THE ANALYSIS OF UNDER FIVE BABIES’ CHARACTERISTICS ON

ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION DISEASES

Fitriani, Veni Nella Syahputri, Teungku Nih Farisni

Faculty of Public Health, Teuku Umar University

fitriani@utu.ac.id¹

ABSTRACT

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are one of the most concurrent diseases in Alue Sungai

Pinang Community Health Center (Puskesmas in Indonesia) Southwest Aceh Regency. There

were 80 cases (40.0%) happening in 2015, which then experienced an increase to 138

(87.1%) cases in 2016 .The purpose of this study is to find out the correlation between low

birth weight (LBW) and nutritional status towards the occurrence of ARI. This study is an

observational analytic study with a case-control study design. The data collection techniques

of this study were questionnaires, observation and documentation in which 138 toddlers are

identified as population and further being selected with Slovin formula using purposive

sampling technique with a total sample 58 cases and 58 controls. The result of the study

showed that there is a significant correlation between low birth weight (LBW) (p-value =

0.000 OR = 13.429); a n d nutritional status ((p-value = 0.000 OR = 12.248) toward the

incidence of ARI. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship

between Low Birth Weight (LBW), and nutritional status towards the occurrence of ARI in

under-fives at Alue Sungai Pinang Community Health Center, Southwest Aceh Regency.

Thus, it is expected that medical staff provides a periodic education on the impact and causes

of ARI as well as improves good nutritional and complete immunization status, and
exclusive breastfeeding to mothers, hence the Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) can be

prevented

Keywords: ARI, LBW, Exclusive Breastfeeding

 INTRODUCTION Tenggara (1.2%) (Ministry of Health

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) 2013)

is an acute infectious disease that attacks Based on the data from the Aceh

one or more parts of the respiratory tract Provincial Health Office, the prevalence of

starting from the nose (upper duct) to the ARI in 2008 was 63.78% and in 2009 was

alveoli (lower duct). The main 70.36%, which was the highest number

transmission of ARI is through droplets among 10 types of infectious diseases

that come out of the nose/mouth of the (Profile of Aceh Provincial Health Office,

patient when coughing or sneezing that 2008 , 2009). Meanwhile, the data from the

contains bacteria. Some cases of ARI can Banda Aceh City Health Office shows that

cause extraordinary events with high the prevalence of ARI in 2008 was 50.91%

mortality and morbidity rates, causing an and in 2009 was to 46.8%, which is again

emergency in public health and becoming being the highest number among 10 types

a national problem (Ministry of Health of of infectious diseases (Profile of Banda

Indonesia, 2008). Aceh City Health Office, 2009).

The prevalence of ARI in Indonesia is According to the data from the

25.0%. ARI causes high infant and under- Community Health Center (Puskesmas) of

five mortality, which is approximately 1 in Alue Sungai Pinang, ARI is included in the

4 deaths. Every child is estimated to 10 most diseases with the number of cases

experience 3-6 episodes of ARI each year. in 2014 and 2015 was 80 cases, and

Between 40% and 60% of visits to experienced an increase in 2016 wtih 138

Community Health Center are due to ARI. cases.

The highest ARI period prevalence in four

provinces are East Java (92.3%), Papua

(31.1%), Aceh (30.0%), East Nusa

 Based on the information of a This study is an observational analytic

preliminary survey of 5 mothers of study with a case-control study design. The

children under five years who have had data collection techniques of this study

ARI, the children are reported to have a were questionnaires, observation and

history of low birth weight (LBW), not documentation in which 138 toddlers are

having an exclusive breastfeeding, identified as population and further being

incomplete immunization, improper selected with Slovin formula using

functioning of home ventilation and having purposive sampling technique with a total

family members who smoke. sample 58 cases and 58 controls.

From the description above, the The research location in this study

researcher was interested in studying is the working area of Puskesmas of Alue

scientifically the factors that affect ARI in Sungai Pinang, Jeumpa Subdistrict,

under-fives at the Working Area of Southwest Aceh Regency. The focus of

Puskesmas Alue Sungai Pinang in Jeumpa this study is to look at the factors of the

Subdistrict, Southwest Aceh Regency. occurrence of ARI in under-fives at

Puskesmas Alue Sungai Pinang.

METHOD
RESULTS

Univariate Analysis

Frequency Distribution of Respondents Based on Birth Weight

Kriteria Total %
Birthweight

- LBW 61 52,6

- NBW 55 47,4

Nutritonal Status
62 53,4
- Poor 54 46,6
- Good
Bivariate Analysis

Correlation between LBW and ARI

Occurrence of ARI

Total

Birthweight Case Control

F % F % f %

LBW 47 77 14 23 61 100

NBW 11 20 44 80 55 100
OR = 13.429 – Pvalue= 0.000

Correlation between Nutritional Status and ARI

Occurrence of ARI

Total

Case Control
Nutritional Status
 f % f % f %

Poor 47 75.8 15 24.2 62 100

Good 11 20.4 43 79.6 54 100

 OR = 12.248 – Pvalue= 0.000

95.0 C.I. for EXP (B)

Multivariate Analysis
Factors for ARI Exp (B) Lower Upper

Nutritional Status 41.353 2.485 688.039

LBW 13.151 1.346 128.512

Based on table above, it was found nutritional status would be 41 times more

that the Odds Ratio (Exp B) of the factor of likely to develop ARI, which is the greatest

Nutritional s tatus for ARI (Exp B) was influence among other

41,353. It means that factors.in addition, the Odd Ratio of LBW

is 13.151 which means that someone

toddler in Low Birth Weight 13 times close

to the incidence of ARI in their life.

DISCUSSION fives in Jeumpa Subdistrict, Southwest

Aceh Regency. From the results of chi-

The Correlation between LBW and ARI square test, it was obtained that the p-

value was 0.00 which is lower than 0.01

(0.00 ˂
Based on the results of this study, it
0.01) and OR value was 13.429 and
is known that there is a correlation between
95% CI = 5.513-32.710. It is indicated
LBW and the occurrence of ARI in under-
that those who have LBW would be 13 likely to develop ARI compared to those

times more who have NBW.

The results of this study are in line

with the results of the study of Pratiwi

Febriana Chandrawati (2014). In her study,

the results of statistical analysis for the

variable of LBW obtained the p-value of

0.007 and OR value of 5.60 (95% CI:

1.54 - 6.66), which means that there is a

significant correlation between LBW and

the occurrence ARI.Thus it can be

concluded that respondents who have

LBW are at risk of being infected with who are affected by ARI is also caused by

ARI 5.60 times higher compared to having incomplete immunization.

respondents who are NBW in Kendal

district Kerep-Malang.

Aprianingsih's (2014) study was in

The Correlation between Nutritional
accordance with what explained in Dachi J

(2009), that the risk of pain until the risk of

Status and ARI
death in LBW was quite high due to

growth impairment and organ immaturity.

Based on the results of this study, it
The main causes of death in LBW are
is known that there is a correlation between
asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome,
nutritional status and the occurrence of
infections and complications of
ARI in under-fives in Jeumpa Subdistrict,
hypothermia, and the formation of
Southwest Aceh Regency. From the results
imperfect antibody so that they are more
of chi-square test, it was obtained that the
susceptible to infectious diseases,
p-value was 0.00 which is lower than 0.01
especially pneumonia and other respiratory
(0.00 ˂ 0.01) and OR value was 12.248
diseases.
and 95% CI = 5.075-29.563. This means
The researcher' assumptions
that those who have poor nutritional status
relating to the resultof majority of
would be 12 times more likely to develop
respondents who had LBW under-fives and
ARI compared to those who have good
then being affected by ARI were because
nutritional status.
thethey consumed little nutritious food and
The results of this study are in line
gave birth prematurely (less than 9
with the results of the study by Rasyid
months). ARI and in the case of LBWs
(2013). In his study, the results of

statistical analysis for the variable of

nutritional status in under-fives obtained p-

value of 0.001 and OR of 2.334 (95% CI:

1.33 - 2.97), which means that there is a
significant correlation between nutritional SUGGESTIONS

status and ARI. Thus, it can be concluded

that the respondents who are in poor 1. Health workers in hospitals or

nutritional status are at risk of being puskesmas that carry out LBW care are

infected with ARI 2.34 times higher expected to be able to provide education

compared to respondents who are in good and motivation for parents and families

nutritional status. about how to provide proper drinks or

The researchers' assumptions nutrition for LBW babies, which is

relating to the result of majority of recommended at least 8 times or

respondents who had malnourished under- according to baby's needs.Meanwhile

fives and then being affected by ARI were the community, especially parents of

due to not consuming healthy food and LBW babies, are expected to be able to

influenced by low economic factors. pay attention to the factors that cause

Meanwhile, for under-fives who had good LBW birth.

nutritional status but being infected by ARI 2. The health workers are expected to

are assumed due to having incomplete monitor the growth of under-fives in

immunization. pre- and postnatal health care and

CONCLUSIONS provide counsellings, especially

counselling for breastfeeding and

1. There is a correlation between LBW and complementary foods. In addition, it is

the occurrence of ARI in under-fives (p- recommended to provide

value = 0.00 < α = 0.01) complementary foods that are safe,

2. There is a correlation between having good quality and locally grown

nutritional status and the occurrence of to the under-fives who experience

ARI in under-fives (p-value = 0.00 < α nutritional problems to be able to fulfill

= 0.01) their nutritional needs.Meanwhile for

 mothers and families, they are supposed Fransiska, M. (Juli 2015). Hubungan Status

to regularly monitor the growth and Gizi, Status Imunisasi, Dan Asi

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