Direct Current Power supply (DC)

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By i

Muhammad Osama i

Reg No: 216A-316010

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Supervisor iii

Engr. Asad Sami

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DEPARTMENT OF BS- iii i i

TECHNOLOGY, PRESTON UNIVERSITY KOHAT CAMPUS

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Direct current Power supply

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Jani2020 Pagei1
 (DC) i

Aistudyisubmittediinipartialifulfillmentiofitheirequirementiforitheidegreeiofi

BS.TECHNOLOGYiElectricaliEngineeringi

Byi

MuhammadiOsamai

RegiNo:i216A-316010iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

ThesisiSupervisori

_______________________i

Engr.iAsadiSami

ElectricaliEngineeringiDepartmentiPrestoniUniversityiKohatiCampusi

MembersiofiExaminationiCommittee

_______________________iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii_______________________i

Examineri1iiToibeidecidediii

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

HeadiofiDepartment

_______________________

Engr.iAsadiSami

ElectricaliEngineeringiDepartment

PrestoniUniversityiKohatiCampus

ABSTRACT i

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The final year project is one of the necessities for the completion of BS.Tech degree. Th
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e project is essentially the submission of knowledge which we grown during 4 years of

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BS.Tech degree. i iii

I have encouraged to done my final year project on making DC model. As it is a very im

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mensely and locally used device and I assumed that it will be supportive for me in our pr
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ospect. In this project I have make the power supply is an essential part of almost every
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electronic device and the current trend is towards the miniaturization of these devices
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In this thesis, two DC- i i i i

DC converters, half bridge and full bridge, are designed, implemented and evaluated.
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These converters are switched in the MHz frequency range. The energy efficiency of th
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e converter is measured and analysed by varying different circuit parameters

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UNDERTAKING i

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Iicertifyithatiresearchiworkititledi“DirecticurrentiPowerisupplyi(DC)”isimyiowniwork.iTheiworkihasin
otibeenipresentedielsewhereiforiassessment.iWhereimaterialihasibeeniusedifromiotherisourcesiitih
asibeeniproperlyiacknowledgedi/ireferred.i

Signaturei

MuhammadiOsama
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Whileisubmittingithisireportiweiwouldilikeitoiwholeiheartedlyiexpressiourihonestiappreciationitoiou
riresearchisupervisoriMR.iEngriAsadiSamiiForihisiliberalisupervisioniandiinspiringiusiduringitheipassa

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geiofitheistudy.iWeialsoilikeitoithankitheifacultyiofiElectricaliEngineeringiDepartmentiatitheiPrestoni
UniversityiKohat.iWeiareireallyiobligeditoiMR.iEngriAsadiSamii(HeadiofiTheiDepartment)iwhoiprovid
ediusihisifullisupportiforicompletingithisiwork.iLastlyiweidesireitoipresentiouriexceptionaliappreciati
onitoiourifamiliesiforitheirilimitlessipatienceiandibackingithroughoutiourientireilifetime.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CONTENTS i

Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------03
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Undertaking-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------04

Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------------------------------05

Table of contents----------------------------------------------------------------------------------06
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Chapter no: 1---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------07

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Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------08

Dc power supply work---------------------------------------------------------------------------09

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Three types of dc power supply---------------------------------------------------------------10

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Chapter no: 2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

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Dc led light------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
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Dc fans-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
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Dc mobile chargers-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
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Dc types of batteries-----------------------------------------------------------------------------18
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Chapter no:3---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
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Methodology

Construction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21

Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23

Result-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24

Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
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CHAPTER NO:1
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Introduction i

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Theielectricalipoweriisialmostiexclusivelyigenerated,itransmittediandidistributediinitheiformio
fiacibecauseiofieconomicaliconsiderationibutiforioperationiofimostiofitheielectronicidevicesia
ndicircuits,idcisupplyiisirequired.iDryicellsiandibatteriesicanibeiusediforithisipurpose.iNoidoub
t,itheyihaveitheiadvantagesiofibeingiportableiandirippleifreeibutitheirivoltagesiareilow,itheyine
edifrequentireplacementiandiareiexpensiveiinicomparisonitoiconventionalidcipowerisupplies
.

Nowidays,ialmostiallielectroniciequipmentiincludeiaicircuitithaticonvertsiacisupplyiintoidcisup
ply.iTheipartiofiequipmentithaticonvertsiaciintoidciisicallediDCipowerisupply.iInigeneraliatitheii
nputiofitheipowerisupplyithereiisiaipoweritransformer.iItiisifollowedibyiairectifieri(aidiodeicircuit
)aismoothingifilteriandithenibyiaivoltageiregulatoricircuit.

Fromitheiblockidiagram,itheibasicipowerisupplyiisiconsti-
tutedibyifourielementsiviziaitransformer,iairectifier,iaifilter,iandiairegulatoriputitogether.iTheiou
tputiofitheidcipowerisupplyiisiuseditoiprovideiaiconstantidcivoltageiacrossitheiload.iLetiusibrief
lyioutlineitheifunctioniofieachiofitheielementsiofitheidcipowerisupply.

Transformeriisiuseditoistep-upioristep-downi(usuallyitoistep-down)ithe-
supplyivoltageiasiperineediofitheisolid-
stateielectronicidevicesiandicircuitsitoibeisuppliedibyitheidcipowerisupply.iIticaniprovideiisolat
ionifromitheisupplyiline-
aniimportantisafetyiconsideration.iItimayialsoiincludeiinternalishieldingitoipreventiunwantedi
electricalinoiseisignalionitheipowerilineifromigettingiintoitheipowerisupplyiandipossiblyidistur
bingitheiload.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

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TheipartiofiequipmentithaticonvertsiaciintoiDCiisicallediDCipowerisupply.i...iFromitheiblockidi
agram,itheibasicipowerisupplyiisiconstitutedibyifourielementsiaitransformer,iairectifier,iaifilter
,iandiairegulatoriputitogether.iTheioutputiofitheiDCipowerisupplyiisiuseditoiprovideiaiconstanti
DCivoltageiacrossitheiload.

DC Power Supply Works

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External Power Supplies Used With Electronic Products

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Batteryieliminators

Aibatteryieliminatorioriadjustableipowerisupplyiisiaideviceithaticanibeiusediiniplaceiofibatteries.iItitakesimainsiA
Cipoweriandiconvertsiititoi3v,i4.5v,i6v,i9viori12viDCiallowingianiequivalentivoltageitoibeisuppliediforivariousidiff
erentinumbersiofibatteries.iTheiselectioniofitheivoltageiisinormallyidoneibyiturningiaismallicontrolionitheicaseiofi
theipowerisupply.iAdjustableipowerisuppliesiareiusuallyisoldiwithiairangeiofiadaptersiallowingithemitoiconnecti
toimostielectroniciequipmenti(provideditheyihaveiaipower-iniconnection).

Externalipowerisupplies
Whenianielectroniciproductiisisoldiwithiaipowerisupply,ithisisupplyiwillibeifixeditoioneivoltageiandioneiconnecto
r.iThisiwillimakeiitiailittleicheaperithanitheiadjustableialternative.

Labelling

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Wheniyouilookiatiaipowerisupplyiitiwillitelliyouiwhatitheiinputivoltageiandicurrentiareiasiwelliasitheioutputivoltage
iandicurrent,iitimayialsoiindicateiwhichipinionitheioutputiconnectoriisigroundiandipower.iYoui willialsoiseeisomei

symbols;itheimeaningiofitheseisymbolsiisidescribedibelow:

DC power supplies working

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Aipowerisupplyiisiuseditoireduceitheimainsielectricityiati240ivoltsiACidownitoisomeithingimoreiuseable,isayi12iv
oltsiDC.iThereiareitwoitypesiofipowerisupply,ilineariandiswitchimode.

Ailinearipowerisupplyiusesiaitransformeritoireduceitheivoltage.iTheiratioiofiprimaryiwindingsi(connecteditoithei
mains)itoitheinumberiofisecondaryiwindingsi(connecteditoitheioutput)iwouldigiveitheiratioiofihowimuchitheivolta
geireducediby,iinithisicaseiairatioiofi20:1ireducesithei240ivoltsiACiinputiinitoi12ivoltsiACionithe

Three Types of DC Power Supplies i i i i i

Constant Voltage/Current i

The constant voltage/constant current power supply, which as the name implies provi
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des constant voltage as well as constant current, is perhaps the most popular variety of
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power supply. When operating in constant current mode, these power supplies maint
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ain their set current even as the resistance of the load changes. Constant voltage/cons
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tant current frequently have features including remote sensing, master/slave connec
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tions, and analog programming (remote

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programming terminals. i

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Multiple Outputs i

Multiple output power supplies typically have two or three outputs. If you find that yo
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u often use multiple voltages while testing, a multiple output power supply is the cost-
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effective choice. Many users opt for a triple-

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output power supply which provides one output for digital logic and two outputs for bi
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polar analog circuitry. Some common features include timed operation, settable volta
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ge limitations, storage registers for up to fifty instrument states, and the ability to conn
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ect two channels in parallel or series for higher current or voltage.

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Programmable
Because they are generally used in conjunction with a computer-
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operated system for production and testing, programmable power supplies are often
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referred to as “system” power supplies. System power supplies have used a number of
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computer interfaces in the past, two of which — IEEE-

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488, or GPIB (general purpose interface bus), and RS-232 serial communications —
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have been widely used. Ethernet and USB interfaces have also been quite common.
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In addition, these power supplies have command languages for sending instructions t
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o the instrument through the digital interface. These languages include proprietary, S
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CPI (standard commands for programmable instruments), and SCPI-

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like. The ability to control a programmable power supply via your computer, instead of
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pushing keys on the instrument’s front panel, makes this type of power supply especia
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lly useful when working on complex setups.

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 CHAPTER NO: 02 i i

DC LED LIGHTS,DC FANS,DC MOBILR CHARGER & DC TYPES OF BAT

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TERIES
One trend in lighting is to distribute light sources. This becomes possible with LED lamp
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s, which offer a small amount but efficient light power. However, this also requires effi
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cient lamp drivers. Furthermore, assigning each lamp its individual lamp driver becom
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es a high effort in material. Therefore, concepts are needed to deal with an increased n
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umber of similar lamp drivers. One solution could be to use a DC power supply.
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This makes omission of the rectifier electronics possible, which, in turn, makes the dev
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ices simpler, more reliable and generates less power losses. This is attractive especiall
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y in installations where a high number of lamps are connected to a power rail, like in op
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en space offices or supermarkets.

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Each lamp contains an AC to DC conversion circuit, which can be omitted with a DC sup
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ply rail. This becomes particularly attractive if the system is combined with a local phot
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ovoltaic generator. i

DC supply systems are proposed by a number of publications especially for residential

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applications. But as derived in, a large variety of different requirements for different d i i i i i i i i i i i i i

evices, a DC system for residential applications faces even larger challenges. Contraril
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y, in lighting applications the loads are quite similar in their requirements and thus mu
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ch better suited for a common DC supply.

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 DC Fans i

DC technology has become much more sophisticated in recent years, and it

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can now be applied to both residential and industrial ceiling fans. DC fans ha
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ve motors that rely on permanent magnets in order to attract and repel a rot
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or around the axis using electronic switching. DC technology is much newer

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than AC technology, which means there are fewer options available.

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The direct current fans, or DC fans, are powered with a potential of fixed valu
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e such as the voltage of a battery. Typical voltage values for DC fans are 5V, 1
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2V, 24V and 48V. In contrast, the alternating current fans, or AC fans, are po
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wered with a changing voltage of positive and of equal negative value

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DC MOBILE CHARGER i i

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A Mobile Battery Charger, is a type of power supply called Switched Mode Power Suppl
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y. It provides a Constant Voltage (CV) and a Constant Current (CC) to the Battery, provi
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ding it with the energy required to charge it. Generally, the Voltage is 5V DC, and the Cu
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rrent is 0.5 A or 1 A. i i i i i i

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. .
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.. For example, a regulated power supply is one that maintains constant output ... char
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ging applications it is possible to implement a mains-powered DC power.

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The charging protocol (how much voltage or current for how long, and what to do whe
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n charging is complete, for instance) depends on the size and type of the battery being
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charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging (i.e., continued cha
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rging after the battery has been fully charged) and can be recharged by connection to a
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constant voltage source or a constant current source, depending on battery type. Sim
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ple chargers of this type must be manually disconnected at the end of the charge cycle,
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and some battery types absolutely require, or may use a timer, to cut off charging curre
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nt at some fixed time, approximately when charging is complete. Other battery types c
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annot withstand over- i i

charging, being damaged (reduced capacity, reduced lifetime), over heating or even e
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xploding.

Types of Batteries i i

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Batteries are basically classified into 2 types:
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 Non-Rechargeable batteries (primary batteries) i i i

 Rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries) i i i

Non-Rechargeable Batteries i

These are basically considered as primary batteries because they can be used only onc
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e. These batteries cannot be recharged and used again. Let’s see about the regular, dai
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ly life primary batteries that we see.

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 Alkaline batteries: It is basically constructed with the chemical composition of Zinc (

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Zn) and Manganese dioxide (MnO2), as the electrolyte used in it is potassium hydrox
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ide which is purely an alkaline substance the battery is named as alkaline battery hav
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ing he power density of 100 Wh/Kg.

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Advantages:

1. Cycle life is more i i i

2. More compatible and efficient for powering up portable devices.

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3. Shelf life is more. i i i

4. Small in size. i i

5. Highly efficient. i

6. Low internal resistance so that discharge state in idle state is less.

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7. Leakage is low. i i

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Disadvantages:
1. Cost is a bit high. Except it everything is an advantage.
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Applications:
It can used in torches, remotes, wall clocks, small portable gadgets etc.
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___________________________________________________________________

Rechargeable Batteries i

These are generally called as secondary batteries which can be recharged and can be r
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eused. Though the cost is high, but they can be recharged and reused and can have a hu
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ge life span when properly used and safely charged.

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Lead-acid batteries i

It consists of lead-
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acid which is very cheap and seen mostly in cars and vehicles to power the lighting syst
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ems in it. These are more preferable in the products where the size/space and weight d
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oesn’t matter. These comes with the nominal voltage starting 2V to24V and most com
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monly seen as 2V, 6V, 12V and 24V batteries. It has Power density of 7 Wh/Kg.
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Advantages:

1. Cheap in cost i i

2. Easily rechargeable i

3. High power output capability i i i

Disadvantages:

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 1. Very heavy
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2. Occupies much spacei i

3. Power density is very low

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Applications:
Used in cars, UPS (uninterrupted Power Supply), robotics, heavy machinery etc..
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CHAPTER NO: 03
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METHODOLOGY, CONCULUSION & RESULT

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Methodology

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In order to efficiently test a power supply unit’s electrical performance we must first b
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e able to deliver specific load quantities. Simply connecting a PSU to a PC doesn’t repro
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duce reliable, repeatable results as the load varies depending on the system state. It is
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also near impossible to gather accurate voltage readings from bundled software or th
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e BIOS. i

At Hardware Heaven we strive to provide you with useful and thorough reviews and fo
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r that reason in 2011 we built a custom power supply testing station which allows us to
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efficiently analyses any consumer and industrial AC to DC power supply unit available.
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In DEC 2019 this testing unit went through a small refresh, bringing it up to the standar
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d required to test the latest PSUs more effectively, increasing reliability and accuracy a
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t the same time. In addition to this the PSU testing station was also built into a closed en
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vironment to produce results at higher temperatures for electrical testing in a worst ca

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se scenario. Temperature and noise testing is performed in an open environment to re

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plicate the direct intake found on most modern cases.

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Added to this unit is a selection of tools including multi-meters, infra-

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red temperature probes, industry standard PSU testers, power meters, Mastic PC soft
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ware and an oscilloscope which ensure we can effectively measure each aspect of a pr
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oducts performance in an accurate and repeatable manner.

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Starting in DEC 2019 we have streamlined some of the results we publish and added ot
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hers, aiming to make them clearer and more useful to those reading. Should you wish t
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o see any additions or omissions in future reviews, please drop by our forums via the di
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scuss link above to give your input on why you find a particular aspect useful/useless.
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Construction

In this project, we will show how to build a simple DC power supply, which can be used t
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o supply adjustable DC voltage to an electronic circuit.

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A constant current power supply consists of a DC power source that drives a series pass
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transistor which is controlled by a high gain op amp. ... In a constant current supply, the
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output common is at a slightly different potential than the DC power source negative t
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erminal because of the voltage drop across the shunt.

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A constant current source is a power source which provides a constant current to a loa
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d, even despite changes and variance in load resistance. ... This comes in use when a cir
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cuit needs a steady current supply, without fluctuations. The graph below represents t
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he current which comes from a constant current source.

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Conclusion
For many, power supplies are unfortunately still not considered an important compon
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ent, but this attitude is definitively a mistake. Power supplies deliver the voltage to eac
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h and every single component in the PC and make them work. It is the heart of the syste
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m and the provided electricity works like blood in the human body. If the delivered elec
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tricity is faulty or unstable it can ruin even the greatest high-end rig instantly.
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It is important that readers understand the importance of power supplies in today's PC

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s and we will do our part from now on to deliver the necessary tests. In addition we will
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explore the manufacturers themselves; good quality starts with a good engineering te
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am that develops upcoming power supplies. We will visit the offices and factories of th
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e manufacturers to show how and where power supplies are made.

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When testing power supplies we will pay attention to important aspects of the units. It
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begins with the design of the PCB and the components used. A power supply might loo
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k very good from the outside but the build quality and structure inside could be just rub
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bish. To help determine the quality of these aspects of a power supply, we will open the
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test units and analyze the structure and important components on it. These days, pow
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er supply efficiency is a very important factor to consider, and it is very dependent on t

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he components that are used. As we will see in the various reviews, better component
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s result in improved efficiency as well as improved results in our other tests.

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PCs often play an integral role in today's households. To make having them around mo
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re pleasant, it is very important to eliminate - or at least reduce -

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any noise pollution from the PC. By looking at the temperature of the heatsinks and th
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e exhausted air and by checking the fan speed, we can get a better idea of what design d
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ecisions have been made in regards to reducing noise, as well as whether or not the des
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ign decisions are effective. Nothing is worse than a noisy power supply that still gets ho
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t!

As a final thought, our tests are based on today's applications and circumstances, but
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we will also be pushing power supplies to their limits. If a power supply fails during testi
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ng, that doesn't necessarily mean it's a truly bad design. Failures can occur for a variety
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of reasons, and we will be sure to provide a detailed explanation of any failures, why th
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ey happen, and what they mean in the broader view of things. For example, we may se
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e a few PSUs that perform extremely well, provided you don't exceed certain loads on s
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ome of the voltage rails. i i i i

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 Now that we have introduced our test equipment all that remains is to commence the
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

actual testing and publication of results. Of course, that's not the end of the story, and
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

we will be able to build opinions that will shape our future testing. We took a great deal
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

of time planning, developing, and building our power supply test lab and we are sure it
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

will do what it was built for: to deliver the most accurate and meaningful results possibl
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

e. Stay tuned as we begin to cover this important area of computer components.

i i i i i i i i i i i i i

Results i

% charger
i Flooded- lead acid i i Gel i Agm i

100 12.60-12.70 12.85-1295 12.812.90

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75 12.40 12.65 12.80

50 12.20 12.35 12.60

25 12.00 12.00 12.00

0 11.80 11.80 11.80

Reference
1. http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/
2. http://ns-t.com/en/technology/technology01.html
3. https://www.google.com/search?q=dc+mobile+charger+diagram&sxsrf=ACYBGNQ5s2E3gzntyT9
6Bz7gEh2DYT1ACw:1578495910627&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj00qDAo_T
mAhUusaQKHUqWBywQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1280&bih=561#imgrc=IAWnbn_vp6leLM:
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)
5. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&bih=561&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNSm4BefN-
EuNY28a7CijNfhn7UUEw%3A1578490757853&sa=1&ei=hdsVXpjoM_qBi-
gP3vWFyAE&q=led+lights+of+dc+power+supply+diagram&oq=led+lights+of+dc+power+supply+
diagram&gs_l=img.3...3283.11502..12638...0.0..0.683.6072.2-6j7j2j2......0....1..gws-wiz-

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 img.......35i39.EBs8IB95O2E&ved=0ahUKEwjYvpynkPTmAhX6wAIHHd56ARkQ4dUDCAc&uact=5#
imgrc=Ma2wkijrNwaf0M:
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply
7. https://components101.com/articles/different-types-of-batteries-and-their-uses
8. http://www.comairrotron.com/brushless-dc-fans
9. https://www.miun.se/siteassets/forskning/center-och-
institut/stc/abstracts/2012_licentiate_abdul-majid.pdf
10.https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&bih=561&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNQwWAKVRZbGI
TXYEnFrcZgm22AuBQ%3A1578489623472&sa=1&ei=F9cVXu26HJWk1fAPrYqQoAo&q=dc+powe
r+supply+Programmable+digaram%27&oq=dc+power+supply+Programmable+digaram%27&gs_
l=img.3...2880.4837..6099...0.0..0.430.3017.2-9j1j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......35i39j0i8i30.svNMfgqESo8&ved=0ahUKEwitoqeKjPTmAhUVUhUIHS0FBKQQ4dUDCAc&u
act=5#imgrc=_

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