Essential English Materials II

Summary of
English
Materials II
GRADE XI
Compiled by Vinsensius Jewarut, S.Pd for
Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris XI Class
SMAN 2 LANGKE REMBONG

Contents
Preface ____________________________________________________________ iii
Chapter 1: Suggesting and Offering _____________________________________ 1
Suggesting ______________________________________________________ 1
Expressions of Giving Suggestion ____________________________________ 1
Offering ________________________________________________________ 1
Expressions of Offering Something ___________________________________ 1
Exercise / Task / Project ___________________________________________ 2
Chapter 2: Perfect Tenses _____________________________________________ 3
Simple Past Tense________________________________________________ 4
Present Perfect Tense _____________________________________________ 4
Past Perfect Tense _______________________________________________ 5
Future Perfect Tense ______________________________________________ 6
Chapter 3: Conditionals _______________________________________________ 7
Conditional Sentences ________________________________________________ 7
I. Factual Conditional Sentences ____________________________________ 7
II. Unreal Conditional Sentences ____________________________________ 7
Conditionals: Time and Probability Table ____________________________ 9
B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. __________________ 10
Chapter 4 : Poems __________________________________________________ 13
WHAT IS POEM? _____________________________________________ 13
Rhythm _____________________________________________________ 13
Rhyme scheme _______________________________________________ 13
EXAMPLES OF POEMS ________________________________________ 14
Look at Your Loved Ones ______________________________________ 14
Family Means Everything ______________________________________ 14
Simple Truths About Family ____________________________________ 14
Family Likeness ______________________________________________ 14
Chapter 5: Narrative Texts ____________________________________________ 16
What is Narrative Text? ______________________________________________ 16
Pengertian, Tujuan, Social Function Narrative Text ___________________ 16
Jenis dan Macam-Macam Teks Narrative dalam Bahasa Inggris ________ 16
Struktur Narrative Text dalam Bahasa Inggris _______________________ 17
Ciri Kebahasaan Narrative Text dalam Bahasa Inggris ________________ 17
Kinds of Narrative Texts______________________________________________ 17
Chapter 6: Other Type of Texts ________________________________________ 21
Letter / Email ___________________________________________________ 21
Announcement _________________________________________________ 21
News Item Text _________________________________________________ 22
Recount Text ___________________________________________________ 23
Explanation Text ________________________________________________ 24
Exposition Text _________________________________________________ 24
Discussion Text _________________________________________________ 25
Report ________________________________________________________ 26
Chapter 7: Making Reservations _______________________________________ 28
Taking a Reservation _____________________________________________ 28
Chapter 8: Advertisement: Brochure, cs ________________________________ 31
Chapter 9: Hortatory Exposition Text ___________________________________ 32
What is Hortatory Exposition? ________________________________________ 32
Sounds of English __________________________________________________ 35
1000 Basic English Words ____________________________________________ 37
Irregular Verbs _____________________________________________________ 40
Prayers in English___________________________________________________ 42
Sign of The Cross _______________________________________________ 42
Our Father _____________________________________________________ 42
Hail Mary ______________________________________________________ 42
Glory Be _______________________________________________________ 42
The Angelus ___________________________________________________ 42
‘Being important Preface
doesn’t
automatically
Dear Students,
makes English English is a very important language. This is not to say that other languages are inferior.
any easier. You It simply means that in modern times, in our time, mastering English is necessary. It has
still need to become a very important language that is spoken widely in the world. With globalization
study a lot, keep and exchange of new technologies and knowledge going on very rapidly, English has
your motivation become a medium, a language that bridges all.
up, and be
brave.’ Being important doesn’t automatically makes English any easier. You still need to study
a lot, keep your motivation up, and be brave. Many claim that there are many easy and
faster ways to learn English. Many books are written about it or based on that premise.
Even so, you still need to invest your time and effort to master this language. That being
said, this book is compiled for you! It is not the best, as no book ever is. It is not the only
book for English, as no English book ever has been. However, you can use this book
along with your effort, hard work, and invested time to improve your English, to help you
understand English better—or maybe simply so that you can have an English book to
read and study at home!
Happy studying!
Pg. 01 Chapter 1: Suggesting and Offering
Chapter 1: Suggesting and Offering

Suggesting
Suggest means to introduce or propose and idea or a plan for someone’s consideration.
Suggestions are given when someone tries to give solutions, advice, plans and ideas.
Suggestions can be accepted or refused.
Expressions of Giving Suggestion

Let’s ….
Why don’t we….?
We could… Let’s go to the library.
What about….(v-ing)? Why don’t you do your homework now?
We could eat at home today.
How about….(v-ing)?
What about eating at the new place?
I suggest that….
You might want to….. I think you should go and meet her
You need to… I don’t think you should do it that way.
I think you should…. You need to change your sleeping habits.
I don’t think….
The following words are also indicative of suggestions: suggest, recommend, propose, put
forward, advise, advocate. The structure is as follows:
Subject Verb That = agar/bahwa Object Clause

I suggest that he clean his room.
We recommend that she read “Harry Potter”.
I propose that a report should be sent in.
I put forward that we work together on this.
We advise that he work hard.
I advocate that we support them in every way possible
As explained before, you can accept or refuse any suggestions given to you.
Accepting Suggestions: Rejecting / Refusing Suggestions:

That’s a good/nice/wonderful idea/suggestion. I don’t think it’s a good idea
Thank you / Thanks. Thanks, but….
Why didn’t I think of that. I don’t want to do that because
I agree with you. I disagree with you.
I couldn’t agree more. It’s interesting, but…..
That’s right / That sounds great.
Offering
Offer means to give something physical or abstract to someone. Offer can be given in terms of
food, money, solutions, friendship or a bargain. It can be taken or refused.
Expressions of Offering Something
May I….? May I give you a hand?

Can I…? Can I help you?
Pg. 02 Chapter 1: Suggesting and Offering
Shall I…? Shall I bring you some tea?

Would you…? Would you like another piece of cake?
How about I…? How about I help you with this?
Can I clean the car for you?
Shall I help you with your homework?
I will do the washing, if you like
When making offers, we often use the following expressions:
Modal verbs are usually used in offering expressions.
Modal Verb Subject Object

Would you care for another cup of tea?
Shall we take you there?
Could I offer you something?
Will you have tea with that?
Exercise / Task / Project

1. Task: In pairs, create a dialogue in which you use the expressions of suggestion and
offering.
2. Project: In pairs, make a short video (1-3 minutes) in which you practice the dialogue.
Pg. 03 Chapter 2: Perfect Tenses
Chapter 2: Perfect Tenses

Before we go on discussing Perfect Tenses, it is important to revisit the concept of Verbs (Kata
Kerja). Verbs are (usually) ‘action words.’ Every sentence must contain a verb. Most students
usually find it easy to understand what a verb is.
Verb Forms
Every verb has four different forms:
a. Verb 1 / base form
The basic form of the verb. This form is usually found after to (+ V1) and Simple
Present Tense, for example see, think, study, flow.
b. Verb 2
Used with simple past tense, for example saw, thought, studied, flowed.
c. Verb 3 / past participle
Used with passives and all of the perfect tenses, for example seen, thought, studied
flowed.
d. Verb-Ing / present participle
Used with all continuous tenses, for examples seeing, thinking, studying, flowing
Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs (V2 and V3)

Regular verbs are quite simple. They are verbs to which we simply add-ed/-d to make verb 2
and verb 3. For example:
I play football every Sunday. (verb 1) study  studied  studied
I played football every Sunday. (verb 2) look  looked  looked
I have played football before. (verb 3) listen  listened  listened
Irregular verbs are more difficult. For example:
I eat snack every day. (verb 1) eat  ate  eaten
I ate snack yesterday. (verb 2) think  thought  thought
know  knew known
I have eaten snack since I was a child. (verb 3)
The Verb To Be
The verb to be can be found in the words: be, am/is/are, was/were, been.
There are four main uses for the verb to be:
a. Between the subject and adjective.
The book is amazing.
We are bored.
The teacher was mad.
b. Between the subject and a noun.

This is a gorilla.
They are lawyers.
c. Before verb-ing in continuous tenses.

She was watching TV at 10 pm last night.
I will be sleeping at midnight tonight.
d. Before the subject in passive sentences.

The cake was eaten by hungry children.
Football is played on Saturday and Wednesday.
The verb to be in its usage depends on the subject.

a. Present Tense (Am, Is, Are)
I am drinking delicious hot coffee.
She/He/It is from Ruteng.
You/We/They are at home.
b. Past Tense (Was, Were)

I/He/She/It was furious when Tony bit me.
Britney was eating a hot dog when I arrived.
Barry Chuckle and I were playing silly games.
The students/You/We/They were on time.
c. Future Tense (Be)

I will be sleeping at midnight.
Gita will be twenty-eight this month.
They will be more careful next time.
Conjugating Verbs
This simply means that when you use verbs in sentences, there are tenses in which verbs
change is also dependent on the subject of the sentences. The following simple present
sentences can be used as an example:
I visit my Grandparents at weekends.
She visits my Grandparents at weekends.
Simple Past Tense

Before we discuss the perfect tenses any further, let’s look at Simple Past Tense. Since
Simple Past Tense and the perfect tenses seem to be related to past situations they are easily
mixed up by English learners.
Simple Past Tense is used to talk about a completed action in the definite past. The important
things to consider when deciding whether to use Simple Past are:
a. Is the action finished?
b. Do we know when it happened?
We use Simple Past Tense when the answers to these questions YES!
Simple Past Tense is formed with the following rule:

(Positive) Subject + V2 + time phrase
(Negative) Subject + DID NOT + V1  did not = didn’t
(Interrogative) DID + Subject + V1 + time phrase?
Q-Words + Did + Subject + V1 + time phrase?
Who + V2 + time phrase?
Time Phrase can be adverbial (from adverb) or propositional (made with a preposition).
Adverbial: last week, last month, last year, three minutes ago, two days ago, three months ago.
Prepositional: on Tuesday, on 17 August 1945, in 1988.
Check-Up Questions
Use the words to form a complete sentence in Simple Past Tense.
a. I/go/party/last night.
b. Yesterday/he/be/sick
c. Where/you/go/holiday/last year?
d. Mark and Gita/eat/lobster/on Tuesday
e. You/enjoy/holiday?
f. Lewis Hamilton/drive/home/yesterday
g. Mark/write/this book/last year
h. I/sleep/well/this morning
i. He/play/PS3/6 hours/last night
j. I/be/bad teacher/in 2001
DRILL – MAKE YOUR OWN SENTENCES (AT LEAST 10) BASED ON THE PATTERNS
GIVEN ABOVE. BE CREATIVE IN USING VARIOUS VERBS.
Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense is primarily used to talk about a completed action in the indefinite past
or one whose results have just become apparent (hasil tindakan tersebut terlihat sekarang).
This means if we know that an action happened in the past, but we don’t know when it
happened, we use Present Perfect Tense.
We form Present Perfect Tense like this:

(Positive) Subject + has/have + Verb 3

I have eaten a crocodile burger before.
I’ve lost my car keys.
He has studied Chemistry.
(Negative) Subject + has/have + not + Verb 3

I have not eaten a crocodile burger.
I have not lost my car keys.
He has not studied Chemistry.
(Interrogative) Have/Has + Subject + V3? and Q-Words + Have/Has + S + V3?

Have you eaten a crocodile burger?
Have you lost your car keys? Has he studied Chemistry?
It is possible to form questions with interrogatives; these usually (but not always) concern
amount or duration.
How many supermodels have you dated, Mr. Barnfather?
How long have you lived under this bridge, Mr. Currant?
Where have you been, Mr. Stoke?
Why have you become evil, Mr. Hall?
Check-Up Questions
Make complete sentences in Present Perfect Tense.
a. John/see/move/before
b. I/meet/John Travolta
c. Oh no!/dog/bite/my arm
d. Someone/eat/my chocolates
e. My hamster/die
Make the words below into complete sentences in either simple past or present perfect
tense.
a. I/eat/sausages/breakfast/this morning
b. She/crash/her car/twice
c. She/fail/examination
d. I/not/read/Harry Potter
e. Last night/Dita/watch/TV
Past Perfect Tense

When we have two or more completed actions in the past, we use past perfect to talk about the
earlier of the two actions in the indefinite past. Usually Past Perfect Tense is used together with
Simple Past, for example:
I went to Bali last year; I had been there twice before.
I didn’t watch Police Academy on TV last night because I had seen it ten times before.
Simple Past Clause + [ Subject + Had + Verb 3 ]
We form Past Perfect Tense like this:

(Positive) Subject + Had + Verb 3
(Negative) Subject + Had + Not + Verb 3
(Interrogative) Had + Subject + Verb 3?
Q-Words + Had + Subject + Verb 3?
Who + Had + Subject + Verb 3?
Check-Up Questions
Join the sentences together to create one sentence using Past Perfect Tense. Remember to
consider which action happened first.
a. I ran twenty kilometers. I collapsed.

b. I felt sick. I ate a rat burger.
c. I shaved my head. I regretted it.
d. I lent it to my friend. I bought this book.
e. I went to hospital. I fell off an ojek.
Using the cues, make complete sentences.

f. I/go/party/I/buy/new clothes
g. He/eat/dinner/he/wash/hands
h. He/go/Lombok/he/go/Lombok/twice
i. I live/Indonesia/five years/I write/book
j. He/work/company/for five years/he/get/promoted
Future Perfect Tense

It is used to talk about an act that will have been completed by a point in the future. You make
Future Perfect Tense sentences by the following rule:
(Positive) (By + Time Clause )+ Subject + Will + Have + Verb 3
By 2017, I will have won the Nobel Prize for Literature
By 2020, my sister will have finished Senior High School
(Negative) Subject + Will Not (won’t) + have + Verb 3
I won’t have finished Senior High School 2019.
(Interrogative) Will + Subject + Have + Verb 3 + by+ (time clause)
Will you have found a girlfriend by 2021?
Check-Up Questions
Make complete sentences or questions in Future Perfect Tense from the words
below.
a. Gita/graduate/201
b. Mark/visit/friends/2050
c. Liverpool/win/Premier League/2022
d. Will/the President/resign/2020?
e. Mark/not/leave/Indonesia/2016
f. I/finish/book/tomorrow
g. 10 pm/movie/started
h. Mark/win/Nobel Peace Prize/2050
i. Next week/this book/sell/1,000,000copies.
j. Will/Mark/get/fat/2022
DRILL – MAKE YOUR OWN SENTENCES (AT LEAST 10) BASED ON THE
PATTERNS GIVEN ABOVE. BE CREATIVE IN USING VARIOUS VERBS.
Pg. 07 Chapter 3: Conditionals
Chapter 3: Conditionals
Conditional Sentences
I. Factual Conditional Sentences
Tense If Clause: Result Clause: Formula

Present Real If I eat, I get full. Simple Present +
Simple Present
Past Real If I ate, I got full. Simple Past +
Simple Past
Future If I eat, I will get full. Simple Present +
Future
Additional elements used in these sentences:

1. modals in one or both clauses
2. not in one or both clauses
3. progressive forms may be used in all the conditions
Examples:
1. If you have enough money, you can buy one.
2. If you don’t have enough money, you can’t buy one.
3. If I am enjoying myself, I don’t mind where I go.
II. Unreal Conditional Sentences
Tense If Clause: Result Clause: Formula

Present Unreal If I had a car, I would take you Simple Past +
places. Would + Base
Form of Verb
Past Unreal If I had had a car, I would have Past Perfect +
taken you places. Would + Have +
Past Participle
Additional Information:
1. In present unreal, the verb “to be” becomes “were” for all subjects.
2. Could or might may be used in the result clause. However, the meaning
changes. Would expresses a definite intention, whereas could
expresses a possibility or an ability and might expresses a possibility
3. Progressive forms can be used in both clauses
4. Present unreal conditions can also be used to express a future condition;
however, unlike the factual future conditions, these mean that it is
improbable the condition will take place.
5. In contrary to fact conditions, positive means negative and negative means
positive.
Examples:
1. If Jane were my boss, she would treat me better.

2a.If Jane were my boss, she could treat me better.
2b.If Jane were our boss, we might be able to do that.
3a.If I were going with you, I would be happier.
3b.If I were with you, we would all be having fun.
4. If you were going with us on the trip, we could have a great time.
5. If you were not singing, we would be so happy!!!
Listed below are examples, uses and formation of Conditionals followed

by some exercises.
Examples Usage
Conditional 0
Situations that are always true if something happens.
If I am late, my father
NOTE
takes me to school.
This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a
She doesn't worry if
time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my
Julian stays out after
father takes me to school.) -See note below-
school.
Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real
Conditional 1 - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a
certain condition is met. The first conditional is used to talk
about the future or facts / situations which are true in the
If it rains, we will stay at
present and future.
home.
NOTE :In the conditional 1 we often use unless which
He will arrive late
means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.'
unless he hurries up.
could also be written, '...if he doesn't hurry up.'.
Simon will buy a new
“Provided” and “as long as” can also introduce a
car if he gets his raise.
condition:E.g. “Provided you leave now, you’ll catch the
train”
Conditional 2
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for
unreal - impossible or improbable (hypothetical) –
If he studied more, he situations, (contrary to the present situation). It is also used
would pass the exam.
to give advice and express hopes and ambitions.
I would lower taxes if I This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given
were the Prime situation.
Minister.
NOTE
They would buy a new
house if they won the The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is
lottery. always conjugated as 'were'.
Conditional 3
If he had known that, Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it

he would have decided concerns only past situations with hypothetical results.
differently. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given
situation. They always refer to unfulfilled conditions in the
Joanna would have past (contrary to what really happened).
found a new job if she
had stayed in Gorzów.
Notes:
 Temporal clauses: In addition to if and unless, there are other words

that are not followed by the future tense. These words include: before,
after, when, whenever, until, till, by the time, once, the moment that, as
soon as, as long as. These words are followed by the Present Simple
even when we talk about the future
When you are ready, we will leave.

Until you are ready, we won't leave.
Before you leave, could you tidy your room?
Whenever I go on holiday, I buy a souvenir.
Mixed Conditions
For past events which have a result continuing in the past it is possible to use
the form of a 3rd conditional in the if clause and the form of a 2nd conditional in
the result clause.
E.g. “If you had saved some money, you wouldn’t be so hard up”.
Conditional Clause Variations Scheme:
Conditionals: Time and Probability Table
Probability Conditional Example Time
If/When it rains, my father takes me

zero home
Certain any time
conditional If you heat water to 100 degrees
celsius, it boils. (Universal Truths)
first
Likely If it rains, I will stay in. future
conditional
second
Unlikely If I won the lottery, I would retire. future
conditional
second If I had the money, I would lend it to

Impossible present
conditional you
third If I had seen him, I would have given

Impossible past
conditional him the message.
EXERCISES
A. Choose the correct conditional form to complete the sentences below. Once you
have decided on your answer, click on the arrow to check your answer.
1. If I ___________________(stay) in Barlinek, I would have found a new

girlfriend.
2. He would do more to help the poor if he ______________(be) the Pope.
3. If he goes to London on a business trip, he often _____________(visit) Soho.
4. We won't go to the film unless they _______________(arrive) in the next 5 minutes.
5. She ________________(buy) a new car if she had had the money.
6. If Yoko were me, she _________________(go) to Manchester immediately.
7. They will talk to Jacek if he __________________(come).
8. Bożena comes to work 30 minutes late if her child _____________(miss) the bus to
school.
9. If Peter _______________(think) twice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake.
10. Kasia _____________(become) a university lecturer if she studies hard.
11. If they _____________(know) all the facts, they would have found the defendant guilty.
12. Unless you _______________(hurry up), we will never arrive on time.
13. If I were in charge, I _________________(change) the standard business routines.
14. He takes his daughter out to dinner, if she ______________(come) to town.
15. If I hadn't known better, I ___________________(trust) him.
B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
1. If my brother _______________(eat) another cake, he ________________(get) sick soon,

that’s why he won’t
2. If I _________________(ask) you when I needed, ___________________(you help) me ?
3. John __________________ (not get) such poor marks if he ________________ (work)
harder
C. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the first,
second or third conditional.
1. If the film ........................ (not be) so boring, we wouldn't have left.

2. They will miss their connection if the fiight........................ (not leave) on time.
3. It would be great if people ........................ (not pollute) the environment.
4. If the band ........................ (give) a concert here, all my friends would go to it.
5. ........................ you ........................ (cook) such a big meal if we hadn't had so many
guests?
6. If you ........................ (go) to London, you should visit Madame Tussaud's Wax
Museum.
7. You won't get tickets unless you ........................ (get) to the stadium early.
8. If the police hadn't caught him, he ........................ (escape) with the money.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. There may be more than one possible
answer.
1. If you ____________ (Go) away, please_____________ (Write) to me.

2. If she ____________ (Be) in, I __________ (Give) it to her. Now it’s too late.
3. My aunt _________ (Be able to) help us if she________ (Be) on time last night.
4. If my brother_________ (Eat) another cake, he_________ (Get) sick soon. that’s why
he won't.
5. If you______________ (Heat) water, it_____________(Boil).
6. If we _________ (Go) to London for our holiday last year, we ______(See) The Tower
of London.
7. I___________ (Speak) to Clement at the party if he________(Apologise) for what he
said to me.
8. If I ___________(Know) Rob's address in New York , I_________ (Visit) him.
9. I think Diane___________ (Look) much nicer if she ___________ (Have) a new hair
style.
10. She____________ (Look) better if she ______________ (Wear) a dress to go to the
concert last night.
11. John___________ (Not Get) such poor marks if he__________(Work) harder.
12. If Katy____________ (Be) taller, she__________________(Play) in the ladies’
volleyball team.
13. If the weather______________(Not Be) so bad last week, they_________(Go) for a
excursion.
14. If I_________ (Be) George I_______________ (Not Go) to the concert without a ticket.
15. If Terry_____________ (Get up) earlier this morning, he__________ (Tidy) the house
instead of leaving it for his mother.
16. If he___________ (Tell) us his father was in hospital, we__________(Go) to see him.
17. If I____________(Be) very wealthy, I_________________(Buy) a couple of good
sports car.
18. Evince_______________(Share) his sweets if he____________(Be) less selfish.
19. We______________(Go) to see Jerry if we____________(Know) his address when
we were in America.
20. If Mary________________(Listen) to CNN occasionally while she was studying
English, it ______________ (Help).
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. Use your own ideas.
1. You will get into trouble if...

2. Your dress would look better if...
3. The cake would have been burnt if...
Complete the sentences.
1 If I pass my exams, __________________________________________
2 If it rains tomorrow, _________________________________________
3 If we go on holiday next year, _________________________________
4 If I meet my friend tomorrow, _________________________________
Fill in the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. She will call you tomorrow if she ........................ (have) time.

2. Tony hates being short. He would be happier if he ........................ (be) taller.
3. If you ........................ (come) with us last week, you would have seen some amazing things.
4. If it rains, we ........................ (not go) on the trip.
5. I’m sorry you don’t know her. If you knew her, you ........................ (like) her.
Fill in the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
1. If Lisa ........................ (win) the contest, she ........................ (get) a trip to Hawaii.
2. Marco is nervous about speaking to large groups. If he ........................ (be) more confident,
he ........................ (speak) more effectively.
3. I didn’t earn much money last summer. If I ........................ (earn) more money, I
........................ (not borrow) any from my dad.
4. If we ........................ (not hurry), we ........................ (be) late for school.
5. When I got to school, the doors were locked. I ........................ (not come) to school if I
........................ (know) that classes were cancelled.
Pg. 13 Chapter 4 : Poems
Chapter 4 : Poems
WHAT IS POEM?
 Poem is a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that is
nearly always rhytmical, usually methaporical. Poem merupakan sebuah sajak dalam bahasa
inggris yang setiap barisnya saling memiliki keterikatan. yang memiliki sebuah estetika dan
makna yang mendalam.
STRUCTURE
There are so many! And every culture/language has its own forms! To list them all would be
impossible. However, if you are going to start somewhere, I would suggest learning a few basic
terms first so that when you encounter complex structures. Start with the following terms:
Rhythm
1. Stressed syllable
2. Unstressed syllable
Rhyme scheme
1. consonant rhyme: when the last two syllables rhyme with the same consonant falling
between them. Example in English: “Humpty Dumpty”
2. assonant rhyme: When the last two vowels of the last two syllables rhyme, but the
consonant between them is different. This form of rhyme is pretty rare in English, but is
very common in Romance languages. Example in Spanish: “ala / brava”
3. slant rhyme: AKA “half-rhyme” - these are words that can “rhyme” when written, but
do not when spoken. For example, “wind / find” when “wind” refers to a gust of air.
Otherwise, slant rhyme can be words that are *nearly* alike, but don’t quite rhyme.
Emily Dickinson used this with some frequency.
Meter: the number of syllables in one poetic verse

1. foot: two syllables make up a foot, and a verse is composed of a number of feet,
having a pattern of emphasis (unaccented and accented syllables)
2. Example of a type of meter: iambic pentameter: A metrical line consisting of five feet in
unaccented/accented sequence for a total of ten syllables. Much of Shakespeare's
plays and poems employ iambic pentameter with consonant rhyme.
Stanza: a grouping of any number of individual lines/verses, followed by a break, or that stand
on their own as a single poem.
1. couplet: Two verses.
2. tercet: Three verses.
3. quatrain: Four verses.
Form: the collection/pattern of stanzas that comprise a poem. Form can be strictly or loosely
defined.
1. An example of strict form: the sonnet: A poem with strict form obeys rules of rhyme,
meter, and stanzas. The Shakespearean sonnet often consists of fourteen lines: three
quatrains and then a couplet. The meter is iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme is
(abab cdcd efef gg) where each letter represents the rhyming of the last syllable(s).)
2. Looser forms of poetry have stanzas that are more intuitive, and lack the formal
structures (rhyme, meter, stanzas) as defined by tradition. Free verse is an example of
poetry that lacks formal structures, obeying only the logic of the poem's content.
EXAMPLES OF POEMS
Look at Your Loved Ones
By Kelly Roper
When family are gathered 'round

There's so much love in the air.
If you ever wonder who has your back,
Just look at your loved ones there.
Family Means Everything

By Kelly Roper
Family members
Are the people who
Make life worth living.
In good times and bad,
Love them first and last because
Your family means everything.
Simple Truths About Family

By Kelly Roper
Family, the people you share everything with...

Including colds, looks, leftovers, and feuds.
Family, the people you love the most...

But pretend not to know when you're out in public together.
Family, the people you can really count on...

To borrow clothes, money, and get on your last nerve.
Family, the people you respect...

Even though you'd rather die than let friends find out how crazy they are.
Family, the people you just can't live without...

Even though sometimes you're pretty sure you'd like to give it a try.
Family Likeness
By Alison Jean Thomas
"You're just like them!" they say.

And me, I yell, "No way!
He's so moody,
She's so shrill,
His chin juts out,
Boy can she shout!
His nose is big,
And mine's quite small
There's no resemblance at all."
But then on days of harmony

I find that I agree.
Our family is made of different parts,
But we're all the same
In our hearts.
SPRING
In the early part of spring
You will hear, many birds sing
They are just letting, the rest of us know
Winter is over, spring melted the snow
You will notice, a beautiful scene

The trees will slowly, begin to turn green
Chipmunks and bunnies will come out and play,
Bears will no longer, sleep during the day
It’s exciting, when spring finally arrives

Bees will make honey, inside their hives
So much to do, so much to see
Insects and animals are happy and free
a. What is the poem about?

b. How many stanzas does the poem have?
c. What is ‘spring, sing, know, snow’ (stanza 1) called?
d. How many lines does the poem have?
e. What is able to melt the snow?
MAKE YOUR OWN POEMS! USE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING THEMES:
Nationalism/Patriotism, Family, Education, Nature, etc
Pg. 16 Chapter 5: Narrative Texts
“Got something Chapter 5: Narrative Texts

very important to In short, Narrative Genre is illustrated below:
point out to your
readers? Use a
sidebar to make it
stand out.”
What is Narrative Text?

Pengertian, Tujuan, Social Function Narrative Text
Narrative text menyajikan peristiwa (events) dan pelaku cerita (participants / characters) yang
disusun dengan pola setting tempat dan waktu (time and place order). Namun demikian,
narrative text dibedakan dengan recount text. Recount hanya memaparkan peristiwa per
peristiwa (event per event) yang dialami oleh pelaku cerita akan tetapi narrative text
memasukkan sebuah permasalahan (complication) dalam peristiwa yang dialami oleh para
pelaku tersebut.
Tujuan utama narrative text adalah menyampaikan cerita untuk menghibur pembacanya.
Disamping itu, narrative text juga bertujuan untuk mengajarkan nilai-nilai moral tertentu. Ini
dimaksudkan untuk merubah prilaku pembacanya
Jenis dan Macam-Macam Teks Narrative dalam Bahasa Inggris

Ada berbagai macam jenis narrative. Cerita dalam narrative dapat merupakan imajinasi penulis,
atau kejadian nyata yang ditangkap oleh penulis. Pun cerita narrativ bisa berupa gabungan
keduanya. Dalam berbagai sumber, narrative text bisa ditemui dalam bentuk-bentuk fairy stories
(cerita yang besifat fantastik, penuh dengan keajaiban), mysteries, science fiction, romances,
horror stories, adventure stories, fables (cerita tentang binatang yang digambarkan berprilaku
seperti manusia), myths atau legends (legenda dan mitos), historical narratives ( cerita sejarah),
ballads (balada, kisah yang mengharubirukan pembaca, umumnya cerita cinta yang tak sampai),
dan juga personal experience (pengalaman pribadi yang ditulis)
Struktur Narrative Text dalam Bahasa Inggris

Setiap teks bahasa Inggris mempunyai generic structure berbeda. Pada teks-teks berbentuk
narrative umunya ditemui susunan organisasi penulisan sebagai berikut:
1. Orientation:
Paragraf yang menjadi Orientasi mempunyai tugas menyampaikan kepada pembaca akan hal
hal pertama yang perlu diketahui oleh pembaca. Informasi dalam Oientasi ini meliputi What is
the story about? (ini tentang cerita apa), Who is the participant? ( siapa pelaku dalam cerita
itu), Where is the place setting? (di mana cerita itu terjadi), dan When is the time setting?
(kapan cerita itu terjadi).
2. Complication atau Problem:

Paragraf inilah yang menjadi inti dari narrative text. Tanpa adanya complikasi atau
permasalahan, Text itu hanyalah paparan peristiwa satu diikuti peristiwa yang lain. Komplikasi
atau masalah atau konflik dalam Literary Study biasanya dibedakan menjadi 3 macam:
a. Natural conflict: Permasalahan yang timbul karena pelaku cerita berhadapan dengan
kekuatan alam
b. Social conflict: Permasalahan yang timbul karena para pelaku itu saling berhadapan.
Mereka betemu dalam ruang dan waktu yang sama tetapi mempunyai kepentingan (interest)
yang berbeda.
c. Psychological conflict: Permasalahan yang timbul ketika pelaku cerita itu berhadapan
dengan dirinya sendiri. Pertentangan antara nilai baik dan buruk, antara sifat rakus dan
tenggang rasa, dll.
3. Resolution:
Kebanyakn dalam narrative klasik, permasalahan tidak boleh menggantung. Harus ada
penyelesaian nya. Komplikasi bisa ditutup dengan paragrap yang menyenangkan (happy
ending) kadang tidak jarang konflik itu berakhir tragis (sad ending).
Ciri Kebahasaan Narrative Text dalam Bahasa Inggris

Umumnya Narrative Text memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
1. Narrative text ditulis dengan first dan third person point of view (sudut pandang orang
pertama dan orang ketiga) “I / We” dan “He / She / It”.
2. Ditulis dengan Action Verb adalah kata kerja yang merujuk pada kegiatan Aksi atau
Bergerak.
3. Narrative text umunya ditulis dalam kombinasi bentuk Past Tenses (Simple Past
Tense, Past Continuous/Progressive Tense, Past Perfect Tense).
4. Memasukkan pattern Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech. Dalam narrative Text,
bebarapa peristiwa biasanya, walaupun tidak harus, disajikan dalam bentuk
percakapan atau dialog bahasa Inggris.
5. Narrative text memakai bahasa imagery. Apa saja imagery itu?
a. Personification: Memberikan penggambaran benda tidak hidup seperti
character atau prilaku manusia.
b. Metaphor: Memberikan gambaran perbandingan tersirat dengan obyek yang
lain
c. Simile: Memberikan gambaran perbandingan langsung tersurat
Kinds of Narrative Texts

Narrative is basically story and within this story telling, there are many kinds of narrative –
comedy, mystery, romance, horror are some of the commoner types. A poem can also be a
narrative if it tells a story rather than just describing something.By using sensory details, the
five Ws and H (who, what, where, when, why, and how), and basic story structure, any subject
can be made exciting. Common forms of narrative text which are studied in high school are:
Legend
What is legend? A legend is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and
listeners to take place within human history. Typically, a legend is a short, traditional and
historicized narrative performed in a conversational mode. Some define legend as folktale. The
example of legend in narrative text are
 The legend of Surabaya name
 The legend of Tangkuban Perahu
 The story of Toba lake
Fable
What is fabel? A fabel is a short allegorical narrative making a moral point, traditionally by
means of animal characters who speak and act like human beings. The example of fable in
narrative text are:
 Mousedeer and crocodile
 The Ants and the Grasshopper
 The smartest parrot
 The story of monkey and crocodile
Fairy tale
What is fairy tale? According to Wikipedia, fairy tale is an English language term for a type of
short narrative corresponding to the French phrase “conte de fée”. A fairy tale typically features
such folkloric characters as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, dwarves, giants or gnomes, and
usually magic or enchantments. The example of fairy tale in narrative text are:
 Cinderella
 Snow white
 Pinocchio
 Beauty and the beast
 The story of Rapunzel
Myth
What is a myth? It is a traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or
event, with or without a determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, especially one that
is concerned with deities or demigods and explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of
nature.
 Dewi Sri
 Batara Kala
Science fiction
What is science fiction? According to Basil Davenport. 1955, Science fiction is fiction based
upon some imagined development of science, or upon the extrapolation of a tendency in
society. Science fiction is that class of prose narrative treating of a situation that could not arise
in the world we know. Some examples of science fiction are:
 To the Moon from the Earth by Jules Verne
 Starship Trooper by Robert Heinlein
 A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke
Task:
1. Find stories/narrative text! Each student must submit at least one.
Practice:
2. Read them aloud in front of the class.
Project:
3. Story telling time! Make a short video (3-5 minutes) in which you tell a
story. The story can be your own or taken from other sources.
JOINT CONSTRUCTION OF TEXT

Rearrange the paragraph below into a good story! Discuss with your friends!
Some days later his ship left the harbor. The sea was calm out when he reached
… A the open sea there was a great storm. The ship was drowned. Malin Kundang and
his money changed into a stone.
One day Malin Kundang told to his mother that he would go to town and work
… B
there. At first his mother didn't allow him but finally she let him go with tears.
Some years later he sailed to a harbor near his village. When his mother heard
about this news she came to meet him. Malin Kundang pretended not to know her.
… C He said, "You're not my mother. Go away!” His mother became very sad and before
she went she said, "Oh, Malin Kundang, you're wicked son. You'll never be safe
now. You and your money will turn to stone.
Now people call it Batu Simalin Kundang. We can see the stone from Air Manis,
… D
a village on the coast of West Sumatera near Padang.
An old woman and her son lived in a little village. Her son was called Malin
… E
Kundang. They were very poor but they loved each other very much.
Malin Kundang worked hard in a big town and in a short time he became a rich
… F
man. However he completely forgot his poor old mother.
Still in pairs, retell the story above using your own words! Write down your outline, then
present it orally!
Title Malin Kundang

Orientation …………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..
Complication …………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..
Resolution …………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..
Loro Jonggrang
Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Prambanan. The people lived
peacefully. However, their happy lives was disturbed by Pengging Kingdom. The king,
Bandung Bandawasa, wanted to occupy Prambanan. He was a mean King.
The war between Prambanan and Pengging could not be avoided. Prambanan lost
the war and led by the new king, Bandung Bandawasa.
Pengging could win the war because Bandung Bandawasa had supernatural power.
His soldiers were not only human being but also genies. Those creatures always obeyed
Bandung Bandawasa. They always did whatever Bandung Bandawasa asked them to do.
The king of Prambanan had a beautiful daughter. Her name was Loro Jonggrang.
Bandung Bandawasa fell in love and wanted to marry her. "if you want to marry me, you
have to build a thousand of temples in just one night," said Loro Jonggrang. She hated
Bandung Bandawasa because he made the people of Prambanan suffered.
"What? Impossible! You just gave me an excuse for not marrying me!" said Bandung
Bandawasa. But he didn't give up. He asked the genies to help him.
Then all those genies worked hard to build the 1000 temples. Meanwhile, Loro
Jonggrang heard from the lady-in-waiting that the building of 1000 temples was almost
finished. She was so scared; she did not want to marry Bandung Bandawasa. And then she
had a great idea. She asked all the ladies-in-waiting to help her.
"Please prepare a lot of straw and mortar. Come on! Hurry up!" said Loro Jonggrang.
All those ladies-in-waiting were confused. They did not know why Loro Jonggrang asked
them prepare a lot of straw and mortars in the middle of the night.
"Listen, all those genies are building the temples, right? We have to stop them by
burning the straw and make some noise by pounding the mortars. The genies will think that
sun is going to rise and they will run away. Genies are afraid of sunlight."
It worked! All those genies thought that sun rose. They did not know the light was from
the fire that burning the straw. And the noises from pounding the mortars like the start of a
new day.
Bandung Bandawasa was angry. He knew Loro Jonggrang just tricked him. "You
cannot fool me, Loro Jonggrang. I already have 999 temples. I just need one more temple.
Now, I will make you the one-thousandth temple."
With his supernatural power, Bandung Bandawasa made Loro Jonggrang a temple.
Until now, the temple is still standing in Prambanan area, Central Java. And the temple is
named Loro Jonggrang temple.
Answer the questions below based on the text above!

1. Who disturbed the peaceful live of Prambanan Kingdom?
Answer :………………………………………………………………………
2. Who was the king of Pengging Kingdom?
Answer :……………………………………………………………………
3. How was Bandung Bandawasa?
Answer : …………………………………………………………………
4. Which kingdom won the war between Prambanan and Pengging?
Answer : ……………………………………………………………………
5. Who was the daughter of Prambanan's king?
Answer : ………………………………………………………………
6. Why did Loro Jonggrang hate Bandung Bandawasa?
Answer : …………………………………………………………………
7. What did Loro Jonggrang ask for Bandung Bandawasa's requirement to marry her?
Answer : ……………………………………………………………………
8. Who helped Bandung Bandawasa in making 1000 temples?
Answer : …………………………………………………………………
9. What did Bandung Bandawasa do when he realized that he had been tricked by Loro
Jonggrang?
Answer :……………………………………………………………………
10. Could finally Bandung Bandawasa marry Loro Jonggrang?
Answer :………………………………………………………………………
Pg. 21 Chapter 6: Other Type of Texts
Chapter 6: Other Type of Texts

Letter / Email
Letter atau surat adalah sebuah sarana komunikasi tertulis yang digunakan untuk
menyampaikan informasi dari suatu piak kepada pihak lain. Penggunaan letter atau surat
mencakup banyak sekali kepentingan, misalnya saja surat tentang undangan pertemuan
(invitation letter), surat pengaduan (complaint letter), etc.
To : sukismokis@gmail.com
From : otiksaw@yahoo.com
Subject : revising questions
Due to some data mistakes, please revise the article soon. The editor has signed parts
that you have to revise. The publication deadline is very tight.
Thanks for your concern
1. The email is about……
a. the promotion of the article
b. a certain important event
c. the revision of an article
d. arrangement to meet
e. tight deadline
2. Why did the sender ask the recipient to revise the article?
a. The deadline is very tight.
b. The article is written badly
c. The is an important email.
d. The writer should meet the editor
e. There are some data mistakes in the article.
Dear Fara Dita,
I was very excited when I learn that you were accepted in your favorite senior high
school. It means that you will be my school-mate or even my class-mate again. You
know you are not only my best partner but also my best competitor in junior high,
especially in science and English. You are very good at art but I am good at social
studies. Let’s be good partners again.
Your companion,
Farika
1. What is the relationship between Farika and Fara Dita?
a. They are class-mates in senior high
b. They were class-mates in junior high
c. They are elementary school classmates
d. They are neighbors
e. They are pen pals.
2. …but also my best competitor in junior high,..
The underlined word is closest in meaning to…
a. Ordinary friend
b. Companion
c. Best friend
d. Enemy
e. rival
Announcement
Announcement adalah pernyataan (pemberitahuan resmi) dalam bentuk lisan atau tulis yang
berisi suatu hal untuk diketahui oeh semua orang.
Ciri-ciri pengumuman:
a. ditujukan kepada umum
b. tidak bersifat rahasia
c. disampaikan secara terbua

d. isinya menyangkut kepentingan orang banyak.
To all students of SMAN 2 Langke Rembong:

Since my second-year study in the UK, I have created an online learning program for you
to join. By signing up to the program, you can join the learning forum and download
assignments. You can also check your score in the assignment as well as your strengths
and weaknesses in the learning process.
Happy studying,
Vincent
1. What should the students do to join Mr. Vincent’s class?
a. Go to the UK
b. Sign up for the program.
c. See the task and score given by the UK
d. Leave their password on Mr. Vincent’s desk
e. Contact Mr. Vincent soon.
2. Students could see the score after they….
a. Do the task
b. Download some assignments
c. Join the training in the UK
d. Register for the exam from the UK
e. Create a distance learning program
News Item Text

Dalam bahasa Inggris news berarti berita. News item adalah suatu teks yang menginformasikan
pembaca tentang peristiwa/kejadian sehari-hari yang layak diberitakan atau penting.
Generic structure
 Main event/newsworthy event adalah berita utama yakni bagian yang menceritakan
ringkasan daru suatu kejadian atau peristiwa penting yang terjadi.
 Background event/elaboration menceritakan secara rinci latar belakang kejadian
atau peristiwa yang terjadi, siapa yang terlbat, di mana dan bagaimana peristiwa
terjadi.
 Source merupakan sumber berita bisa berupa pernyataan, narasumber, komentar
saksi, pendapat para ahli, atau penyataan dari ihak terkait dari suatu peristiwa.
Earthquake aftershock hits Nepal and India, magnitude 6.7

A powerful earthquake aftershock hit Nepal and India on Sunday, causing a snow
slide in the Himalaya region and affecting buildings in New Delhi.
The United States Geological Survey said that the earthquake was of a 6.7
magnitude. The earthquake is believed to have been less dangerous than Saturday’s
earthquake that killed at least 1,900 people with its 7.9 magnitude tremor.
“We have an aftershock now.”, said Indian mountaineer Arjun Vajpaj on a telephone
call with Reuters from his base camp, which is located 20 km from the Everest.
As Vajpaj was speaking on the phone, the sound of the avalanche could be heard.
Additionally, according to a tween from a Romanian climber, Alex Galvan, the aftershock
had triggered three avalanches.
1. What is the text about?
a. The United States Geological Survey
b. An earthquake preceded by volcano eruption
c. An earthquake struck India and Nepal on Sunday
d. Arjun Vajpai reported on a strong earthquake in India
e. The sound of the snow slide could be heard from New Delhi
2. Alex Gavan tweeted that the aftershock had set off three avalanches.
a. Tremors
b. Disasters
c. Eruptions
d. Landslides
e. Snowslides
Recount Text
Recount text adalah salah satu jenis teks dalam bahasa Inggris yang menceritakan kembali
kejadian-kejadian atau pengalaman di masa lampau. Tujuan dari recount text adalah untuk
menceritakan kembali pengalaman atau kejadian di masa lampau. Recount text dapat berupa
personal recount yang menceritakan pengalaman pribadi penulis, factual recount yaitu
laporan tentang peristiwa yang benar-benar terjadi (mis. Laporan kepolisian), dan imaginative
recount yakni cerita imajinatif yang tersusun secara kronologis.
Struktur recount text adalah sebagai berikut:

a. Orientation: bagian ini memberikan informasi tentang siapa, di mana dan kapan
peristiwa atau kejadian itu terjadi di masa lampau.
b. Events: bagian ini merupakan rekaman peristiwa yang terjadi, biasanya disampaikan
dalam urutan kronologis, seperti: In the first day…. And in the next day…and in the last
day…. Pada bagian in juga terdapat komentar pribadi tentang peristiwa atau kejadian
yang diceritakan.
c. Reorientation: bagian ini merupakan pengulangan pengenalan yang ada di
orientation. Pengulangan tentang rangkuman peristiwa atau kejadian yang diceritakan.
Let me tell you my story. It happened 15 years ago. We grew up in a beautiful family:
my dad, mom, my little sister and of course me. I was rather a spoiled child. Nevertheless,
what made me upset the most was the fact that my mom never allowed my to play outside.
I could only see the other kids running around, playing outside with their friends, and having
fun. However, I thought there was nothing I could do about this.
My parents made a living from their own business. They owned a small restaurant.
As the time passed, I started to understand the situation. The rent became more expensive
and the business slowed down. My mom and I had to help out once in a while. Actually, I
enjoyed it. Answering calls, taking orders, and doing a job like a worker did. Occasionally,
the customers asked about my age. When they knew I was just about ten years old, they
complimented me for doing such a good job and being so smart. I was so happy to know
how to do something that the other kids at my age did not.
1. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
a. The writer’s parents made a living from business
b. The writer’s parents had a small restaurant
c. The writer complimented the customers
d. How the writer’s parents lived
e. The writer understand the situation
2. What did people do knowing that the writer help his patients?
a. They hated the writer
b. They wanted to be like the writer
c. They were happy to help the writer
d. They gave compliment to the writer
e. They ignored what the writer did
3. The writer helped his parents in their restaurant by…
a. cooking meals for the visitors
b. phoning the customers
c. cleaning the restaurant everyday
d. answering calls and taking orders
e. running around, playing outside with friends
4. “When they knew I was just about ten years old, they complimented me.” (par. 2)
The word ‘they’ refers to..
a. The writer and his friends
b. The writer’s parents
c. The customers
d. The readers
e. All people
Explanation Text
Explanation adalah sebuah teks yang berisi tentang proses-proses yang berhubungan dengan
fenomena-fenomena alam, sosial, ilmu pengetahuan, budaya dan lainnya. Tujuan komunikatif
teks explanation adalah untuk menerangkan proses-proses yang terkait dengan fenomena-
fenomena tersebut supaya pembaca mendapat gambaran yang jelas bagaimana atau mengapa
hal tersebut dapat terjadi.
Generic structure
1. General statement memuat penjelasan umum tentang fenomena yang dibahas, dapat
berupba pengenalan fenomena tersebut atau penjelasannya.
2. Sequence of explanation memuat penjelasan proses mengapa fenomena tersebut
dapat terjadi. Hal ini merupakan jawaban dari pertanyaan ‘why’ dan ‘how’.
Nowadays seasonal change is hard to predict. Scientist says that global warming
is the main factor. We have probably noticed a significant change really happening as it
gets warmer in summer and it gets colder in the winter.
Normally, seasons change at certain times of the year. The changes occur because
of the revolution of the sun. In summer, the position of the earth leans toward the sun.
consequently, some parts of the earth that are closer to the sun, get hotter. This condition
is what we call summer. At other times of the year, the eart leans away from the sun. as
a result. Some regions get colder. This cool condition is what we call winter.
Different parts of the world may have the same season at different times. In June,
July and august it is winter time for the southern half of the earth, as in South America
and Australia. On the other hand, in the northern hemisphere, winter occurs in
December, January, and February. These differences occur at different times of the year
because the poles lean always from the sun at different times.
1. What makes the earth have different seasons?
a. Winter comes after summer
b. Season change is unpredictable
c. There are two seasons
d. Seasons change regularly every three months
e. The poles lean away from the sun at different time
2. What happens in the southern hemisphere in July?
a. Earth is closer to the sun
b. Unpredictable season
c. Seasonal change
d. Summer time
e. Winter time
3. What can we infer from the text?
a. South America has winter during the month of June
b. The different parts of the world have the same season
c. The same season happens all over the world
d. Seasons come to us every month regularly
e. We call winter in warm condition
Exposition Text
Exposition membujuk atau mengajak pembaca untuk menyetujui suatu pendapat tertentu.
Hortatory exposition adalah teks yang ditulis dengan maksud untuk memberikan pendapat
tentang maslah tertentu. (lih. Chapter 9: Hortatory Exposition Text)
Analytical exposition adala teks yang memaparkan pendapat penulis tentang suatu masalah.
Tujuannya adalah untuk mengajak pembaca peduli terhadap apa yang sedang dibahas dan
memberikan perhatian terhadap masalah tersebut. Perbedaanya dengan hortatory
exposition adalah pada recommendation. Analytical exposition tidak memberikan saran
melainkan kesimpulan di akhir teks.
Generic structure:
1. Thesis: pernyataan yang memaparkan topik dalam teks dan menunjukan posisi
penulis dan juga kerangka pendapat sang penulis.
2. Arguments: pendapat yang mendukung topik utama.
3. Reiteration: kesimpulan dari pemaparan
Nowadays people use the internet to communicate with others. Many of them
share their feelings, ideas, opinions, and problems in social media. In fact, sharing
problems on social media embarrasses themselves and really annoys others.
Those who share their problems in social networks really irritate other people.
Social networks are not the place for sharing personal problems. Reading someone’s
personal problems on the internet is really a nuisance.
Besides, one who shares problems on social media only shames himself. Other
people who read about them will think that he has a miserable life. It will be bad if those
who read his status are his boss or coworkers.
In my opinion, netizens should not share their problems on social networks. It is
better for them to write their feelings in a diary or have a private talk with friends.
Personal problems shared on the social media only show their negative side.
1. What is the text mainly about?
a. The drawbacks of using the internet
b. The negative impact of using social media
c. A recommendation not to use social media
d. The controversy over sharing problems on social media
e. The negative side of sharing problems on social media
2. The last paragraph mainly tells about….
a. the use of a diary for sharing problems
b. the writer’s opinon about social media
c. the weakness of sharing problems on the internet
d. the promotion of sharing problems on social media
e. the recommendation not to share problems on social media
3. As stated in the second paragraph, sharing problems on social media make
other people….
a. puzzled
b. worried
c. annoyed
d. shocked
e. interested
4. The main purpose of the text is…
a. to describe internet connectivity on computers for communication
b. to present two points of view about using the internet appropriately
c. to persuade the readers to use social media appropriately
d. to tell the readers to use the internet in communication
e. to explain how to utilize the internet appropriately
Discussion Text
Discussion adalah sebuah tulisan yang memaparkan perbedaan (pro dan kontra) tentang
sebuah masalah yang didiskusikan dari sudut pandang yang berbeda.
Generic structure:
1. Issue: memaparkan isu yang akan dibahas atau didiskusikan dalam tulisan tersebut.
2. Argument for or against: menjelaskan beberapa pandangan terhadap isu yang
sedang dibahas atau didiskusikan dengan mengambil pendapat para ahli atau tanpa
menyebutkan siapa yang berpendapat (pendapat tersebut sudah umum diketahui).
Penulis biasanya akan memaparkan pendapat yang pro (argument for) baru disusul
dengan pendapat yang kontra (argument against).
3. Elaboration: sebelum mengambil sikap mendukung suatu pendapat, penulsi harus
terlebih dahulu membeirkan elaborasi tentang beberapa pendapat yang telah
dipaparkan.
4. Conclusion or recommendation: memuat kesimpulan atau rekomendasi penulis

terhadap isu yang sedang didiskusikan dengan harapan pembaca dapat mengikuti dan
setuju dengan pendapat penulis.
In the United States, animal lovers’ foundations estimate that scientists use about
26 million animals every year for scientific research and commercial testing. The use
animals to develop medical treatments, ensure the safety products for human use, check
the toxicity of medications, and other commercial, biomedical, and health care uses.
Historians state that at least since 500 BC, the practice of carrying out tests or research
on animals has been done.
Those who agree with animal testing say that, at present, there are no other choices
nor effective methods to research a complete living organism. Animal testing has enabled
the development of numerous life-saving treatments for both humans and animals.
However, the opponents of animals testing say that it is cruel to conduct
experiments on animals. The assert that animals are so different from human beings that
research on animals might yield irrelevant results. Moreover, they believe that there
might be alternative methods. We need strict regulations to prevent mistreatment in
laboratories.
1. What is the purpose of the text?
a. To explain animal testing to readers
b. To inform the readers about what animal testing is
c. To give readers information about animal testing
d. To entertain readers with the effect of animal testing
e. To provide readers with different points of view about animal testing
2. Some people do not agree with animal testing because….
a. it endangers the population of animals
b. it will have a bad impact on human beings
c. animal testing is expensive
d. the results are not accurate
e. it is an old method
3. The way to prevent the mistreatment of animals in laboratories is….
a. to punish researchers
b. to test dead animals
c. to avoid killing animals
d. to apply strict regulations
e. to prohibit the killing of animals
Report
Report adalah jenis teks yang menggambarkan sesuatu secara umum sebagai hasil dari
pengamatan atau penelitian. Report menggambarkan hal-hal yang berkenan dengan
fenomena alam atau social, seperti mamalia, planet-planet, batu, tanaman, negara dan kota,
budaya, transportasi, dan sebagainya. Report menyajikan fakta-fakta sebagai hasil penelitian
atau observasi.
Generic structure
1. General classification: berisi pernyataan umum tentang hal yang dibicarakan atau
dibahas.
2. Description: merupakan bagian yang memberikan gmabaran secara detail mengenai
subjek yang dibahas pada bagian general classification.
The beaver is a semiaquatic rodent. There are only two kind of beavers, the
American and Eurasian beavers. The two species share similar behavior and anatomy,
although they have some small physical differences, such as the shape of the nasal
bones. They are large rodents, the average adult beaver weighs about 16 kg, but
specimens as heavy as 40 kg (90 lbs.) have been found, and some extinct beavers were
almost bearlike in size.
The beaver is usually about 76 cm long and stands less than 30 cm high. The
broad, flat, scaly tail is about 25 cm long and serves as a warning signal when slapped
against the water, as a support when the beaver is standing on its hind legs, and as a
rudder while swimming. The body is plump, the back arched, the neck thick, the hind feet
webbed, and all the digits clawed. The fur is usually reddish-brown above and lighter or
grayish below. The eyes are small and the nostrils closable. The skull is massive, with
marked ridges for flexing the muscles that work the jaws. The two front teeth on either
jaw are like those of other rodents, wearing away more rapidly behind so as to leave a
sharp, enameled chiseled edge. With these, the beaver can cut down large trees. It
usually selects trees 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 in) in diameter, but it can fell trees with diameters
as large as 76 cm (30 in). beavers have a pair of anal scent glands, called castors, that
secrete a musk-like substance called castoreum, probably for marking territories. The
animals tend to be monogamous and may live 20 years or more. The female has one
litter a year, usually of two to four young.
1. What is the text about?
a. The information about the extinction of beavers
b. The specific report about beaver in America
c. The description about beavers by the writer
d. The general description about beavers
e. The explanation about beaver’s habits
2. Which is NOT characteristic of beavers?
a. The average adult beaver weighs about 16 kg
b. Some extinct beavers were almost bearlike in size
c. Their eyes are big and their nostrils are upside down
d. The fur is usually reddish-brown above and lighter or grayish below
e. The female could get pregnant once a year, and could give birth to usually
two to four babies
3. “The eyes are small and the nostrils closable” (Par. 2)
What does the underlined word mean?
a. Eye-lashes
b. Sharp jaws
c. Sharp sight
d. Mouth to eat
e. Breathing hole in nose
4. Based on the text, we can say that hind legs of beavers…..
a. are webbed
b. are very long
c. are as heavy as 40 kg
d. never slap on the water
e. can cut down large trees
Pg. 28 Chapter 7: Making Reservations
Chapter 7: Making Reservations

Taking a Reservation
Here are some typical phrases and expressions to use when when a guest makes a booking to
stay at your hotel. Review these expressions and read the sample conversation. Then check
your understanding with the quick quiz.
Front Desk Receptionist

 Enterprise Hotels, Lise speaking. How can I help you?
 What date are you looking for?
 How long will you be staying?
 How many adults will be in the room?
 I'm afraid we are booked that weekend.
 There are only a few vacancies left.
 We advise that you book in advance during peak season.
 Will two double beds be enough?
 Do you want a smoking or non-smoking room?
 The dining room is open from 4 pm until 10 pm.
 We have an indoor swimming pool and sauna.
 We serve a continental breakfast.
 Cable television is included, but the movie channel is extra.
 Take Exit 8 off the highway and you'll see us a few kilometers up on the left hand side.
 The rate I can give you is 99.54 with tax.
 We require a credit card number for a deposit.
Guest
 I'd like to make a reservation for next week.
 Is it necessary to book ahead?
 Do you charge extra for two beds?
 How much is it for a cot?
 Do you offer free breakfast?
 Is there a restaurant in the hotel?
 Do the rooms have refrigerators?
 Do you do group bookings?
 Is there an outdoor pool?
 Do you have any cheaper rooms?
 When is it considered off- season?
Sample Conversation
Receptionist: Thanks for calling Quality Inn. Morine speaking.
Caller: Hello. I'm interested in booking a room for the September long weekend.
Receptionist: I'm afraid we're totally booked for that weekend. There's a convention in town
and we're the closest hotel to the convention centre.
Caller: Oh, I didn't realize. Well what about the weekend after that?
Receptionist: So... Friday the seventeenth?
Caller: Yes. Friday and Saturday.
Receptionist: It looks like we have a few vacancies left. We recommend that you make a
reservation, though. It's still considered peak season then.
Caller: Okay. Do you have any rooms with two double beds? We're a family of four.
Receptionist: Yes, all of our rooms have two double beds. The rate for that weekend is $129
dollars a night.
Caller: That's reasonable. And do you have cots? One of my daughters might be bringing a
friend.
Receptionist: We do, but we also charge an extra ten dollars per person for any family with
over four people. The cot is free.
Caller: Okay, but I'm not positive if she is coming. Can we pay when we arrive?
Receptionist: Yes, but we do require a fifty-dollar credit card deposit to hold the room. You
can cancel up to five days in advance and we will refund your deposit.
Caller: Great, I'll call you right back. I have to find my husband's credit card.
Receptionist: Okay. Oh, and just to let you know...our outdoor pool will be closed, but our
indoor pool is open.
Making Reservations in Restaurants

Dialogue 1
A: Shogun Restaurant.
B: Hi, I would like to make a dinner reservation.
A: Of course, what evening will you be joining us on?
B: We will need the reservation for Tuesday night.
A: What time would you like the reservation for?
B: We would prefer 7:00 or 7:30.
A: How many people will you need the reservation for?
B: There will be 4 of us.
A: Fine, I can seat you at 7:00 on Tuesday, if you would kindly give me your name.
B: Thank you. The last name is Foster.
A: See you at 7:00 this Tuesday, Mr. Foster.
B: Thank you so much. I appreciate your help.
Dialogue 2
A: This is Shogun Restaurant.

B: Hello, I need to make a dinner reservation.
A: Can you tell me what night you will be coming?
B: We will be coming to your restaurant on Tuesday night.
A: What time will you be dining with us?
B: Our first choice would be 7:00, or perhaps 7:30.
A: How many guests will be in your party?
B: Four of us will be coming.
A: Please just give me your name, and at 7:00 on Tuesday we will have a table for you!
B: Great! Our last name is Foster.
A: Thank you, Mr. Foster, see you this Tuesday at 7:00.
B: I look forward to having dinner at your restaurant. Thank you for your help.
Dialogue 3
A: Shogun Restaurant of Pasadena.

B: Hi, could you help me? I need to make a dinner reservation.
A: I can help you if you can just tell me what evening you like the reservation for.
B: Tuesday night is when we need the reservation for.
A: What time do you think that you would like to have dinner?
B: 7:00 would be best, or maybe 7:30.
A: How many diners will be in your group?
B: We need a reservation for four.
A: I have a table for four available at 7:00, if you would just give me your name.
B: My last name is Foster. Thank you for the reservation.
A: Mr. Foster, we will be expecting you this Tuesday at 7:00.
B: We will be there! Thanks for the help!
Buying a Place Ticket

Dialogue 1
A: I would like to book a flight.

B: I can help you with that. Where are you traveling to?
A: I am traveling to Singapore.
B: What date will you be traveling?
A: I want to fly on June 14th.
B: Do you want to fly out of Los Angeles International or Burbank Airport?
A: I would like to fly out of Los Angeles International Airport.
B: Would you prefer a morning or an afternoon flight?
A: I would rather fly in the morning.
B: Well, I have you booked on a flight that will fit your schedule. The tickets will arrive by mail
in a few days.
Dialogue 2
A: I want to buy a plane ticket.

B: I can help you make your reservation. What is your destination?
A: My final destination is Sydney, Australia.
B: What is your travel date?
A: I am making a reservation for December 12th.
B: Would you prefer to leave from Los Angeles International or Burbank Airport?
A: I want to fly out of Burbank Airport.
B: Would you rather fly in the morning or later in the day?
A: I need an afternoon flight.
B: I have you booked on a flight in the afternoon. Your tickets will arrive in the mail within 3
days.
Dialogue 3
A: I need to make a plane reservation.

B: We can book your trip right now. What city are you flying to?
A: I need to fly to New York City.
B: What date would you like me to book this plane ticket for?
A: I need a flight on July 4th.
B: You can fly out of Los Angeles International or Burbank Airport. Which do you prefer?
A: I will fly out of whatever airport has the cheapest price.
B: If you have a choice, what time of day would you prefer to fly?
A: I would like to be booked on the least expensive flight.
B: I was able to find an inexpensive flight for you. We are sending you your tickets in the mail.
Pg. 31 Chapter 8: Advertisement: Brochure, cs
Chapter 8: Advertisement: Brochure, cs

Advertiesment atau iklan adalah teks yang memiliki tujuan untuk mengumumkan suatu produk
atau event supaya public mengetahui dan tertarik terhadap barang atau acara tersebut.iklan
dapat berupa tulisan pendek, gambar mapun film pendek. Iklan biasaan dipasang di televisi,
spanduk, radio, surat kabar, maupun media massa.
Ciri-Ciri Iklan
1. Menggunakan kata yang menarik, tepat, logis dan sopan
2. Menggunakan kata yang mudah dimengerti dan mudah diingat oleh konsumen
Task:
3. Menarik perhatian konsumen
4. Iklan haruslah komunikatif dan informatif
In groups of four, find
and submit two
Syarat Iklan
examples of either
1. Pengguna nbahasa dan kata harus tertata dan tidak memiliki arti ganda
brochure, pamphlet, 2. Mengunakan bahasa ang menarik dan mudah diingat oleh masyarakat
leaflets, or banner. 3. Iklan dibuat dengan memperhatikan tata bahasa, etika, dan target
You can search the 4. Tidak boleh merendahkan atau menghina perusahaan lain
internet and print 5. Iklan dibuat dengan jujur sesuai dengan produk yang ditawarkan
them out.
Brochure:
Project: A brochure is a short, printed document containing pictures and information about a product or
service, also known as a pamphlet. It is a booklet containing descriptive or advertising material.
In the same groups,
make a Function: Brochure functions primarily to give a thorough explanation of one specific subject,
brochure/leaflet. to convey information and regulations. Almost anything that requires details can be covered.
Brochure can be used as promotional or advertising materials, products, schools, etc.
You can choose one
of the following Linguistic Feature: Brevity and clarity are the characteristics of a successful brochure as it
themes: usually gives a brief picture of the conferences, services, or causes they are promoting.
1. Importance of
Leaflet:
clean
A leaflet is a small printed sheet, containing information about certain materials. Leaflets are
environment sometimes folded, containing information or advertising and usually distributed free. Leaflet
2. Promotion of texts are usually small and are expected to be clear.
SMAN 2 Langke
Rembong Banner:
3. Promotion to join A banner is either a graphic image that announces the name or identity of a site (and often is
OSIS spread across the width of the web page) or is an advertising image. Banners can also be big
and put on the side of the trees or advertisement sites.
4. Promotion of
Football
Pamphlet:
Competition
A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (without a hard cover or biding). It may consist of a single
sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, thirds or in fourths, or it may
consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make simple
book. Pamphlets can be used for the following purposes: educate, inform, persuade or
entertain your intended audience, to mobilize people to support our cause, to advertise a
meeting or a specific event and to popularize your slogans and messages.
Pg. 32 Chapter 9: Hortatory Exposition Text
Hortatory Chapter 9: Hortatory Exposition Text

exposition is a text
which represent the
What is Hortatory Exposition?
attempt of the writer Memahami pengertian hortatory exposition dalam teks bahasa Inggris itu tidak sulit. Banyak
to have the juga contohnya dalam tulisan dan ucapan keseharian. Rata-rata tulisan yang yang membahas
addressee do pembagian jenis teks bahasa Inggris tidak mencantumkan hortatory sebagai suatu jenis
tersendiri. Umumnya dalam berbagai sumber hanya menyatakan ada jenis karangan
something or act in “exposition” sementara kita juga mengenal ada jenis teks lain yang hampir mirip yaitu
certain way. analytical exposition seperti yang sudah kita bahasa sebelumnya.
Definition of Hortatory Exposition

Pengertian teks hortatory yang paling umum disampaikan baik di buku-buku pegangan
sekolah atau situs belajar bahasa Inggris online adalah seperti dibawah ini:
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the
addressee do something or act in certain way. Hortatory discourse is a discourse that is
an attempt to persuade the addressee to fulfill commands that are given in the
discourse. (www-01.sil.org/linguistics)
Hortatory exposition bertujuan untuk menyakinkan dan mempengaruhi pembaca melakukan

sesuatu yang diminta atau direkomendasikan oleh penulisnya..
Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

Ilustrasi berikut menggambarkan struktur umum teks hortatory:
Generic structure untuk jenis teks hortatory exposition adalah:

1. Thesis: Suatu pandangan bisa benar atau salah dari penulis teks untuk diuji melalui bukti
dan argumentasi. Biasanya penyataan thesis ini diletakkan di paragraf pertama.

2. Arguments: Alat uji yang sering menjadi pendukung thesis yang telah dinyatakan diparagraf
pertama. Argument ini bisa beruapa data ilmiah, alasan logika, gambar, dan grafik sebagai
media utnuk menentukan apakah thesis di paragraf pertama itu benar atau salah
3. Recommendation: Inilah inti dari teks hortatory, sebuah aksi atau tidakan yang disarankan
untuk dilakukan atau sebaliknya jangan dilakukan setelah mengetahui beberapa argumentasi
yang telah disampaikan di paragraf sebelumnya. Rekomendasi biasanya diletakkan diparagraf
paling akhir. Meski begitu kadang unsur rekomendasi ini hanya muncul dengan beberapa kata
saja berupa saran atau nasihat, bahkan kadang tidak ditemukan sama sekali secara literal.
Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition

Language feature adalah ciri bahasa. Bagaiana ciri-ciri kebahasaan yang sering digunakan
dalam semua contoh hortatory exposition text itu. Meski ciri bahasa ini jumlahnya sekitar 11
macam namun dalam banyak contoh, tidak semuanya bisa ditemui.
Maka laguage feature lebih pas kalau dipahami sebagai “kecenderungan bahasa yang
digunakan dalam teks horatory”. Lalau apa ciri bahasa Hortatory text itu? Berikut daftarnya:
1. Menitikberatkan pada pelaku penulis sendiri.
2. Menggunakan abstract noun (-tion, -ty, -ness, etc)
3. Menggunakan action verbs
4. Menggunakan technical verbs
5. Menggunakan modal verbs (can, will, could, would, may, might, etc)
6. Menggunakan mental processes
7. Menggunakan material processes
8. Menggunakan relational processes
9. Menggunakan temporal connective, misalnya firstly, secondly, dll
10. Menggunakan evaluative words. misalnya valuable, trustworthy, dll
11. Menggunakan passive voice
Contoh Hortatory Exposition dalam Bahasa Inggris

Dalam kehidupan sehari- hari banyak sekali jenis ucapan dan tulisan yang kita temui
sebenaranya adalah jenis horatory exposition. Kucinya dalah dimana ada seruan dan tulisan
yang tujuannya untuk mengajak dan mempengaruhi, itulah horatory, misalnya:
a. Iklan suatu produk
b. Ajakan suatu kelompok atau orgnisasi
c. Pidato, ceramah, dan khotbah
d. Sales letter
e. Kampanye politik
f. Seruan kepada anak, dll
Perhatikan contoh horatory expsotion text pendek beriktut ini:

Mudik Phenomenon
In Indonesia, Eidul Fitri is identical with going back to the hometown to gather with the whole
family that called “mudik”. There are so many vehicles that are used by the people.
The distance and economics factor could make diversity of the vehicles that are used by the
people. The airplane is rarely used by the people due to the financial matter. Yet, the airplane
gives a convenient trip and an efficient time.
Unlike the airplane, the ground vehicles are relatively takes more time, the high risk stuck at the
traffic jam and an accident. In the other hand, motorcycle are more risky to have an accident than
cars. But, most of people choose motorcycle as their choice to go back to the hometown because
it is cheaper than airplane without thinking about their luggage and amount of passengers.
To avoid the high potential risk, the government should provide a better facility that helps every
single person to mudik safely, and everyone should not be obtrude and should more wisely about
the safety reason.
Berikut adalah analisis singkat struktur teks di atas:

1. Thesis ada diparagraf pertama yaitu begitu banyaknya kendaraan sepeda motor ketika
acara mudik
2. Arguments ada diparagraf kedua dengan alasan sepeda motor dipilih elh para pemudik
kareana ini adalah jenis angkutan yang paling terjangakau
3. Recommendation ada di paragraf terakhir yaitu pemerintah seharusnya menyediakan
fasilitas mudik dengan cara lebih aman.
Coherence and Cohesion in Hortatory Exposition

Coherence means the connection of ideas at the idea level, and cohesion means
the connection of ideas at the sentence level. Basically, coherence refers to the
“rhetorical” aspects of your writing, which include developing and supporting your
argument (e.g. thesis statement development), synthesizing and integrating readings,
organizing and clarifying ideas. Coherence is the arrangement of ideas in a clear and
logical way. When a text is unified and coherent, the reader can easily understand the
main points. In other words, coherence means that the paragraph is easy to read and
understand because the supporting sentences are in some kind of logical order and the
ideas are connected by the use of appropriate transition signals.
There are several ways to achieve coherence. According to Oshima & Hogue, there
are four ways to achieve coherence. The first two ways involves repeating key nouns and
using pronouns which refer back to key nouns. The third way is to use transition signals to
show how one idea is related to the next. The fourth way to achieve coherence is to
arrange the sentences in logical orders.
The cohesion of writing focuses on the “grammatical” aspects of writing. Cohesion

is part of the text-forming component in the linguistic system. It is the means whereby
structurally unrelated elements are linked together, through the dependence of one on
the other for its interpretation.
There are some types of cohesion. They are:

a. Grammatical Cohesion
1. Reference; reference refers to the dependent relationship between the referring
and the referred in a text.
2. Substitution; the use of pro-forms.
3. Ellipsis; omission of elements which are retrievable from context.
4. Conjunction; signals relationship between discourse segments (and, but, or,
though, then, because...).
b. Lexical Cohesion
1. Reiteration; repetition of a lexical item in various forms.
2. Collocation; association of lexical items that regularly co-occur due to some
recognizable lexico-semantic relation.
Pg. 35 Sounds of English
Sounds of English
Lambang Pemerian bunyi bahasa International

(Vokal dan Diftong) Phonetic
Alphabet
/i/ i dalam ingat ı

/ie/ i dalam ini, tetapi yang berakhir dengan bunyi luncuran (offglide) i
/e/ e dalam sen Ɛ
/ei/ e dalam hebat, tetapi yang berakhir dengan bunyi luncuran e
(offglide)
/æ/ a dalam pat bahasa Inggris æ
/ǝ/ e dalam ke dalam, terdapat pada posisi yang bertekanan lemah ǝ
atau yang tidak bertekanan
/a/ a dalam batu a
/ow/ o dalam toko, tetapi yang berakhir dengan bunyi luncuran o
(offglide)
/u/ u dalam minum u
/uw/ u dalam kuda u
/ɔ/ o dalam ons ɔ
/˄/ kira-kira seperti e dalam ke; terdapat pada posisi yang bertekanan ˄
/aw/ au dalam laut a
/ai/ ai dalam pantai aı
/oi/ oi dalam amboi ɔı
(Konsonan)
/b/ b dalam batu b

/p/ p dalam Pak, tetapi yang diikuti hembusan nafas p
/d/ d dalam duduk d
/t/ t dalam toko, tetapi yang diikuti hembusan nafas t
/g/ g dalam gaji g
/k/ k dalam kopi, tetapi yang diikuti hembusan nafas k
/j/ kira-kira seperti j dalam gaji ʤ
/c/ kira-kira seperti c dalam cari, tetapi yang diikuti oleh hembusan nafas ʧ
/v/ v dalam veto v
/f/ f dalam fisika f
/TH/ bunyi desah antargigi yang bersuara đ
/th/ bunyi desah antargigi tanpa suara Ɵ
/z/ z dalam zat z
/s/ s dalam satu s
/zy/ kira-kira seperti z dalam ziarah Ʒ
/sy/ sy dalam syukur ʃ
Pg. 36 Sounds of English
/m/ m dalam mata m

/n/ n dalam nama n
/ng/ ng dalam dengan Ƞ
/l/ kira-kira seperti l dalam lada l
/r/ kira-kira seperti r dalam acar; hanya tidak digetarkan r
/w/ w dalam wasit w
/y/ y dalam ya j
/h/ h dalam hal h
Pg. 37 1000 Basic English Words
1000 Basic English Words

This list originally was copied from Wikipedia:List of 1000 basic words. All listed nouns are in the
singular form only. All listed verbs are infinitive except for irregular verbs (e.g. to be). List may
be useful to teachers of English as a second language or for teachers or parents of young
children learning to read and spell.
A
a, about, above, across, act, actor, active, activity, add, afraid, after, again, age,
ago, agree, air, all, alone, along, already, always, am, amount, an, and, angry,
another, answer, any, anyone, anything, anytime, appear, apple, are, area, arm,
army, around, arrive, art, as, ask, at, attack, aunt, autumn, away.
B
baby, base, back, bad, bag, ball, bank, basket, bath, be, bean, bear, beautiful,
beer, bed, bedroom, behave, before, begin, behind, bell, below, besides, best,
better, between, big, bird, birth, birthday, bit, bite, black, bleed, block, blood, blow, blue
, board, boat, body, boil, bone, book, border, born, borrow, both, bottle,
bottom, bowl, box, boy, branch, brave, bread, break, breakfast, breathe, bridge,
bright, bring, brother, brown, brush, build, burn, business, bus, busy, but, buy, by.
C
cake, call, can, candle, cap, car, card, care, careful, careless, carry, case, cat,
catch, central, century, certain, chair, chance, change, chase, cheap, cheese, chicken,
child, children, chocolate, choice, choose, circle, city, class, clever, clean, clear, climb,
clock, cloth, clothes, cloud, cloudy, close, coffee, coat, coin, cold, collect,
colour, comb, come, comfortable, common, compare, complete, computer,
condition, continue, control, cook, cool, copper, corn, corner, correct, cost, contain, cou
nt, country, course, cover, crash, cross, cry, cup, cupboard, cut.
D
dance, danger, dangerous, dark, daughter, day, dead, decide, decrease, deep,
deer, depend, desk, destroy, develop, die, different, difficult, dinner, direction, dirty, dis
cover, dish, do, dog, door, double, down, draw, dream, dress, drink, drive, drop, dry, d
uck, dust, duty.
E
each, ear, early, earn, earth, east, easy, eat, education, effect, egg, eight, either,
electric, elephant, else, empty, end, enemy, enjoy, enough, enter, equal, entrance, esc
ape, even, evening, event, ever, every, everyone, exact, everybody,
examination, example, except, excited, exercise, expect, expensive, explain,
extremely, eye.
F
face, fact, fail, fall, false, family, famous, far, farm, father, fast, fat, fault, fear, feed,
feel, female, fever, few, fight, fill, film, find, fine, finger, finish, fire, first, fit, five, fix,
flag, flat, float, floor, flour, flower, fly, fold, food, fool, foot, football, for, force,
foreign, forest, forget, forgive, fork, form, fox, four, free, freedom, freeze, fresh,
friend, friendly, from, front, fruit, full, fun, funny, furniture, further, future.
G
game, garden, gate, general, gentleman, get, gift, give, glad, glass, go, goat, god, gold,
good, goodbye, grandfather, grandmother, grass, grave, great, green, grey,
ground, group, grow, gun.
H
hair, half, hall, hammer, hand, happen, happy, hard, hat, hate, have, he, head, healthy,
hear, heavy, hello, help, heart, heaven, height, hen, her, here, hers, hide, high,hill, him
, his, hit, hobby, hold, hole, holiday, home, hope, horse, hospital, hot,
hotel, house, how, hundred, hungry, hour, hurry, husband, hurt.

I
I, ice, idea, if, important, in, increase, inside, into, introduce, invent, iron, invite, is,
island, it, its.
J
jelly, job, join, juice, jump, just.
K
keep, key, kid, kill, kind, king, kitchen, knee, knife, knock, know.
L
ladder, lady, lamp, land, large, last, late, lately, laugh, lazy, lead, leaf, learn, leave,
leg, left, lend, length, less, lesson, let, letter, library, lie, life, light, like, lion, lip, list,
listen, little, live, lock, lonely, long, look, lose, lot, love, low, lower, luck.
M
machine, main, make, male, man, many, map, mark, market, marry, matter, may, me,
meal, mean, measure, meat, medicine, meet, member, mention, method,
middle, milk, mill, million, mind, mine, minute, miss, mistake, mix, model, modern, mom
ent, money, monkey, month, moon, more, morning, most, mother, mountain, mouse, m
outh, move, much, music, must, my.
N
name, narrow, nation, nature, near, nearly, neck, need, needle, neighbour, neither, net,
never, new, news, newspaper, next, nice, night, nine, no, noble, noise, none,
nor, north, nose, not, nothing, notice, now, number.
O
obey, object, ocean, of, off, offer, office, often, oil, old, on, one, only, open,
opposite, or, orange, order, other, our, out, outside, over, own.
P
page, pain, paint, pair, pan, paper, parent, park, part, partner, party, pass, past,
path, pay, peace, pen, pencil, people, pepper, per, perfect, period, person, petrol,
photograph, piano, pick, picture, piece, pig, pill, pin, pink, place, plane, plant,
plastic, plate, play, please, pleased, plenty, pocket, point, poison, police, polite,
pool, poor, popular, position, possible, potato, pour, power, present, press, pretty,
prevent, price, prince, prison, private, prize, probably, problem, produce, promise,
proper, protect, provide, public, pull, punish, pupil, push, put.
Q
queen, question, quick, quiet, quite.
R
radio, rain, rainy, raise, reach, read, ready, real, really, receive, record, red,
remember, remind, remove, rent, repair, repeat, reply, report, rest, restaurant,
result, return, rice, rich, ride, right, ring, rise, road, rob, rock, room, round, rubber,
rude, rule, ruler, run, rush.
S
sad, safe, sail, salt, same, sand, save, say, school, science, scissors, search, seat,
second, see, seem, sell, send, sentence, serve, seven, several, sex, shade,
shadow, shake, shape, share, sharp, she, sheep, sheet, shelf, shine, ship, shirt,
shoe, shoot, shop, short, should, shoulder, shout, show, sick, side, signal, silence, silly,
silver, similar, simple, single, since, sing, sink, sister, sit, six, size, skill, skin,
skirt, sky, sleep, slip, slow, small, smell, smile, smoke, snow, so, soap, sock, soft,
some, someone, something, sometimes, son, soon, sorry, sound, soup, south,
space, speak, special, speed, spell, spend, spoon, sport, spread, spring, square,
stamp, stand, star, start, station, stay, steal, steam, step, still, stomach, stone, stop,
store, storm, story, strange, street, strong, structure, student, study, stupid,
subject, substance, successful, such, sudden, sugar, suitable, summer, sun,
sunny, support, sure, surprise, sweet, swim, sword.
T
table, take, talk, tall, taste, taxi, tea, teach, team, tear, telephone, television, tell,
ten, tennis, terrible, test, than, that, the, their, theirs, then, there, therefore, these,
thick, thin, thing, think, third, this, those, though, threat, three, tidy, tie, title, to,
today, toe, together, tomorrow, tonight, too, tool, tooth, top, total, touch, town, train,
tram, travel, tree, trouble, true, trust, twice, try, turn, type.
U
uncle, under, understand, unit, until, up, use, useful, usual, usually.
V
vegetable, very, village, voice, visit.
W
wait, wake, walk, want, warm, wash, waste, watch, water, way, we, weak, wear, weath
er, wedding, week, weight, welcome, well, west, wet, what, wheel, when, where, which,
while, white, who, why, wide, wife, wild, will, win, wind, window, wine,
winter, wire, wise, wish, with, without, woman, wonder, word, work, world, worry,
worst, write, wrong.
Y
year, yellow, yes, yesterday, yet, you, young, your, yours.
Z
zero, zoo, zoom.
Pg. 40 Irregular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Verb 1 Pronunciation Verb 2 Pronunciation Verb 3 Pronunciation Meaning
be (am/is/are) was/were been
become became become
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fight
find found found
fit fit fit
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have/has had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
Pg. 41 Irregular Verbs
lead led led

leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewed/sewn
shake shook shaken
shrink shrank shrunk
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
sting stung stung
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
wind wound wound
write wrote written
Pg. 42 Prayers in English
Prayers in English
Sign of The Cross
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Our Father
Our Father,Who art in heaven,hallowed be Thy name;Thy kingdom come;Thy will be
done on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread;and forgive us our trespassesas we forgive those who
trespass against us;and lead us not into temptation,but deliver us from evil. Amen.
Hail Mary
Hail Mary, full of grace. The Lord is with thee.
Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb,
Jesus.
Holy Mary, Mother of God,

pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.
Glory Be
Glory be to the Father,
and to the Son,
and to the Holy Spirit,
as it was in the beginning,
is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.
The Angelus
V- The Angel of the Lord declared unto Mary.
R- And she conceived by the Holy Spirit. (Hail Mary....)
V- Behold the handmaid of the Lord.
R- Be it done unto me according to thy word. (Hail Mary....)
V- And the Word was made Flesh.
R- And dwelt among us. (Hail Mary....)
V- Pray for us, O Holy Mother of God.
R- That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.
LET US PRAY:
Pour forth, we beseech Thee, O Lord, Thy grace into our hearts; that, we to
whom the Incarnation of Christ, Thy Son, was made known by the message of
an Angel, may by His Passion and Cross, be brought to the glory of His
Resurrection through the same Christ our Lord. Amen.

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Summary of

SMAN 2 LANGKE REMBONG

Chapter 1: Suggesting and Offering

Expressions of Giving Suggestion

Subject Verb That = agar/bahwa Object Clause

Accepting Suggestions: Rejecting / Refusing Suggestions:

Expressions of Offering Something

May I….? May I give you a hand?

Shall I…? Shall I bring you some tea?

Modal verbs are usually used in offering expressions.

Modal Verb Subject Object

Exercise / Task / Project

Chapter 2: Perfect Tenses

Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs (V2 and V3)

b. Between the subject and a noun.

c. Before verb-ing in continuous tenses.

d. Before the subject in passive sentences.

The verb to be in its usage depends on the subject.

b. Past Tense (Was, Were)

c. Future Tense (Be)

Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is formed with the following rule:

Present Perfect Tense

We form Present Perfect Tense like this:

(Positive) Subject + has/have + Verb 3

(Negative) Subject + has/have + not + Verb 3

(Interrogative) Have/Has + Subject + V3? and Q-Words + Have/Has + S + V3?

Past Perfect Tense

We form Past Perfect Tense like this:

a. I ran twenty kilometers. I collapsed.

Using the cues, make complete sentences.

Future Perfect Tense

(Positive) (By + Time Clause )+ Subject + Will + Have + Verb 3

By 2017, I will have won the Nobel Prize for Literature

By 2020, my sister will have finished Senior High School

(Negative) Subject + Will Not (won’t) + have + Verb 3

I won’t have finished Senior High School 2019.

(Interrogative) Will + Subject + Have + Verb 3 + by+ (time clause)

Will you have found a girlfriend by 2021?

Tense If Clause: Result Clause: Formula

Additional elements used in these sentences:

II. Unreal Conditional Sentences

Tense If Clause: Result Clause: Formula

1. If Jane were my boss, she would treat me better.

5. If you were not singing, we would be so happy!!!

Listed below are examples, uses and formation of Conditionals followed

If he had known that, Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it

 Temporal clauses: In addition to if and unless, there are other words

When you are ready, we will leave.

Conditional Clause Variations Scheme:

Conditionals: Time and Probability Table

Probability Conditional Example Time

If/When it rains, my father takes me

second If I had the money, I would lend it to

third If I had seen him, I would have given

1. If I ___________________(stay) in Barlinek, I would have found a new

B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. If my brother _______________(eat) another cake, he ________________(get) sick soon,

1. If the film ........................ (not be) so boring, we wouldn't have left.

1. If you ____________ (Go) away, please_____________ (Write) to me.

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. Use your own ideas.

1. You will get into trouble if...

2 If it rains tomorrow, _________________________________________

3 If we go on holiday next year, _________________________________

1. If my brother _(eat) another cake, he __(get) sick soon,

1. If you (Go) away, please_ (Write) to me.