration.

It is a primary effect and the cause of

frequent destructions of buildings during an
earthquake.
 GROUND SHAKING
The strength and duration of the shaking depends on:
Nature of underlying rocks,
Topography,
Location and orientation of the fault,
Strength of seismic waves generated
The size of damage depends on the quality of the
locality's environment like:
Population (density and economic background)
Infrastractures (materials, architecture)
Safety measures within the area
Building density
 GROUND RUPTURE
Displacement on the ground due to movement
of fault .

It occurs right on the surface where the rocks

underneath slipped as a result of the release of
energy that has been stored in them for a long
time.

When subsurface rocks break, it generates

ground motion that causes the fracturing.
 GROUND RUPTURE
The movement may have vertical and
horizontal component and may be as
small as less than 0.5 meters to as big
as 6 meters.

An example of vertical movement is

when a rupture raises the ground
surface up to 3 meters high creating  a
wall of rock and soil, this is called
Uplifting.

How can we avoid them? 

 LIQUEFACTION

Soil liquefaction occurs when a saturated or

partially saturated soil substantially
loses strength and stiffness in response to
an applied stress such as shaking during
an earthquake or other sudden change in
stress condition, in which material that is
ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.
 LIQUEFACTION
The shaking of the ground causes water pressure
in the soil to increase, thereby reducing the
effective stress between solid particles.

The soil loses its strength and becomes unstable,

subsequently lowering its ability to hold built
structures.

The result is, buildings or physical structures sink,

crumble, tilt, or collapse as a whole on the
ground.
 LIQUEFACTION

Liquefaction commonly occurs in areas lining

the coasts, rivers or streams, and lakes and in
localities underlain by river and lake deposits.

liquefaction can also occur in construction

sites or localities where there is major
shaking of the ground due to heavy blasting
or constant pounding of heavy equipment.
 LIQUEFACTION

The size of destruction can be affected by some

factors like:
Ground shaking duration and intensity
Ground soil quality
Population and Infrastracture density

When looking for a potential house location,

what do we look for?
Avoid looking in places with loose, sandy soil
 GROUND SUBSIDENCE

The sinking of the ground or the

development of a depression, hole,
basin or bowl-like structure.

One of the effects of liquefaction

during an earthquake

After liquefaction, sediments begin to

settle and compact while the water
that accumulated stays
 GROUND SUBSIDENCE

The varying movements of

earthquakes can cause
earthquake-affected areas to
significantly drop creating a
depression

One of the structures is known

as the graben. In fact, this is
how the structure valley we all
know as Marikina Valley was
naturally formed.
 GROUND SUBSIDENCE

It was made because it was bounded

on its sides by fault segments from
the Valley Fault System (VFS).

The Valley Fault System (Marikina

Fault System) runs from Rodriguez
and San Mateo Rizal to cities like
Pasig, Makati and Taguig all the way
up to the provinces of Laguna, Cavite,
and Bulacan.
LANDSLIDES
Due to the movement of the ground
during an earthquake, landslides can
also occur

Landslide is the down slope movement

of a mass of rock or earth materials
along the steep sides of a mountain, hill,
or cliff.

These contributing or triggering factors

may act alone or with other factors.
LANDSLIDES
Landslides can be caused by:
water saturation of the soil and rock
absence of vegetative structure that
can hold the soil together
liquefaction
volcanic eruption, causing the
collapse of a volcano side.
deforestation,
alteration of slope
logging
TSUNAMI
Sea waves resulting from the disturbance of
ocean floor by an earthquake

This is a series of giant sea waves

commonly generated by under-the-sea
earthquakes and whose heights could be
greater than 5 meters.

For an earthquake  to trigger a tsunami, an

earthquake should register at least 6.75
magnitude on the Richter scale.
TSUNAMI
Tsunami-like events also occur in huge
lakes or semi-enclosed bodies of
water called Seiches

Seiches - is a French term that describes

standing wave oscillating in a body of water
to move from one end to the other
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2014)

Seiches can last for hours and even days

and can also be caused by other disasters.
MORO GULF EARTHQUAKE AND
TSUNAMI
Had a recorded 8.0 Magnitude on the
Richter Scale
Killed almost 5,000 people, the tsunami
being more deadly than the actual quake.
There are two main reasons why tsunami's
are deadlier:
it is difficult to predict when tsunamis
are coming and difficult to detect if they
are present (note: tsunami-waves are
shallow water waves)
MORO GULF EARTHQUAKE AND
TSUNAMI
They are characterized by low wave
height and very long wavelengths, which
can go up to hundreds of kilometers,
500 more or less.

Tsunami waves transform in size and in

speed as they approach the coast.

• In deep water, tsunamis travel at high

speeds and great distances but lose little
energy because of their long wavelengths.
TSUNAMIS
When a tsunami approaches the shore, the
waves get taller and they get slower.

The change in their total energy is constant.

The energy that creates them is so

tremendous that they are able to push far
into the land with an enormous volume of
water and with great force.

Tila tubig :">> (I love u leeuwenhoek)

"I used to sleep nude - until the
earthquake".

-Alyssa Milano
EARTHQUAKES AND GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

QUIZ TIME!
YEET.