Separation and Purification Technology 156 (2015) 22–27

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Separation and Purification Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seppur

Experimental and numerical study of the interaction between fluid flow

and filtering media on the macroscopic scale
N. Grosjean a, D. Iliev b, O. Iliev b, R. Kirsch b,⇑, Z. Lakdawala b,1, M. Lance a, M. Michard a, A. Mikelić c
a
Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluids et d’Acoustique (LMFA), CNRS UMR 5509, École Centrale de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 36 Av. Guy de
Collongue, 69134 Écully Cedex, France
b
Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (ITWM), Fraunhofer-Platz 1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
c
Département de Mathématiques, Institut Camille Jordan, UMR CNRS 5208, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne
Cedex, France

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present study was devoted to the experimental and numerical investigation of the interaction of a
Received 30 January 2015 fluid with a deformable filtering medium. Optical tools were used for the in-situ measurement of the
Received in revised form 10 September flow-induced deformation of a flat filtering medium in a test channel. Based on a recently developed
2015
mathematical model for a poroelastic plate, a numerical method for the coupled simulation of flow
Accepted 12 September 2015
Available online 14 September 2015
and deformation was implemented and validated by comparison with the experimental data. The good
quantitative agreement between measurements and numerical results suggests that it is possible to
simulate the poroelastic behavior of filtering media under operating conditions in a reliable way.
Keywords:
Deformable filtering media
Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Modeling
Simulation
Experimental study

1. Introduction
In the area of research and development of filtration technology
and products, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) plays an
increasingly important role. Commercial and open source CFD
codes offer simulation tools for the flow through porous media
on various scales and software specialized in the numerical treat-
ment of filtration processes has proven to accelerate the product
development in a significant way (see e.g. [1]).
In most of these simulation codes, the filtering medium is trea-
ted as a ‘‘rigid” structure, which is a valid simplification in many
cases. However, in more and more application scenarios, the
assumption of an undeformable filtering medium cannot be made
any longer such that the simulation has to take into account the so-
called fluid–porous-structure interaction (FPSI). Well-known (and
undesirable) examples for such effects are the crowding of pleats
⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Flow and Material Simulation,
Fraunhofer ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz 1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
E-mail addresses: Nathalie.Grosjean@ec-lyon.fr (N. Grosjean), dimitar.iliev
@itwm.fraunhofer.de (D. Iliev), oleg.iliev@itwm.fraunhofer.de (O. Iliev), ralf.
kirsch@itwm.fraunhofer.de (R. Kirsch), zla@dhigroup.com (Z. Lakdawala), Michel.
Lance@ec-lyon.fr (M. Lance), Marc.Michard@ec-lyon.fr (M. Michard), andro.mikelic
@univ-lyon1.fr (A. Mikelić).
1
Permanent address: DHI-WASY GmbH, Volmerstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
and the collapse of inter-pleat channels, but also for flat filtering
media, the FPSI is of growing importance.
In direct comparison with solid mechanics and the interaction
of fluid flow with solid structures, quite little is known about
poroelasticity and flow-induced deformations of porous materials,
especially in the case of filtering media. Classical works in this
direction by Terzaghi (see e.g. [2]) and Biot (see [3]) were dealing
with the consolidation of soil and applications to ground water
flow. Another active field of application for these models is petro-
leum production (see e.g. [4]). The principles of mathematical
modeling of poroelasticity have been seen to be appropriate in
these research fields, but the question whether they can be applied
to filtering media has remained open.
The motivation for the present work was to start to clarify some
of these questions. Previous works on FPSI in filtration were
devoted to the coupling a finite-volume code for the flow through
a filter pleat with a finite-element code for the deformation of the
pleat (see [5]), which was successful but had the disadvantage that
the two codes used different computational grids, resulting in com-
putational cost for exchanging data. In order to avoid this, a major
requirement for the numerical approach taken here was the usage
of a common grid for the coupled simulation of fluid flow and
deformation. Another important aspect was the exploitation of
the fact that in many practical applications, the thickness of the
medium is (very) small compared to its planar dimensions,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.010
1383-5866/Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 N. Grosjean et al. / Separation and Purification Technology 156 (2015) 22–27 23

Nomenclature

t time m Poisson’s ratio

x position l Thickness of the filtering medium
v fluid velocity a Biot coefficient
q fluid mass density c pore pressure parameter
g; g~ dynamic (effective) viscosity D flexural rigidity of the poroelastic plate
K intrinsic permeability Pþ 
i ; Pi Normal stress at upstream (+) and downstream ()
f external forces interface of the medium, component in i-th coordinate
p pressure direction
U displacement
G shear modulus of filtering material

suggesting the usage of a poroelastic plate model. Finally, the thor-
ough quantitative validation of the simulation code by comparison
of the results with corresponding experimental data was of para-
mount importance.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In the next sec-
tion, we present the mathematical models for the flow in a domain
which is partly occupied by a filtering medium, the poroelastic
plate model and the experimental setup for the in-situ measure-
ments of the flow-induced deflection of the medium. Section 3 pre-
sents and discusses the quantitative validation procedure,
including how the parameter for the elasticity was estimated from
the measurements. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in Sec-
tion 4, together with a short survey on open questions and ongoing
research.
2. Materials and methods
A common strategy for the solution of the flow problem involv-
ing both regions of free fluid and porous sub-regions is the cou-
pling of the two equations above by using proper interface
conditions on the surface regions of the filtering medium. As an
alternative, the incompressible Navier–Stokes–Brinkman equation
is considered here, providing a unified description for the whole
flow domain (see [6]):
r  v ¼ 0;


@v ð3Þ
q þ ðv  rÞv  r  ðg
~ rv Þ þ gK 1 v ¼ rp þ f :
@t
Note that outside the filtering medium, the inverse of the intrin-
sic permeability K is zero and the effective viscosity fulfills g
~ ¼ g,
i.e. the system above simplifies to the incompressible Navier–
Stokes Eq. (1) in the fluid part of the domain.

The mathematical, numerical and experimental treatment of

2.1.2. Elasticity model
poroelastictiy and fluid–porous-structure interaction all require
A classical model for the elastic behavior of porous materials for
problem-adapted methods and experimental devices. The follow-
the three-dimensional case was given by Biot (see [3]). The fact
ing two sections will be dedicated to the presentation of the
that in many filtration applications, the thickness l of the filtering
approaches taken in the present work.
medium is small compared to its planar dimensions suggests a
The filter media under consideration in this work are assumed
reduction of the dimension to a poroelastic plate model (see e.g.
to feature a rather high porosity (90% or higher). The medium is
[7]). A recent derivation for the linear Biot system led to the follow-
regarded as a homogeneous material with negligible local variation
ing mathematical description of the poroelastic plate (see [8]):
of porosity and therefore, the permeability and poroelastic proper-
ties are assumed to be constant.
l
Furthermore, the flow-induced deformations of the filtering DD2 U  aBDM ¼ Pþ3  P3 þ divðPþ1  P1 ; P þ2  P2 Þ;
2
medium are assumed to be relatively small (less than the media


 ð4Þ
a2 B @ 2 K @2 2 @
thickness) such that a linear elasticity model can be employed cþ pþ N  p þ N ¼ aBz DU;
and local changes of the permeability can be neglected in the 2G @t l g @z2 l @t
mathematical model.
In the experimental study, a filter medium for automatic trans- where the biharmonic operator D2 , the Laplacian D and the diver-
mission fluids meeting these requirements was used. gence are taken in the plane only, the z variable is directed along
the depth of the medium and
2.1. Mathematical models and numerical method
Z Z
1  2m
3 l=2 l=2
l G 1 1
D¼ ; B¼ ; M¼ pzdz; N ¼  pdz:
2.1.1. Flow model 6ð1  mÞ 1m 2 l=2 2 l=2
In the present study, laminar incompressible flow is considered.
Outside the filtering medium, the mathematical model of the flow We note that the parameter D is the flexural rigidity of the
is described by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, poroelastic plate and that in the time-dependent case, the model
r  v ¼ 0; includes parameters that are not present in corresponding models

 for solid structures, namely the Biot coefficient a and the pore
@v ð1Þ
pressure parameter c. In the present study, the (quasi-)stationary
q þ ðv  rÞv  r  ðgrv Þ ¼ rp þ f ;
@t case was considered for which all time derivatives in (4) vanish.
whereas inside the filtering medium, Darcy’s law is assumed to be a Consequently, the second equation above implies that the pressure
valid model for the fluid flow, (loss) is a linear function in the variable z only, which also follows
from Darcy’s law (2) and the fact that a stationary uniform flow
K
v ¼  rp: ð2Þ through a homogeneous porous medium is considered. Since the
g Laplacian and the divergence are taken in the (x, y)-plane, it
24 N. Grosjean et al. / Separation and Purification Technology 156 (2015) 22–27

follows DM ¼ 0 and the divergence term on the right-hand side

vanishes. Therefore, it is seen that in the stationary case, the plate
model simplifies to the biharmonic equation

DD2 U ¼ pþ  p ; ð5Þ
þ 
where p and p denote the fluid pressure upstream and down-
stream the filtering medium, respectively.

2.1.3. Numerical methods and coupled simulation

For the numerical investigation, a finite-volume code using the
multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) for quadrilateral grids (see
e.g. [9]) was adapted for the solution of the Navier–Stokes–
Brinkman equations (in correspondence to the approach taken in Fig. 1. Quadrilateral grid at the initial stage (top) and after update using the
[10]). This choice was based on the fact, that the MPFA method is displacement field obtained during the coupled simulation (bottom). The red cells
very flexible and robust concerning the shapes of the grid cells, mark the region of the filtering medium. (For interpretation of the references to
which is essential for the requirement of performing the coupled color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

simulation on the same grid. For the approximation of the bihar-

monic Eq. (5), a standard finite difference scheme was used,
coefficient) and known physical properties (viscosity and density
applied to the grid nodes on the central line of the poroelastic
as functions of temperature). The flow rate in the channel, which
plate. The boundary condition for the elasticity problem
is the main control parameter of the experiment, was imposed
corresponds to a ‘‘strong clamping”, i.e. the displacement and its
by using a pump, a by-pass system and a fine tuning valve. The
derivative are zero at the walls.
pressure drop through the porous sample was measured using a
The algorithmic approach for the coupled simulation of the
differential pressure sensor connected to pressure taps located on
fluid-porous interaction can be summarized as follows:
the side walls of the channel 5 cm before and after the filter. Error
bounds for flow rate and pressure drop measurements are below
1. Solve the flow problem for a specified flow rate in order to
2% and 1.5%, respectively. The measurements were performed
obtain the pressure distribution.
under isothermal conditions in the flow channel.
2. Use the result of the flow problem as input data for the solution
A planar laser sheet of thickness around 0.5 mm, was formed
of the stationary elasticity problem for the poroelastic plate.
using a pulsed laser source combined with a cylindrical lens (see
3. Use the displacement field obtained in the previous step for the
Fig. 2). The part of the porous plate located in the shadow region
update of the numerical grid, in order to reflect the current
of the deflected plate was illuminated using a mirror not shown
deflection profile of the filtering medium (see Fig. 1).
in the sketch. The light diffused by the deformed porous media sur-
4. Go back to the first step and repeat until an equilibrium state is
face was recorded by a camera located normally to the light sheet.
attained.
The locations x0(y) and x1(y) of the porous plate surface were then
measured with fluid at rest and for a given flow rate, respectively.
As it is the case for its counterparts in solid mechanics, the
The difference x1(y)–x0(y) is the displacement U(y) of the plate as a
poroelastic plate model is valid for relatively small displacements
function of the coordinate y. The vertical location z of the planar
(in terms of the media thickness). Therefore, the grid adaptation
light sheet can be adjusted in order to ‘‘scan” the deformed surface
for the current shape of the deformed medium does not require a
profile. In the present results, the measurements were performed
re-meshing of the domain, such that the logical grid structure
along a line of the porous plate surface passing through the chan-
remains the same throughout the simulation and moving the grid
nel center-line, where the displacement U(y) reaches its maximum.
nodes is sufficient (see Fig. 1).

2.2. In-situ measurement of flow-induced deformations by optical
tools
2.2.1. Experiment requirements
The design of the experiment was made such that the condi-
tions for the in-situ measurements were compatible with the main
assumptions of the mathematical models and numerical simula-
tions. In particular, it had to be ensured that Darcy’s law is valid
for the flow through the porous medium and that the relationship
between pressure drop and maximal displacement is linear, as
assumed by the poroelastic plate model.
2.2.2. Test bench setup
The filtering medium under investigation is located inside a
square channel of width 30 mm and the incoming laminar flow
is perpendicular to the porous plate (see Fig. 2). The flat sample
was clamped between two Perspex pieces forming a transparent
filter holder with large optical accesses for recording the image
of the deformed porous plate under the action of the fluid pressure.
The side walls of the channel were also transparent. The channel
was filled with calibration oil (ISO 4113) having sufficiently
transparent optical properties (slightly colored, low absorption
2.2.3. Optical measurement of the deformed plate
The order of magnitude of the porous material thickness was
l = 1 mm. In order to ensure the small displacement hypothesis,
the maximum displacement measurement should not exceed
0.5 mm. By using a standard receiving lens (Fig. 3, left), images of
light sheet locations x0(y) and x1(y) were recorded for a field of
view of 30 ⁄ 30 mm and the resolution for displacement measure-
ment was around 30 lm, which is not sufficient. Therefore, a high
magnification lens (Fig. 3, right) was used, recording images for a
field of view of nearly 1 ⁄ 1 mm. With this optical device, the
achieved spatial resolution was around 1 lm, which turned out
to be enough since the maximum displacement Umax to be
measured was in the range 300–400 lm (see also [11]).
The local displacement U(y) was determined by cross-
correlating the grey level images for the fluid at rest and under
flow conditions (see Fig. 3). The choice of an image processing tool
like cross-correlation is justified by the fact that images of the light
sheet are not only shifted under the effect of pressure drop, but
their magnitude can change due to modifications of the light dif-
fused by the porous surface microstructure, too. The cross-
correlation function exhibits a peak whose location x in the
(x, y)-plane gives the average displacement value U(y) of the grey
 N. Grosjean et al. / Separation and Purification Technology 156 (2015) 22–27 25

Fig. 2. Sketch of the experimental setup (left) and top view (right) of the deformed filtering medium in the flow channel of the test bench.

Fig. 3. Images of x0(x, y) and x1(x, y) with standard (a) and high (b) magnification factors.

level pattern. Since both the local curvature of the deformed
plate and the displacement U(y) were small compared to the
plate thickness, cross-correlation was performed over the entire
image.
2.2.4. Measurements for parameter identification
A first set of experiments was performed in order to provide an
estimate of the parameter D occurring in the poroelastic plate
model. Therefore, the pressure drop and the maximum displace-
ment at a point located on the channel center line as a function
of the imposed flow rate were measured. These experiments were
performed for two different samples of the same porous material
sheet. Results shown in Fig. 4 (left) clearly show a linear relation-
ship between pressure loss and bulk velocity ub, indicating the
validity of the Darcy law for the flow through the porous material.
Furthermore, the dependence of the maximal displacement Umax
on the bulk velocity plotted in Fig. 4 (center) is also linear which,
combined with Darcy’s law (2), perfectly agrees with the linearity
of the biharmonic plate Eq. (5). Therefore, the basic assumptions of
the poroelastic plate model used in numerical simulations are fully
satisfied in the range of working parameters, such that the later
comparisons between experiments and simulation are meaningful.
2.2.5. Measurements of the deformed plate
The second set of experiments was performed in order to
compare the measured displacement profile U(y) with the
corresponding results of the numerical simulations. We restrict
ourselves to the presentation of the results for two values of the
bulk velocity (ub  0.011 m/s and ub  0.015 m/s). The correspond-
ing deflection profile is determined by translating the camera along
a line using a translation stage (resolution: 1 lm) and detecting the
cross-correlation peak location for each pair of grey level images.
The results shown in Fig. 4 (right) show that U(y) exhibits a bell
shape, with inflexion points near the clamping at the channel
walls. Globally, the measured displacement profile U(y) shows a
quite satisfying symmetry. Nevertheless, in Fig. 4, local scattering
near the center line can reach around ±10 lm; this value is higher
than the spatial resolution of the image recording system and than
the accuracy of the translation stage. A first explanation of this
phenomenon is that the porous material is a soft one, made of an
random assembly of microscopic fibers. Therefore, when the por-
ous plate is undergoing a displacement under the action of pres-
sure drop, laser light diffusion properties of the porous plate can
exhibit some variations since the laser light sheet has a finite thick-
ness, and both laser light source and image recording system are
fixed in space in Fig. 3(b). Consequently, the apparent displace-
ment of the grey level pattern inside images can locally be different
than the real displacement imposed by pressure forces. One can
also imagine that a local geometric rearrangement of individual
fibers under the action of mechanical stresses induces some varia-
tions of the local optical light diffusion properties at a typical
length scale which can reach values around 10 lm.
26 N. Grosjean et al. / Separation and Purification Technology 156 (2015) 22–27

Fig. 4. Pressure drop (left), maximum displacement Umax (center) and displacement profile U(y) (right) for different Darcy speeds (bulk velocities).

3. Results and discussion Table 1

Pressure loss for different Darcy speeds (bulk velocities). Comparison of numerical
results for different iterations in the coupled simulation with the measured pressure
In preparation of the comparison of the simulation with the in- loss.
situ measurement, the flow problem (3) for the flat medium in the
test channel was solved using a three-dimensional finite-volume Darcy speed (m/s) Pressure loss (Pa)

code based on a voxel grid in order to ensure that considering Numerical result Experiment
the central longitudinal section is sufficient and therefore, the Iteration 0 Iteration 1 Iteration 2
MPFA code based on the quadrilateral grid could be used. The input 0.00365532 245.399 245.27 245.271 272.9862
parameters for the flow simulation such as the permeability of the 0.00766296 513.32 512.972 513.186 510.1056
filtering medium and the dynamic viscosity of the oil were 0.01208898 810.81 809.289 809.473 793.0548
obtained from the manufacturer of the medium and known from 0.0158544 1065.21 1064.72 1064.68 1093.9374
the experimental setup on the test bench, respectively.
As described in Section 2, a series of experiments was per-
formed in order to retrieve the flexural rigidity D of the filtering Table 2
Maximal (central) displacement of the filtering medium for different Darcy speeds
material. This was necessary since it is an open question whether
(bulk velocities). Comparison of numerical results for different iterations in the
and how this parameter can be deduced from mechanical experi- coupled simulation with the measured maximal displacement.
ments performed under dry conditions. The parameter identifica-
Darcy speed (m/s) Maximal displacement (lm)
tion used the measured maximal displacement for the highest
bulk velocity as input for known analytical solutions for plate Numerical result Experiment
deflection under area load (see e.g. [12]), i.e. all the numerical sim- Iteration 0 Iteration 1 Iteration 2
ulations were done using a material parameter based on a single 0.00365532 73.6239 73.5852 73.5855 73.9
experimental datum. 0.00766296 154.0048 153.9004 153.965 145.4
For the quantitative study and validation of the coupled simula- 0.01208898 243.2569 242.8006 242.8558 240.8
tion, the following quantities were considered: total pressure loss, 0.0158544 319.5813 319.4343 319.4223 328.2

maximal displacement and the deflection profile of the filtering

medium.
As can be seen from Tables 1 and 2, the simulation results and
the experimental data agree well within the corresponding ranges
of numerical accuracy and measuring precision (see Section 2.2). It
is worth mentioning that the permeability for the filtering medium
is in the range ±3% for different samples, whereas in the numerical
simulations, the average value for the permeability was used. The
underestimation of the pressure loss in the last row of Table 1 indi-
cates that the deformation of the medium at this flow rate leads to
a change in the material distribution such that the model’s
assumption of constant permeability is no longer fulfilled.
Furthermore, it was seen that the coupled simulations attained
the equilibrium after three steps. The maximal displacement based
on the initial flow computation is largest, due to the pressure drop
obtained for the undeformed medium. The subsequent iterations
lead to a correction of this overestimation of the central displace-
ment. The fact that the differences in the results obtained for the Fig. 5. Comparison of the simulated and measured deformation profiles. Computed
different iterations are almost negligible is explained by the rela- pressure distribution and streamlines for bulk velocities 0.011 m/s (top) and
tively high stiffness of the material used in the test and the strict 0.015 m/s (bottom). The white squares mark the detected surface of the deflected
filtering medium in the corresponding in-situ measurements.
tolerance criteria for the equilibrium test. For softer filtering
media, it is expected that the two-way coupled simulation
approach will exhibit a more pronounced correction of the values flow rates. One can see that the good agreement already observed
from iteration to iteration. for the maximum displacement extends to the deformed profile
Finally, Fig. 5 shows, amongst others, the computed and mea- along the entire width of the flow channel. Recalling that the flex-
sured deformation profile of the filtering medium for two selected ural rigidity was deduced from the maximum displacement for one
 N. Grosjean et al. / Separation and Purification Technology 156 (2015) 22–27
bulk velocity only, this strongly supports the validity of the poroe-
lastic plate model and the suitability of the coupled simulation
algorithm.
4. Conclusions
The work conducted aimed at the quantitative experimental
and numerical study of the interaction of a deformable porous
medium (filtering material) with fluid flow. The good agreement
between the in-situ measurements and the numerical simulation
results indicate that the poroelastic plate model is a suitable math-
ematical description for this phenomenon for relatively small
deformations and provided that the medium can be considered
as ‘‘thin” (which is true in many application scenarios). This fact
is remarkable, having in mind that the underlying Biot model
was developed for consolidation of soils and not for filtering
materials.
Furthermore, the coupled simulation algorithm developed here
is not limited to the linear elasticity regime, but can be applied to
other types of material laws, too, as long as the grid connectivity
remains the same and no re-meshing is needed.
Ongoing research in this field is dedicated to the extension of
the poroelasticity model to shells such that the relevant case of
deformable filter pleats can be treated in a similar fashion. And cer-
tainly, there are still open questions such as the development of
alternative methods for the parameter identification, and possibly
based on tensile tests for the dry filtering material. The time-
dependent case, in which the Biot coefficient and the pore pressure
parameter are explicitly involved, is another interesting topic in
this area of research.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Programme Inter Carnot
Fraunhofer from ANR (Grant 11 PICF 002 01) and BMBF (Grant
27
01SF0804). The porous samples for the experiments were kindly
provided by IBS Filtran GmbH, Morsbach, Germany.
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