Stache Stephanie Report Final UHC

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Stephanie S. Stache for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Civil

Engineering presented on September 4, 2013. Title: Modeling and Finite Element
Analysis of a Standard Concrete Canoe.
Abstract approved:
Thomas Miller
This thesis project provides a guiding framework for the structural analysis portion
of the National Concrete Canoe Competition (NCCC). Step-by-step instructions on
how to 3-dimensionally model a “standard” sized concrete canoe in AutoCAD Civil
3D, import the model into SAP2000, and proceed to analyze the canoe with the
SAP2000 finite element analysis program are provided. Various hand calculations,
reality checks, comparisons to the actual performance of previous canoes, and
comparisons with similar concrete canoe analyses are used to justify the
applicability of the outlined procedure. Recommendations for future research and
how the analysis should affect mix design and paddler location to prevent structural
failure are also offered.
Key words: concrete canoe, finite element analysis, SAP2000, AutoCAD Civil 3D, 3D
model
Corresponding e-mail address: Stephanie.Stache@outlook.com

Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of a Standard Concrete Canoe
by
Stephanie S. Stache
A PROJECT
submitted to
Oregon State University
University Honors College
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Civil Engineering (Honors Scholar)
Presented September 4, 2013

Commencement June 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Das and Shaik (2010)......................................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Gilbert, Ooi, and Engberg (2006) .................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Muzenski and Klett (2010) .............................................................................................................. 4
3. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Materials ................................................................................................................................................. 5

3.2 Methods................................................................................................................................................... 6
4. Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Beaver Believer Canoe ...................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Hood Canoe ..........................................................................................................................................14
4.3 General Canoe .....................................................................................................................................21
5. Discussion of Results ................................................................................................................................25
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................25

5.2 Comparison of Models .....................................................................................................................25
5.3 Comparison to Actual Canoes .......................................................................................................29
5.4 Additional Considerations .............................................................................................................34
6. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................36
6.1 Summary of Results..........................................................................................................................36
6.2 Summary of Contributions ............................................................................................................36
6.3 Future Research .................................................................................................................................38
7. Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................40
8. Appendices ...................................................................................................................................................41
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Maximum Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers ............................................................... 9
Figure 2: Minimum Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers ............................................................. 10
Figure 3: Maximum Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers ............................................................ 12
Figure 4: Minimum Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers ............................................................. 13
Figure 5: Maximum Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers ....................................................... 16
Figure 6: Minimum Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers........................................................ 17
Figure 7: Maximum Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers ....................................................... 19
Figure 8: Minimum Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers........................................................ 20
Figure 9: SMax Stresses for Critical Area Load at the Side .................................................. 23
Figure 10: SMin Stresses for Critical Area Load at the Side ................................................ 24
Figure 11: Crack in the Middle Surface Inside of BB .............................................................. 30
Figure 12: Reinforcement in Tension .......................................................................................... 31
Figure 13: Punch-through Failure of Hood Canoe from Above ......................................... 32
Figure 14: Punch-through Failure of Hood Canoe from the Bottom ............................... 33
Figure 15: Tensile Failure of Hood Canoe .................................................................................. 34

List of Tables
Table 1: Weights of the BB Canoe................................................................................................................... 7
Table 2: Iterative Sum of Reactions for BB with 2-Paddlers................................................................ 8
Table 3: Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers (psi).......................................................................................... 8
Table 4: Iterative Sum of Reactions for BB with 4-Paddlers..............................................................11
Table 5: Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers (psi)........................................................................................11
Table 6: Weights of the Hood Canoe ...........................................................................................................14
Table 7: Iterative Sum of Reactions for Hood with 2-Paddlers ........................................................15
Table 8: Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers (psi) ..................................................................................15
Table 9: Iterative Sum of Reactions for Hood with 4-Paddlers ........................................................18
Table 10: Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers (psi) ................................................................................18
Table 11: Stresses with 4-Paddlers nearer the Canoe Ends (psi) ....................................................21
Table 12: Stresses with 4-Paddlers with Knees Farther Apart (psi) ..............................................21
Table 13: Maximum Stresses from 1 lb Loads at Critical Locations ...............................................22
Table 14: Comparison of Strengths and Stresses ...................................................................................26
Table 15: Differences between Surface Area, Thickness, and Volume ..........................................28
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: Tutorial for Primary Analysis...............................................................................................42
Appendix B: Hand Calculations .................................................................................................................. 101
Appendix C: Standard Canoe Section Coordinates with Section Area Calculations ............... 107
Appendix D: Copyright Release .................................................................................................................. 119
LIST OF APPENDIX B FIGURES
Figure B1: Canoe Simplified as a Simply Supported Beam from Essam (2005) ....... 102
Figure B2: Simple Analysis from Essam (2005) .................................................................... 103
Figure B3: Precise Analysis from Essam (2005) ................................................................... 105

LIST OF ACRONYMS
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
BB Beaver Believer, indicates a “standard” shaped canoe
FEA Finite Element Analysis
NCCC National Concrete Canoe Competition
OSU Oregon State University

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My deepest thanks go to those special few who supported me throughout my
education of civil engineering, mainly by challenging me and urging me to succeed.
These people most notably include my mother (Michelle Lu), dearest friend (Jordan
Baird), and my mentor (Dr. Thomas Miller). Thank you for challenging and
simultaneously urging me to succeed.
Further acknowledgments must go to the efforts of the tutorial proofreaders:
Garrison Stache and Brett Voyles. Both noted major flaws in the tutorial, so their
contribution was vital. Thank you so much for volunteering yourselves as test
subjects.
Additional thanks to the generous donations of the scholarships that made my
education, and this thesis, much more feasible. More specifically, thanks go to the
Donald & Elizabeth Abott, Glen W. Holcomb Honorary Endowed, J & N Johnson,
Loosley, Oregon State University Engineering Dean’s, and Oregon State University
Diversity scholarships. This thesis is only the start of how I can repay your
generosity.
MODELING AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF A STANDARD CONCRETE CANOE
1. INTRODUCTION
The National Concrete Canoe Competition (NCCC) is a national competition (actually
practiced in several countries) to demonstrate civil engineering excellence within
universities. In the U.S. the NCCC is held by the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE). Since the establishment of the U.S. competition in the 1960s, Oregon State
University (OSU) has only qualified for the national level of the competition once, in
2012, partly due to its almost complete lack of structural analysis before 2010.
Unlike other civil engineering endeavors, the structural analysis for the competition
is a closely guarded secret of most NCCC teams. Thus, public guides on the structural
analysis for the NCCC are incomplete or non-specific. General approaches to analysis
for the competition are outlined in several articles, but the focus is mainly on the
results of the structural analysis. An additional difficulty to developing the
structural analysis is that each analysis must be specially tailored to the specific
properties of each individual canoe, such as the dimensions and mix design. In order
to simplify the complex shapes required for the canoes a finite element analysis
(FEA) is typically used.
2011 was when I first started working on the three-dimensional structural analysis
under the mentorship of Dr. Thomas Miller. Prior to 2011 the structural analysis
component of the OSU concrete canoe competition consisted of a simplified

2
calculation assuming the canoe was half of the shell of a cylinder. An obvious
improvement to drastically increase the accuracy of the analysis was the
development of a scaled three-dimensional model. This model was created in
AutoCAD. In 2011 this model was a “standard” concrete canoe, based on the
coordinates for a maximum canoe cross-section, as specified by ASCE on their NCCC
website. In 2012 this model was scaled down to reflect a two foot decrease in canoe
length implemented by the OSU NCCC captains. The tutorial outlined in Appendix A
reflects the standard concrete canoe shape, though the applicability of the structural
analysis will be tested by comparing the 2011 and 2012 models to the behavior of
the actual canoes.
SAP20000 was the program used to complete the structural analysis. This program
was able to import the three-dimensional model from AutoCAD and analyze the
canoe as a finite element model. The finite element model of the canoe was loaded to
obtain the resulting stresses in relation to each defining coordinate. It is vital that
future civil engineers, such as students that participate in civil engineering
competitions, are able to understand and perform structural analysis that is a key
component to any structural engineering design. The purpose of this thesis is to
develop a comprehensive methodology that will provide a guiding framework for
the structural analysis portion of the NCCC.

3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Three separate analyses conducted for the concrete canoe competition were
consulted in the Discussion of Results section.
2.1 Das and Shaik (2010)
FEA was accomplished with the ABAQUS program with a 3D model consisting of the
middle cross-sections of the canoe. The model was loaded with a single paddler and
the weight of the concrete at that section, with fixed constraints in all directions on
the bottom of the model. A unique feature of this FEA is the use of tetrahedral
meshes to create an accurate model and develop stresses.
2.2 Gilbert, Ooi, and Engberg (2006)
This FEA examined dynamic behavior with variations in the shape of a concrete
canoe. Dynamic behaviors studied included the natural frequency, mode shapes, and
damping effects of the canoe in motion. An important consideration for this FEA was
the determination of material properties, such as elastic modulus and Poisson’s
ratio, which is noted in Appendix A.

4
2.3 Muzenski and Klett (2010)
The ANSYS program was used to conduct an FEA on a 3D model using the same
shape as the “standard” canoe used in this thesis, although the model consists of
only half of the canoe. A significant difference in this model from the FEA in this
thesis is the addition of motion forces, as discussed in Conclusions section 6.3.2.
Three different paddler load cases were considered in the FEA: no paddler, two
paddler, three paddler, and four paddler. In addition, paddling benches were
included in the model for each load case. Since the canoe designs discussed in this
thesis did not include paddling benches, loads from the paddlers were applied to
these benches rather than through the paddler knees used to model paddling loads
in this thesis. This FEA also provided a Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio
discussed in Appendix A.
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3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 AutoCAD Civil 3D
Computer aided design (CAD) is commonly used in both education and in the civil
engineering profession. AutoCAD is one of the most commonly used drafting
programs in the nation, while AutoCAD Civil 3D is a specialized version of AutoCAD
designed to assist civil engineers with 3-dimensional plans. To ease reading, the rest
of the thesis shall refer to AutoCAD Civil 3D as “AutoCAD”.
3.1.2 SAP2000
Primary analysis was completed using SAP2000, a finite element analysis (FEA)
program. The program was chosen due to its common use in the structural
engineering field and in the OSU curriculum, and thus would be familiar to the OSU
NCCC team. This program is required in several classes, two of which are required in
the OSU civil engineering undergraduate program. Thus, this thesis expects users
will be familiar with this program.

6
3.1.3 Hand Calculations
Hand calculations were used as a “reality check” to ensure the loads, and thus
results, are reasonable. Three different methods to estimate the pressure loading on
the canoe are presented in Appendix B.
3.2 Methods
Detailed and systematic instructions for the primary analysis, only with racing
loads, are located in the attached tutorial; see Appendix A. In addition, explanations
for specific steps can be located in Appendix A as the boxed text.

7
4. RESULTS
4.1 Beaver Believer Canoe
The Beaver Believer (BB) canoe has a “standard” shape, with a total surface area of
approximate 67 square feet. Buoyant forces for each of the race load cases on the BB
canoe correspond to the weights shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Weights of the BB Canoe
Weight of Canoe 475 lbs

Weight of Canoe and 2-Paddlers 835 lbs
4.1.1 2-Paddler Load
The iterative process from step 4.3 in Appendix A to determine the buoyant force
area load for the 2-paddler men’s race is shown in Table 2, where the sum of the
reactions must correspond to the weight in Table 1. Table 3 shows that the largest
stresses in the top face of the canoe were in compression, while the largest stresses
in the bottom face were in tension. The maximum tension stresses in the 2-paddler
race (Table 3) were greater than the maximum tension stresses in the 4-paddler
race shown in Table 5. The model shows that the greatest stresses occur at the
paddler locations, as seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

8
Table 2: Iterative Sum of Reactions for BB with 2-Paddlers
Area Load Sum of Reactions

(psi) (lb)
0.1 469
0.2 939
0.15 703
0.16 751
0.17 798
0.18 846
0.175 822
0.176 826
0.177 830
0.178 835
Table 3: Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers (psi)
Max. Top Min. Top Max. Bottom Min. Bottom

Tension 52.52 20.65 210.2 108.8
Compression 162.2 69.79 44.77 18.86
9
Figure 1: Maximum Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers

10
Figure 2: Minimum Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers

11
The iterative process to determine the buoyant force area load for the 4-paddler
men’s race is shown in Table 4, where the sum of the reactions must correspond to
the weight in Table 1. Table 5 shows that the largest stresses in the top face of the
canoe were in compression, while the largest stresses in the bottom face were in
tension. The maximum tension stresses in the 4-paddler race (Table 5) were less
than the maximum tension stresses in the 2-paddler race shown in Table 3. The
values of the compression stresses in the top for the 4-paddler race were greater
than the values of the top compressive stresses for the 2-paddler race shown in
Table 3. The model shows that the greatest stresses occur at the paddler locations,
as seen in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Table 4: Iterative Sum of Reactions for BB with 4-Paddlers

(psi) (lb)
0.2 965
0.3 1448
0.25 1207
0.24 1159
0.23 1110
0.235 1135
Table 5: Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers (psi)

Tension 54.96 11.63 204.4 90.12
Compression 166.9 75.42 65.63 10.24
12
Figure 3: Maximum Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers

13
Figure 4: Minimum Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers

14
4.2 Hood Canoe
This canoe was scaled down from the standard canoe size, so that the length was
decreased by 2 feet and total surface area was approximately 54 square feet.
Buoyant forces for each of the race load cases on the Hood canoe correspond to the
weights shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Weights of the Hood Canoe
Weight of Canoe 230 lbs

tension. The maximum bottom stresses for the 2-paddler race were greater than the
stresses in the 4-paddler race shown in Table 10. The model shows that the greatest
stresses occur at the paddler locations, as seen in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

15
Table 7: Iterative Sum of Reactions for Hood with 2-Paddlers

(psi) (lb)
0.1 388
0.2 1166
0.15 582
0.16 621
0.155 601
0.154 596
0.153 594
0.152 588
Table 8: Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers (psi)

Tension 59.78 19.69 262.6 130.4
Compression 201.1 84.16 54.28 26.95
16
Figure 5: Maximum Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers

17
Figure 6: Minimum Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers

18
tension. The values of the tension stresses in the top for the 4-paddler race were
greater than the values of the top stresses in the 2-paddler race shown in Table 8.
All the models show that the greatest stresses occur at the paddler locations, as seen
in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Table 9: Iterative Sum of Reactions for Hood with 4-Paddlers

(psi) (lb)
0.2 795
0.3 1192
0.25 993
0.24 954
0.23 914
0.22 874
0.225 894
0.224 890
Table 10: Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers (psi)

Tension 37.21 0.6226 262.4 114.5
Compression 214.0 97.43 45.29 1.396
19
Figure 7: Maximum Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers

20
Figure 8: Minimum Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers

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4.3 General Canoe
The results shown below correspond to the 4-paddler load with a standard canoe.
4.3.1 Paddlers nearer the Ends
Each paddler was moved one cross-section (12 inches) closer to the nearest canoe
end. All of the values for the stresses in Table 11 exceeded the corresponding values
in Table 5, which contains the results from the general model in Appendix A.
Table 11: Stresses with 4-Paddlers nearer the Canoe Ends (psi)

Tension 61.38 13.70 248.7 120.2
Compression 197.6 86.60 70.55 11.31
4.3.2 Paddler Knees Spread Farther Apart
Each paddler “knee”, approximated by a pinned-support, was moved further from
the centerline of the canoe by one shell section (approximately one inch away). All
values in Table 12 were less than the corresponding values in Table 5, except for the
minimum bottom compression.
Table 12: Stresses with 4-Paddlers with Knees Farther Apart (psi)

Tension 50.86 9.50 199.2 81.1
Compression 155.8 63.14 62.74 11.77
22
4.3.3 Critical Areas
The term “critical areas” is used to describe the areas that produce the largest
stresses when loaded with a 1 lb point load. Locations of the loads in Table 13 are
based on their labels in SAP2000, as shown in Section 6 of Appendix A. The labels of
the five critical areas are: SIDE, BOW, STERN, MID, and CORNER. The “in” refers to a
load pointed inward in relation to the canoe, such as a load on the outside of the
canoe pressing the canoe walls towards each other. Similarly, “out” refers to a load
which points away from the canoe, such as a load attempting to push the canoe
walls away from each other.
Table 13 shows the maximum stresses among all of the critical area loads examined.
This table shows the maximum stresses occurred due to a load at the side. Figure 9
and Figure 10 both show that the greatest stresses occur at the loading site (the top
of the canoe side in the middle). The figures also show that additional large stresses
occur in the bow.
Table 13: Maximum Stresses from 1 lb Loads at Critical Locations

Tension Critical Area SIDE in MID in SIDE out MID out
Tension Stress (psi) 2.175 0.4420 1.802 0.7661
Compression Critical Area SIDE out MID out SIDE in MID in
Compression Stress (psi) 2.175 0.4420 1.802 0.7661
23
Figure 9: SMax Stresses for Critical Area Load at the Side

24
Figure 10: SMin Stresses for Critical Area Load at the Side
25
5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
5.1 Introduction
This thesis developed a comprehensive methodology, found in Appendix A, that
provides a guiding framework for the structural analysis portion of the NCCC.
Performance of the actual canoes was related to the analysis results from a
corresponding 3-D model.
5.2 Comparison of Models
This section discusses the differences and similarities between the 3-D models. For
instance, Figure 5 through Figure 8 show that the greatest stresses occur at the
paddlers’ knees. Thus, it is important to reinforce these areas with fibers, mesh, or
increasing the concrete thickness. The latter option may be explored using the
analysis, which could be used to determine the optimal thickness in relation to
stresses. Since this FEA may be used prior to construction, the average thickness
specified in the model may not be correct. Thus, it may be necessary to test the
sensitivity of the stress results resulting in a slight change in the model thickness
before trying to optimize the model thickness.

26
5.2.1 2-Paddler and 4-Paddler Load Cases
Comparison of the 2-paddler and 4-paddler cases for both canoes has led to a vital
conclusion: concrete canoes are likely to fail in tension. The tension stresses in both
canoe bottoms were the maximum stresses for both canoes. In addition, the strength
of concrete in tension is substantially less than its strength in compression. Thus, it
is likely that these canoes will fail in tension. This conclusion is supported by Table
14, where the maximum compressive stresses are less than half of the design
compressive strengths while the tensile strengths are exceeded by the maximum
tensile stresses.
Table 14: Comparison of Strengths and Stresses
Canoe BB Hood
Design Compression Strength (psi) 1240 1000
Max. Compression Stress (psi) 167 214
Tested Tensile Strength (psi) 130 241
Max. Tensile Stress (psi) 210 263
For each canoe both of the 4-paddler cases had the largest (compression) stresses in
the top face, while both the 2-paddler canoe cases had the largest (tension) stresses
in the bottom face. This result was confirmed with an FEA using the ANSYS program,
where the maximum tensile strength was 350 psi (Muzenski & Klett, 2010, p. 3). The
2-paddler case had the greatest tension stresses in each canoe. Since the canoes are
likely to fail in tension, this means that the 2-paddler load case is the controlling
load case, despite the 4-paddler load case being subject to greater buoyancy
27
pressure. One likely explanation for this is that the additional paddlers in the middle
of the canoe decrease the upwards tension by causing the canoe to deflect
downwards.
The literature also supports the stresses found by the analysis. An FEA conducted
with a single cross-section and loaded by a single male paddler yielded a maximum
tensile stress of 55.6 psi (Das & Shaik, 2010, p. 5). Another FEA yielded a maximum
stress of approximately 350 psi with the 2-paddler loading, with the addition of
motion stresses and paddling benches (Muzenski & Klett, 2010, p. 3). The maximum
stress for the 4-paddler load case was about 170 psi (Muzenski & Klett, 2010, p. 3).
All of these stresses are within an order of magnitude of the maximum stresses
found in this analysis.
5.2.2 BB and Hood
All of the values for the maximum stresses in Hood were greater than the stresses
from the corresponding load case with BB. Although Hood weighed 245 pounds less
than BB, and thus experienced less buoyancy pressure, Hood also had a significant
decrease in surface area and thickness from BB. It is likely that the decreased
surface area and thickness decreased the cross-section, and thus increased the Hood
stresses enough to become greater than the stresses in BB. Table 15 shows the
difference in surface areas, thickness, and volume of the concrete.

28
Table 15: Differences between Surface Area, Thickness, and Volume
Canoe BB Hood
Surface Area (ft2) 66.7 54.1
Average Thickness (in) 1.4 1.1
Volume (ft3) 7.8 5.0
5.2.3 Critical Areas
By using unit loads in different areas and comparing the resulting stresses, the
critical areas were determined. Avoidance of loading these critical areas is especially
important during the de-molding procedure and transportation of the canoe, since
these are the instances when an impact to a critical area is most likely to occur.
Since the largest stresses occurred due to critical loads at the top of the canoe side in
the middle, this area should be avoided. Additional large tension stresses occurred
from loading the middle of the canoe bottom, so caution should be used around this
area as well. Depending on the amount of additional weight, it may be advantageous
to add extra reinforcement in these areas.
5.2.4 Paddlers nearer the Ends
The stresses for the BB 4-paddler load case with paddlers nearer the ends resulted
in larger stresses, so the original models used were not the most conservative.
However, the models are based on the actual positions of the paddlers during the
29
races, so it is more realistic to use the models as specified. If necessary, the paddler
positions may also be limited during the races to prevent failure from the increased
stresses. There may also be a physical limitation imposed on the paddlers from
flotation blocks at the ends that are typically incorporated into the canoe
construction.
5.2.5 Paddler Knees Spread Farther Apart
The stresses for the BB 4-paddler load case with the paddlers’ knees spread further
apart resulted in smaller stresses, so the models used were conservative in this
regard. This result make logical sense, since more of the paddler load will be spread
over greater area. However, it is also likely that the estimates of the stresses will
increase the more the paddlers’ knees come together. In other words, it is necessary
to consult with the paddling team to strongly encourage them to not put their knees
together to avoid overstresses from this loading case.
5.3 Comparison to Actual Canoes
This section discusses the differences and similarities between the performance of
the actual canoes and the analysis results from the corresponding models.
Applicability of the models, through comparison with actual canoe behaviors during
competition, is also discussed in this section.

30
5.3.1 BB
Every load case of the analysis shows that compression is the greatest stress in the
top faces, while tension is the greatest in the bottom. This result concurs with the BB
canoe behavior. The result that maximum stress was located at the bottom was also
confirmed in a separate FEA done with the ANSYS program (Muzenski & Klett, 2010,
p. 3). Once the canoes experienced water pressure the canoe ends lifted and were
pushed together. Thus, the middle surface inside of the canoes was visibly put into
compression, since small cracks visible prior to immersion were less apparent after
due to the cracked sides being pushed together by compression. However, an
example of a crack, due to tension stresses in the top occurs while de-molding, as
shown in Figure 11. Following this logic, it becomes apparent that if the top face of
the canoe is in compression, then the bottom face will be in tension.
Figure 11: Crack in the Middle Surface Inside of BB

31
Despite the maximum tensile stress exceeding the tested tensile strength for the BB
concrete, BB did not experience tensile failure. This is most likely due to the
reinforcement, since the reinforcement visibly held together tensile cracks in the
concrete, as documented in Figure 12.
Figure 12: Reinforcement in Tension
5.3.2 Hood
Hood experienced a “punch through” failure due to a paddler’s knee breaking
through the bottom of the canoe, as seen in Figure 13. This failure was not
prevented by the reinforcement because the knee pressed through an overlap splice
in the reinforcement. The top panel of the overlap is visible in Figure 13, while the
bottom panel is visible in Figure 14. Since only one knee broke through, it is unlikely
that this failure was caused by an increase in stresses due to the paddler knees
being put together (as discussed in section 5.2.5). The position of the paddler’s knee
32
also went through the canoe at a location approximated in the model, so failure due
to an increase in stresses from paddlers nearer the ends of the canoe is also unlikely.
To prevent punch through failures in overlapped sections the reinforcement meshes
should be completely surrounded by concrete, rather than letting the meshes rest
atop each other. In other words, both sides of the reinforcement meshes should be
bonded to concrete rather than letting the meshes directly contact and overlap each
other. This failure demonstrates that the analysis must consider constructability in
order to remain accurate.
Figure 13: Punch-through Failure of Hood Canoe from Above

33
Figure 14: Punch-through Failure of Hood Canoe from the Bottom
After the punch through failure, a secondary failure from tensile stresses occurred,
as shown in Figure 15. The decrease in cross-section from the punch through
combined with the larger stresses in Hood compared to BB is likely the cause of the
secondary failure. Since stress results from force over an area, the decrease in the
surface area of Hood probably exceeded the decrease in water pressure loading
(due to decreased canoe weight). Larger stresses may help explain why Hood failed
whereas BB did not. In this way, the analysis could possibly function as a way to
optimize canoe shape with racing stresses. For instance, various shapes could be
modeled with FEA. The shape with the minimum stresses may then be chosen for
construction.
34
Figure 15: Tensile Failure of Hood Canoe
5.4 Additional Considerations
Additional considerations based on the results, and recommendations for future
analysis and testing are discussed.
5.4.1 Minimum Tensile Strength
There is an additional need to consider minimum tensile strength of concrete to
prevent cracking. Tensile strength for the canoes was found with the split tensile
test; however, an additional test for the modulus of rupture may be useful. One
should reinforce specific critical areas, and determine a baseline tensile strength
required for the concrete in areas that will not be reinforced.

35
5.4.2 Minimum Compression Strength
Although the analysis in the tutorial was conducted after the canoe was constructed,
an analysis should really be performed prior to mix design in order to specify a
minimum compressive strength. The compressive strength of the concrete in a
canoe should exceed the estimated compressive stresses.
5.4.3 Hand Calculations
The hand calculations in Appendix B estimate the pressure loading on the side of a
standard canoe. According to the simplified method by Muzenski and Klett (2010)
the pressure loading should be 0.325 psi. The next simplified method states that the
pressure loading should be 0.315 with 4-paddlers and 0.232 psi with 2-paddlers. All
of the hand calculation estimates have the same order of magnitude as the final
pressure loadings shown in Table 2, Table 4, Table 7, and Table 9. Since the hand
calculations in B1.1 and B1.2 exceeded the actual loadings used, this suggests these
hand calculations are conservative.
Lastly, the method in B1.3 yielded 0.158 psi for 4-paddlers and 0.134 psi for 2-
paddlers. Both these estimates are less than the loadings used in the analysis. When
the B1.3 calculations were redone to determine a radius of pipe that would
correspond to the pressure loadings used in the analysis, a radius of 6 inches (as
opposed to the 10 inches shown in B1.3) was necessary for both load cases.
36
6. CONCLUSION
6.1 Summary of Results
The following are significant points made in the Discussion of the Results section:
 Additional reinforcement is needed at paddler locations due to high stresses

 Additional reinforcement should be put in critical areas
 Concrete canoes are likely to fail from tensile stresses
 Minimum tensile strength of the concrete should be specified by the analysis
 Maximum tensile stresses occur with the 2-paddler load case
 Hood probably had greater stresses due to its shorter length
 Critical areas that should not be loaded are the tops of the canoe sides in the
middle
 Another critical area that should not be loaded is the middle of the canoe
bottom
 Paddlers should try to stay near the middle of the canoe to decrease upwards
tensile stresses
 Paddlers should avoid bringing their knees together; this increases stresses
 Tension stresses occur on the bottom of the canoe during racing
 Reinforcement is necessary when tensile stresses exceed concrete tensile
strength
 Overlapped reinforcing mesh should bond to concrete on all sides to be
effective
 Analysis must consider constructability to be accurate
 Design compressive strength should exceed the compressive stresses from
analysis
 Modulus of rupture for the concrete should be tested
6.2 Summary of Contributions
This is a summary of the new knowledge offered by this thesis, organized from most
to least important.
37
6.2.1 Finite Element Analysis Applicable to Actual Concrete Canoes
The development of an analysis directly applicable to actual concrete canoe
performance establishes the value of the tutorial. In addition, users are presented
with multiple ways to understand and check this FEA, which may also be applied to
other FEAs.
6.2.2 Tutorial Document
Provision of a document with step-by-step instructions allows students to navigate
an unfamiliar analysis procedure on their own, so teams will not need to plan an
actual handoff or train successors.
6.2.3 Integration of 3D Modeling into Analysis
Advancements in modeling and analysis software have encouraged the integration
of 3D models and analysis in many professional civil engineering projects. Guiding
students through this integration may become increasingly necessary for career
preparation. Additionally, the adjustment of a 3D model in an analysis program to
increase the accuracy of results to reflect an actual structure may be necessary for
engineering projects involving existing structures, such as repairs.

38
6.3 Future Research
Several possible uses of this analysis were noted in the Discussion of Results,
including:
 Optimization of canoe thickness with racing-induced stresses

 Optimization of canoe shape with racing induced-stresses
6.3.1 De-molding and Transportation Load Cases
Although critical areas were identified, a more involved analysis of the specific cases
should be conducted to prevent failure. Thus, I would recommend that further
analysis be done for the transportation and de-molding load cases. Both load cases
are highly dependent on the specific techniques and materials involved with each
process. Consultation and planning with the captains will be required to ascertain
the correct way to support the model. For instance, a line of roller supports could be
used to model the straps of the metal frame carrier constructed for short-distance
travel (such as loading or entering the water).
A necessary consideration of the de-molding process is the type of mold. A male
mold can be flipped and de-molded while the tops of the walls are supported by the
floor. In this instance, roller supports at the tops of the canoe walls in the model may
be sufficient to accurately analyze the support conditions of the de-molding process.
A female mold typically involves the removal of the mold that supports the canoe
while the mold is stripped away, until the canoe rests on its bottom.
39
6.3.2 Motion
The analysis also neglects motion. More specifically, the increase in water pressure
due to motion and drag forces. It is recommended that motion forces should
increase the total water pressure on the bow by 75%, the sides by 20%, and the
stern by 5% (Muzenski & Klett, 2010, p. 2). Additional analysis should be done to
determine the effect of varying the water pressure distribution, to model possible
changes from movement during the races. More importantly, an increase in the
stresses due to motion shifts the location of the maximum stresses (Muzenski &
Klett, 2010, p. 3). Thus, the location of additional reinforcement may need to be
modified.
6.3.3 Reinforcement
SAP2000 has the capability of analyzing composite materials to determine final
stresses and deformations. However, the material properties of both the concrete
and the reinforcement mesh must be known and manually input into SAP2000.
Thus, the tensile strength of reinforcement should be tested prior to analysis. An
additional test of a composite of concrete with reinforcement may also be helpful.

40
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACI Committee 318. (2011). ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Carasquillo, R. L., Nilson, A. H., & Slate, F. O. (1981, May-June). "Properties of High
Strength Concrete Subjected to Short Term Loads". Journal of the American
Concrete Institute, 78(3), 171-178.
Das, G., & Shaik, S. (2010). Optimization of the Design of a Concrete Canoe using Finite
Element Analysis. American Society for Engineering Education.
Essam, A. (2005, December 27). E-book. Retrieved November 25, 2012, from
AHM531: www.ahm531.com/E-
book/Uploaded/THE%20WHOLE%20THING.doc
Gilbert, J. A., Ooi, T. K., & Engberg, R. C. (2006). Modal Analysis of a Lightweight
Concrete Canoe. Concrete Canoe Magazine, pp. 27-33.
Muzenski, S., & Klett, J. (2010). Finite Element Analysis of a Concrete Canoe.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Advanced Manufacturing and Design
Laboratory. Milwaukee, WI: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Narayanan, N., & Ramamurthy, K. (2000, April). Structure and properties of aerated
concrete: a review. Cement & Concrete Composites, 22, 321-329. Retrieved
March 2012, from
https://www.ownerbuilderbook.com/forum/files/forums/19679-1.pdf
Wight, J. K., & MacGregor, J. G. (2011). Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design (6
ed.). Prentice Hall.
41
8. APPENDICES
42
APPENDIX A: TUTORIAL FOR PRIMARY ANALYSIS

43
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................44
1.1 Description of Contents ..................................................................................................................44
1.2 Expected Requirements of Users ................................................................................................44
1.3 Explanation of Special Formats ...................................................................................................45
2. Draft the 3D Model ....................................................................................................................................47

2.1 Create cross-sections .......................................................................................................................47
2.2 Create 3D surfaces ............................................................................................................................49
2.3 Make 3D surfaces exportable to SAP2000...............................................................................52
3. Refine the Model for Analysis................................................................................................................54

3.1 Import 3D model ...............................................................................................................................54
3.2 Standardize direction of sections................................................................................................56
3.3 Define material ...................................................................................................................................59
3.4 Define Section Properties...............................................................................................................63
3.5 Estimate Volume and Weight .......................................................................................................66
3.6 Refine Section Properties ...............................................................................................................71
4. Analyze Load Case with 4 Paddlers ....................................................................................................74

4.1 Create file..............................................................................................................................................74
4.2 Define the supports ..........................................................................................................................74
4.3 Load canoe with buoyant force ....................................................................................................75
4.4 Format Excel Results .......................................................................................................................82
4.5 View Stresses ......................................................................................................................................83
5. Analyze Load Case with 2 Paddlers ....................................................................................................87

5.1 Create file..............................................................................................................................................87
5.2 Define the supports ..........................................................................................................................87
5.3 Load canoe with buoyant force ....................................................................................................88
6. Analyze Critical Areas ..............................................................................................................................90

6.1 Create Analysis File ..........................................................................................................................90
6.2 Create the Critical Area Loads ......................................................................................................90
6.3 Analyze the Critical Load Cases ...................................................................................................96
7. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................99
8. Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................. 100
44
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Description of Contents
This tutorial features systematic instructions on how to:
1. Create a 3D model of a “standard” canoe in AutoCAD 2012
2. Export 3D model from AutoCAD 2012 into SAP2000v.15.1.0
3. Define load cases
4. Analyze load cases
5. Interpret results for canoe design
6. Check with reality and hand calculations
To make this tutorial easier to follow, it uses the same inputs from the 2012
canoe Beaver Believer (BB).
1.2 Expected Requirements of Users

It is expected that users of this tutorial will have basic experience with
AutoCAD, SAP2000, and Excel. At the very least, users should already know how
to:
 Create a layer in AutoCAD
 Select AutoCAD and SAP2000 objects, especially with a selection box
 Zoom in and out of AutoCAD and SAP2000
 Save or do a “Save as”
If these functions are not known by the user, please refer to the Help sections in
the respective programs by opening the programs, pressing the “F1” button on
the keyboard, doing a search for the keywords, and reading through the
provided articles.
Here are some recommendations:
 Try to understand each section before starting, especially the boxed portions
 Save regularly and continuously, in addition to the saves required by the
instructions
45
1.3 Explanation of Special Formats

Specific actions, such as typing in a command, are indicated by different text
formats. Please note these formats before starting the tutorial:
 Boxed text explains the reasoning behind the methodology
o Inputs based on actual values from the mix and canoe construction
are boxed
o For example, the explanation for the canoe wall section thickness
looks like this:
Average thickness of the BB walls was 1.5 inches after construction.
 Drop down menu selections will be in bold and separated by 

o For example, File  Save indicates:
 Non-letter buttons to be typed are simply italicized

o For example, Enter indicates pressing on the keyboard button marked
“Enter
 Sections for drop-down menus will not be in bold, but will be in “ ” followed
by 
o For example, “Files of type:”  Drawing (*.dwg) indicates:
46
 Typed commands will be located between ‘ ’

o Typed commands avoid having to locate specific tool buttons in
AutoCAD
o Commands are capitalized to make them easier to see, not because
they must be input as uppercase letters
o For example, ‘PL’ indicates typing “P” and then “L”, and will start a 2D
polyline the same way this button would:
47
2. DRAFT THE 3D MODEL

2.1 Create cross-sections
ASCE maximum cross-section coordinates are available for export into Excel at:
http://www.asce.org/concretecanoe/rules-regulations/
2.1.1 To see the coordinates, click on the link under “Resources” called
“Standard NCCC Hull Design Coordinates” and open the excel file
2.1.2 After opening AutoCAD and creating a new file, create a new current
layer called “Frame”
2.1.3 Make sure Dynamic Input uses Absolute coordinates
a. ‘DYNPICOORDS’
b. Enter
c. ‘1’
d. Enter
2.1.4 ‘3DPOLY’
2.1.5 Type in the x-coordinate provided by the “Standard NCCC Hull Design
Coordinates” excel file (x-coordinates are located under the “station
(x)” column)
2.1.6 ‘,’
2.1.7 Type in the provided y-coordinate (located under the “offset (y)”
column)
2.1.8 ‘,’
2.1.9 Type in the provided z-coordinate (located under the “height (z)”
column)
2.1.10 Enter
2.1.11 Continue steps 2.1.5 – 2.1.10 until all the coordinates for that station
have been input
2.1.12 Enter
2.1.13 ‘MIRROR’
2.1.14 Select all of the lines
2.1.15 Enter
2.1.16 ‘0,0’
2.1.17 Enter
2.1.18 ‘1,0’
2.1.19 Enter
2.1.20 Make sure “N” is typed into the “Erase source objects?” query before
pressing Enter
48
Once you are done, you should have something similar to this (the uppermost
line is not necessary, and has been added by snapping a polyline to the top of
each cross-section):
Although the distance between the middle cross-sections is significantly

smaller than the distances between the rest of the cross-sections, this
should not affect the results of the model, since the sections will be
joined to act as one shell and the area loading shall be used.
49
2.2 Create 3D surfaces

2.2.1 Create a new current layer called “Mesh”
2.2.2 ‘SURFTAB1’ (defines the number of sections created between cross-
sections)
2.2.3 ‘12’
You can type in a greater number to increase the accuracy of the mesh.
For this model, a number less than 20 should provide adequate accuracy
(the greater the number, the greater the number of planar surfaces to be
analyzed, which will increase the amount of time taken for analysis).
2.2.4 ‘RULESURF’
2.2.5 Select 2 consecutive half-cross-section lines
a. Be consistent with the general location you click to select the lines.
For instance, if you select the 1st line near the top then you need to
select the 2nd line near the top:
You should end up with smooth mesh, such as this:
b. Selecting the top of the 1st line and bottom of the 2nd line leads to this:
50
2.2.6 Continue steps 2.2.3 – 2.2.4 with alternating sections, like this:
After the last section you the model should look similar to this:
51
2.2.7 Select all the mesh sections

a. You can either click on each one separately or
b. Quick select by layer
c. ‘QSELECT’
d. “Properties:”  Layer
e. “Value:”  Mesh
2.2.8 Mirror the mesh

a. ‘MIRROR’
b. ‘0,0’
c. Enter
d. ‘1,0’
e. Make sure “N” is typed into the “Erase source objects?” query before
pressing Enter
52
2.3 Make 3D surfaces exportable to SAP2000

2.3.1 Create a new current layer called “Shell”
2.3.2 Select all mesh sections (see step 2.2.7)
2.3.3 Duplicate the sections selected in step 2.3.2 into the “Shell” layer by
copying and pasting them
2.3.4 Turn off the “Mesh” layer
2.3.5 ‘EXPLODE’ will make each rectangle in the mesh its own separate shell
section
2.3.6 Resolve conflict sections (between end meshes and regular section),
once you zoom in they will look like 2 triangles:
a. Zoom in and select the triangles (indicated by the black arrows in the
picture above) at one end of the canoe
b. Delete
c. Select the sections directly above where the triangles used to be
d. Click on the blue section point that used to be at the triangle tip
e. Move the point directly down to where the triangle base was. The
sections should now look like this:
53
2.3.7 Repeat step 2.3.6 for the triangles on the other end of the canoe
2.3.8 Save the drawing
2.3.9 Hold down Ctrl, Shift, and S to do a “Save As”
2.3.10 “Files of type:”  AutoCAD 2010 DXF (*.dxf) to save as an
exportable AutoCAD file:
54
3. REFINE THE MODEL FOR ANALYSIS

3.1 Import 3D model
3.1.1 Create new file
a. Open SAP
b. File  New Model…
c. “Initialize Model from Defaults with Units”  lb, in, F
d. Click on “Blank” under “Select Template”
55
3.1.2 Import .dxf

a. File  Import  AutoCAD .dxf File…
b. “Units”  lb, in, F
c. Enter
d. “Shells”  Shell
e. Click “OK”
3.1.3 Save the file

56
3.2 Standardize direction of sections

3.2.1 Show local axes of each section
a. Display  Show Misc Assigns  Area…
b. Click on “Local Axes”
c. Click “OK”
57
Now something similar to this should be displayed:

58
3.2.2 Select the sections with the blue arrow (z direction) pointing outward
3.2.3 Reverse the local axes
a. Assign  Area  Reverse Local 3
b. Click on “Keep Assigns in Same Local Orientation”
59
3.3 Define material

3.3.1 Define  Materials
3.3.2 Click on “Add New Material…”
3.3.3 “Material Type”  Concrete and “Grade”  f’c 3000 psi Lightweight
3.3.4 Click “OK”

60
3.3.5 Select the newly created material “3000PsiLW” and click on

“Modify/Show Material…”
3.3.6 Change the applicable material properties according to the mix desi gn
a. “Material Name and Display Color”  type in a new name
b. “Units”  lb, ft, F
c. “Weight per Unit Volume”  type in unit weight of mix
BB mix unit weight was 61.8 pcf.

61
d. “Units”  Kip, in, F

e. “Modulus of Elasticity, E”  type in value
BB compressive strength was 1240 psi, so the Modulus of Elasticity used

was 519 ksi (Narayanan & Ramamurthy, 2000, p. 325). This value is also
similar to the elastic modulus of 510 ksi used in a separate analysis
(Gilbert, Ooi, & Engberg, 2006, p. 31). A Young’s Modulus of 500 ksi is
described as “conservative” by a separate analysis (Muzenski & Klett,
2010, p. 2).
f. “Poisson’s Ratio, U”  type in “0.18”
This value was based on a recommended value (Wight & MacGregor,

2011). A separate analysis used a similar value of 0.2 (Muzenski & Klett,
2010, p. 2). This value differs from the Poisson’s ratio of 0.137 used in a
separate finite element analysis, though the concrete was only 0.34
inches thick (Gilbert, Ooi, & Engberg, 2006, p. 31).
Shear modulus was 75 ksi for a separate finite element analysis for
concrete sides 0.34 inches thick (Gilbert, Ooi, & Engberg, 2006, p. 31).
62
g. “Units”  lb, in, F

h. “Specified Concrete Compressive Strength, f’c”  type in value from
mix design
BB design strength was 1240 psi.
3.3.7 Click “OK”

3.3.8 Click “OK” on the “Define Materials” menu
63
3.4 Define Section Properties

3.4.1 Define  Section Properties  Area Sections…
3.4.2 Click “Add New Section…”
64
3.4.3 Input Shell Section Data

a. “Section Name”  rename the section (such as “Canoe”)
b. “Type”  click on “Shell – Thin”
c. “Material Name”  select the newly defined material (from last step)
d. “Thickness”  type in the planned average thickness for both
“Membrane” and “Bending”
e. Click “OK”
f. Click “OK” on the “Area Sections” menu
65
3.4.4 Assign section properties to the canoe

a. Select all of the canoe
b. Assign  Area  Sections
c. “Sections”  select your newly created Section (I used “Canoe”)
d. Click “OK”
66
3.5 Estimate Volume and Weight

These are estimates to tell you how accurate your analysis is, as well as give you
an idea of how exact the construction was. The values calculated here should not
be put in to the final report. Instead, physically weigh the entire canoe and use
this value for the weight required in the report.
3.5.1 Export the section areas
a. File  Export  SAP2000 MS Excel Spreadsheet .xls File…
b. Expand “Connectivity Data” (click on the plus symbol next to it)
c. Expand “Object Connectivity”
d. Click on “Table: Connectivity - Area”
e. “Options”  check the box for “Open File After Export”
f. Click “OK”
g. Save the file

h. Click “Save”
67
3.5.2 Set-Up Excel

a. Copy the “Connectivity – Area” tab
b. Rename the copy as “Volume & Wt”
c. Go to the “Volume & Wt” tab
d. Insert 3 rows under the title of the table, so it looks like this:
3.5.3 Get rid of the background color of the new rows

3.5.4 Type in the following:
68
3.5.5 Calculate Total Surface Area

a. Sum the numbers in the “AreaArea” column
b. Divide the value from 4.2.7 by 144 to get the value in square feet
3.5.6 Estimate Average Wall Thickness

a. Input the probable thickness of the canoe
b. Divide the value from 4.2.2 by 12 to get the value in feet
3.5.7 Calculate Total Volume

a. Multiply the values for the Total Area and the Thickness to get Total
Volume, for each respective unit, like so:
b. Or multiply the “in^2” Total Area and the “in” Thickness value to get
the “in^3” Total Volume, then divide the “in^3” Total Volume Value by
1728 to get the “ft^3” Total Volume value
69
3.5.8 Estimate Weight

a. Input the probable unit weight of the concrete for “Mix Unit Weight”
BB had a mix unit weight of 61.8 pcf.
b. Multiply the value for “Mix Unit Weight” with the value for “Total
Volume” in cubic feet
c. Input the actual weight
Actual weight of BB was 375 lbs.

70
3.5.9 Compare Estimated and Actual Weights

a. Take the absolute difference between the values for “Est. Weight” and
“Actual Weight”
b. Divide the value from 4.2.8 by the value for “Actual Weight”
c. Format the value from 4.2.9 into a percentage

71
According to the 2012 National Concrete Canoe Competition rules the

allowable difference between the actual canoe weight and the estimated
weight in the report is 10 lbs, so you can skip step 3.6 if your weights
differ by less than 10 lbs.
3.6 Refine Section Properties

3.6.1 Calculate the Actual Average Thickness
a. Copy the “Volume & Wt” tab from step 3.5
b. Rename the copy “Volume & Wt & Thickness”
c. Change the thickness in 0.1 inch increments until the % difference is
minimized (or there is less than 10 lbs of difference between the
weights)
3.6.2 Go to the SAP2000 model saved after step 3.4

3.6.3 Define  Section Properties  Area Sections…
3.6.4 Click “Add New Section…”
72
3.6.5 Input Shell Section Data

a. “Section Name”  rename the section
b. “Type”  click on “Shell – Thin”
c. “Material Name”  select your newly defined material (from last
step)
d. “Thickness”  type in the planned average thickness for both
“Membrane” and “Bending” (approximate weight was obtained with a
thickness of 1.4 inches)
e. Click “OK”
f. Click “OK” on the “Area Sections” menu
73
3.6.6 Assign section properties to the canoe

a. Select all of the canoe
b. Assign  Area  Sections
c. “Sections”  select your newly created Section
d. Click “OK”
74
4. ANALYZE LOAD CASE WITH 4 PADDLERS

4.1 Create file
4.1.1 Open the refined model in SAP2000
4.1.2 Save as a new file (such as “Race_4”)
4.2 Define the supports

4.2.1 Select joints at the likely locations for the paddlers’ knees
4.2.2 Assign  Joint  Restraints…

4.2.3 Click on the pin symbol, or check every translation
4.2.4 Repeat steps 4.2.1– 4.2.3 for the paddlers on the other end of the
canoe
75
4.3 Load canoe with buoyant force

4.3.1 Define load pattern
a. Define  Load Patterns…
b. “Load Pattern Name”  type in “WATER” and “Type”  OTHER
c. Click on “Add New Load Pattern”
d. Click “OK”
4.3.2 Select the entire canoe

4.3.3 Apply buoyant force on the canoe
a. Assign  Area Loads  Uniform (Shell)…
b. “Load Pattern Name”  WATER (make sure units are in “lb, in, F”)
c. “Load”  type in arbitrary load (remember, it is in psi)
d. “Coord System”  Area Local
e. “Direction”  3
f. Make sure “Replace Existing Loads” is selected
A separate analysis used a similar pressure of 0.217 psi (Muzenski &

Klett, 2010, p. 2).
76
4.3.4 Check direction of buoyant force (force should push canoe sides
inward)
a. Display  Show Load Assigns  Area…
b. “Load Pattern Name”  WATER
c. Click on “Uniform Load Resultants”
d. Check that the forces look similar to this:
4.3.5 Run the buoyant force as the only load case

a. Analyze  Set Load Cases to Run…
b. Click on “DEAD”
c. Click “Run/Do Not Run Case” so that “Action”  “Do not Run”
77
d. Repeat c after clicking on “MODAL”
e. Click on “Run Now” (you can get to “Run Now” by clicking the
triangular button):
78
4.3.6 Display the reactions

a. Display  Show Forces/Stresses  Joints
b. “Case/Combo”  “Case/Combo Name”  WATER
c. “Type”  Click on “Show Results as Arrows”
d. Click “OK”
79
4.3.7 Export the reactions

b. Expand “Joint Output” (click on the plus symbol next to it)
c. Expand “Reactions”
d. Click on “Table: Joint Reactions”
f. Click “OK”
g. Save the file

h. Click “Save”
80
4.3.8 Check the buoyant force

a. Go to the excel file and sum the “F3” column
b. See if the absolute value of the “F3” sum is equal to the total weight
Total weight is the weight of the canoe and the paddlers. For the 4-
paddler load case there are 2 male paddlers and 2 female paddlers. Male
paddlers can be approximated as 180 lb each, while female paddlers are
approximately 150 lb each. BB was weighed as 475 lb, so the total
weight for the 4-paddler race was approximately 1135 lb.
c. Close the excel file
4.3.9 Repeat steps 4.3.3– 4.3.8 (you can skip steps 4.3.4 and 4.3.6) until the
“F3” sum equals the total weight
81
4.3.10 Export the resulting stresses

b. Expand “Element Output”
c. Expand “Area Output”
d. Click on “Table: Element Stresses – Area Shells”
f. Click “OK”
g. Save the file separate from the exported reaction table
82
4.4 Format Excel Results

4.4.1 Copy the “Element Stresses – Area Shells” tab
4.4.2 Rename the copy “RESULTS”
4.4.3 Under the first row insert two rows and clear their background color
4.4.4 Find the maximum for the “SMaxTop” column in a cell above
4.4.5 Find the minimum for the “SMaxTop” column in the cell under the
maximum
4.4.6 Repeat 4.4.4 – 4.4.5 for the columns labeled “SMinTop”, “SMaxBot”,
and “SMinBot”
If you want, you may hide all the other columns with stresses by
selecting and then right clicking and selecting “Hide”.
The excel tab should now look similar to this:
83
4.5 View Stresses

4.5.1 Display  Show Forces/Stresses  Shells…
4.5.2 “Component Type”  Check “Shell Stresses”
4.5.3 “Output Type”  Check “Absolute Maximum”
4.5.4 “Component”  Check “SMax”
84
4.5.5 Save a screenshot of the canoe in 3D view, which should look similar
to the following:
85
4.5.6 Display  Show Forces/Stresses  Shells…

4.5.7 “Component Type”  Check “Shell Stresses”
4.5.8 “Output Type”  Check “Absolute Maximum”
4.5.9 “Component”  Check “SMin”
86
4.5.10 Save the screenshot, which should look similar to the following:
87
5. ANALYZE LOAD CASE WITH 2 PADDLERS

5.1 Create file
5.1.1 Open the refined model in SAP2000
5.1.2 Save as a new file (such as “Race_2”)
5.2 Define the supports

5.2.1 Select joints at the likely locations for the paddlers knees
5.2.2 Assign  Joint  Restraints…

5.2.3 Click on the pin symbol, or check every translation
5.2.4 Repeat steps 5.2.1 – 5.2.3 for the paddlers on the other end of the
canoe
88
5.3 Load canoe with buoyant force

5.3.1 Define load pattern
b. “Load Pattern Name”  type in “WATER” and “Type”  OTHER
c. Click on “Add New Load Pattern”
d. Click “OK”
5.3.2 Select approximately 80% up the sides of the canoe

a. Left click the screen below the canoe and beyond the end of the canoe.
b. The selection box should exclude the very top line of sections in the
middle of the canoe:
Approximately 80% of BB was submerged for the 2-paddler races.

Selecting only 80% up the canoe sides is more accurate, since there is
less weight to be displaced by buoyant forces (the canoe will float
higher in the water).
5.3.3 Repeat steps 4.3.3– 4.3.8 (see the section about the Load Case with 4
Paddlers)
89
5.3.4 Reset the pressure load on the canoe

a. Assign  Area Loads  Uniform (Shell)…
b. “Load Pattern Name”  WATER (make sure units are in “lb, in, F”)
c. “Load”  0
d. “Coord System”  Area Local
e. “Direction”  3
f. Make sure “Replace Existing Loads” is selected
5.3.5 Repeat steps 4.3.3– 4.3.8 and step 5.3.4 (you can skip steps 4.3.4 and
4.3.6) until the “F3” sum equals the total weight
5.3.6 Repeat step 4.3.10

5.4.3 Under the first row insert two rows and clear their background color
5.4.4 Find the minimum for the “SMaxTop” column in a cell above
5.4.5 Find the maximum for the “SMaxTop” column in the cell under the
minimum
5.4.6 Repeat steps 5.4.4 –5.4.5 for the columns labeled “SMinTop”,
“SMaxBot”, and “SMinBot”
selecting and then right clicking and selecting “Hide”
The excel tab should now look similar to this:
90
6. ANALYZE CRITICAL AREAS

6.1 Create Analysis File
6.1.1 Open the refined model from section 3 in SAP2000
6.1.2 Save as a new file (such as “Critical_Areas”)
6.2 Create the Critical Area Loads

6.2.1 Define the load patterns
b. “Load Pattern Name”  type in “SIDE in”
c. “Type”  OTHER
d. Click on “Add New Load Pattern”
e. Click “OK”
f. Repeat 6.2.1b. – 6.2.1e. by typing in the following new load patterns
for 6.2.1b.:
 “SIDE out”
 “BOW in”
 “BOW out”
 “STERN in”
 “STERN out”
 “MID in”
 “MID out”
 “CORNER in”
 “CORNER out”
6.2.2 Load the critical area

a. Select the joint at the top of one of the canoe sides in the middle
b. Assign  Area Loads  Joint Forces
c. “Load Pattern Name”  SIDE in
d. “Force 2”  “1”
e. “Coord System”  Local
f. Click “OK”
91
6.2.3 Check the critical area loading

a. Display  Show Load Assigns  Joint…
b. “Load Pattern Name”  SIDE in
c. Click on “Uniform Load Resultants”
d. Check that the forces look similar to this:
6.2.4 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “SIDE out” load case and typing “-1” for
6.2.2d.
92
6.2.5 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “BOW in” load case with these changes:
 6.2.2a.  Select the joint at the top of the bow (the end further from
the middle)
 6.2.2c.  “Load Pattern Name”  BOW in
 6.2.2d.  “Force 1”  “1”
 6.2.3b.  “Load Pattern Name”  BOW in
 6.2.3d.  Check that the forces look similar to this:
6.2.6 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “BOW out” load case and typing “-1” for
6.2.2d.
93
6.2.7 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “STERN in” load case with these changes:
 6.2.2a.  Select the joint at the top of the stern (the end closer to the
middle)
 6.2.2c.  “Load Pattern Name”  STERN in
 6.2.2d.  “Force 1”  “-1”
 6.2.3b.  “Load Pattern Name”  STERN in
6.2.8 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “STERN out” load case and typing “1” for
6.2.2d.
94
6.2.9 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “MID in” load case with these changes:
 6.2.2a.  Select the joint in the middle of the canoe bottom
 6.2.2c.  “Load Pattern Name”  MID in
 6.2.2d.  “Force 3”  “1”
 6.2.3b.  “Load Pattern Name”  MID in
6.2.10 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “MID out” load case and typing “-1” for
6.2.2d.
95
6.2.11 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “CORNER in” load case with these
changes:
 6.2.2a.  Select the joint between the “STERN in” and the “MID in”
joints
 6.2.2c.  “Load Pattern Name”  CORNER in
 6.2.2d.  “Force 3”  “1”
 6.2.3b.  “Load Pattern Name”  CORNER in
6.2.12 Repeat 6.2.2. – 6.2.3 with the “CORNER out” load case and typing “-1”
for 6.2.2d.
96
6.3 Analyze the Critical Load Cases

6.3.1 Run the buoyant force as the only load case
a. Analyze  Set Load Cases to Run…
b. Click on “DEAD”
c. Click “Run/Do Not Run Case” so that “Action”  “Do not Run”
d. Repeat c. after clicking on “MODAL”
e. Click on “Run Now” (you can get to “Run Now” by clicking the
triangular button):
6.3.2 Export the resulting stresses

b. Expand “Element Output”
c. Expand “Area Output”
d. Click on “Table: Element Stresses – Area Shells”
f. Click “OK”
g. Save the file separate from the exported reaction table
97

6.4.3 Under the first row insert four rows and clear their background color
6.4.4 Find the minimum for the “SMaxTop” column in a cell above
6.4.5 Find the maximum for the “SMaxTop” column in the cell under the
minimum
6.4.6 Repeat 5.4.4 – 5.4.5 for the columns labeled “SMinTop”, “SMaxBot”,
and “SMinBot”
selecting the columns, right clicking, and then selecting “Hide”.
6.4.7 Determine largest absolute value of the stresses

a. Compare the absolute values of the minimum and maximum stresses
b. In the cell below the each column of the minimum and maximum
stresses type in the equation in the function line, like so:
98
6.4.8 Determine the critical area loads responsible for the largest stresses
a. Copy the “OutputCase” column
b. Paste the column copy after the last stress column
c. Under the cells from 6.4.7 lookup the “OutputCase” value associated
with the absolute largest stress with the following function:
99
7. CONCLUSION
For the specific results and analysis, please refer to the Modeling and Finite
Element Analysis of a Standard Concrete Canoe thesis. In particular, note the
Results, Discussion of Results, and Conclusions sections.
100
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACI Committee 318. (2011). ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Carasquillo, R. L., Nilson, A. H., & Slate, F. O. (1981, May-June). "Properties of High
Strength Concrete Subjected to Short Term Loads". Journal of the American
Concrete Institute, 78(3), 171-178.
Das, G., & Shaik, S. (2010). Optimization of the Design of a Concrete Canoe using Finite
Element Analysis. American Society for Engineering Education.
Essam, A. (2005, December 27). E-book. Retrieved November 25, 2012, from
AHM531: www.ahm531.com/E-
book/Uploaded/THE%20WHOLE%20THING.doc
Gilbert, J. A., Ooi, T. K., & Engberg, R. C. (2006). Modal Analysis of a Lightweight
Concrete Canoe. Concrete Canoe Magazine, pp. 27-33.
Muzenski, S., & Klett, J. (2010). Finite Element Analysis of a Concrete Canoe.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Advanced Manufacturing and Design
Laboratory. Milwaukee, WI: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Narayanan, N., & Ramamurthy, K. (2000, April). Structure and properties of aerated
concrete: a review. Cement & Concrete Composites, 22, 321-329. Retrieved
March 2012, from
https://www.ownerbuilderbook.com/forum/files/forums/19679-1.pdf
Wight, J. K., & MacGregor, J. G. (2011). Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design (6
ed.). Prentice Hall.
101
APPENDIX B: HAND CALCULATIONS
B1.1 Method from Muzenski and Klett (2010):
( )( )
( )
( )
102
B1.2 Method from Essam (2005):
This method treat the canoe as a beam in two approaches: simplified and precise.
The simplified analysis models the canoe as a beam with an average width and a
uniform distributed loading, while the precise analysis uses a varying cross-
sectional area and varied buoyancy force all along the canoe.
Figure B1: Canoe Simplified as a Simply Supported Beam from Essam (2005)
103
B1.2.1 Simple Analysis Method:
The method here follows the method in the figure from the Essam (2005) text,
except for my addition of the determination of the pressure loading.
Figure B2: Simple Analysis from Essam (2005)
Determination of Point Loads for 4-Paddler Case:

1 man = 180 lb
1 woman = 150 lb
½ canoe = 475 lb/2 = 237.5 lb
Sum = 567.5 lb
Point Load = 567.5 lb
Determination of Buoyancy Distributed Load for 4-Paddler Case:

2 men = 360 lb
2 women = 300 lb
1 canoe = 475 lb
Sum = 1135 lb
Distributed Load = 1135 lb/15 ft = 75.67 lb/ft
Determination of Pressure Load:

Distributed Area Load = (Distributed Load)/(Average Width, calculated with
excel section coordinates in Appendix C)
= (75.67 lb/ft)(ft/12)/(20 in)
Distributed Area Load = 0.315 psi
104
Determination of Diagram Extremes:

Max. Shear = 567.5 lb
Max. Moment = ½ (Max. Shear)(Length, from Appendix C coordinates/2)
Max. Moment = ½ (567.5 lb)(15 ft/2) = 2128.125 lb-ft
Determination of Point Loads for 2-Paddler Case:

1 man = 180 lb
½ canoe = 475 lb/2 = 237.5 lb
Sum = 417.5 lb
Point Load = 417.5 lb
Determination of Buoyancy Distributed Load for 2-Paddler Case:

2 men = 360 lb
1 canoe = 475 lb
Sum = 835 lb
Distributed Load = 835 lb/15 ft = 55.67 lb/ft
Determination of Pressure Load:

Distributed Area Load = (Distributed Load)/(Average Width, calculated with
excel section coordinates in Appendix C)
= (75.67 lb/ft)(ft/12)/(20 in)
Distributed Area Load = 0.232 psi
Determination of Diagram Extremes:

Max. Shear = 417.5 lb
Max. Moment = ½ (Max. Shear)(Length, from Appendix C coordinates/2)
Max. Moment = ½ (567.5 lb)(15 ft/2) = 1565.625 lb-ft
105
B1.2.2 Precise Analysis Method:
This section demonstrates the basic idea for the method, and has been left
incomplete at the same point Essam (2005) left off.
Figure B3: Precise Analysis from Essam (2005)
Determination of Incremental Canoe Weight:

Incremental Canoe Weight = (Canoe Weight)/(# Increments)
Incremental Canoe Weight = 475 lb/40 inc = 11.875 lb/inc.
Determination of Incremental Buoyancy Force:

Displaced Water Volume = (Submerged Cross-Section Area)(Increment Width),
from figure
Displaced Water Volume = (85 in2)(6 in) = 510 in3 = 0.295 ft3
Incremental Buoyancy Force = (Displaced Water Volume)(Unit Weight of Water)
= (0.295 ft3)(62.4 lb/ft3) = 18.408 lb
Incremental Buoyancy Force = 18.4 lb
106
B1.3 Simplified Canoe Shape Analysis:
The canoe shape is simplified as half a pipe.
Determine Simplified Canoe Dimensions:

Pipe Radius = R
= (Average Width, calculated with Appendix C coordinates)/2
= 20 in./2
Pipe Radius = 10 in
Pipe Thickness =T
= average canoe thickness
Pipe Thickness = 1.4 in
Canoe Length = L
Canoe Length = 20 ft
Steps to Determine Depth of Wetted Canoe with 4-Paddler:

1) Guess Depth of Wetted Canoe = D
2) Determine Weight of Canoe and Paddlers =W
Weight of Canoe and Paddlers = 1135 lb
3) Calculate Central Angle = ϴ
Central Angle = 2arccos((R – D)/R)
4) Calculate Wetted Cross-Sectional Area =K
Wetted Cross-Sectional Area = R2(ϴ - sinϴ)/2
5) Calculate Volume of Displaced Water = V
Volume of Displaced Water = K*L
6) Calculate Weight of Displaced Water = V(Unit Weight of Water)
Weight of Displaced Water = K*L*(62.4 pcf)
7) Repeat steps 1) – 6) until Weight of Displaced Water = W
Estimate Buoyant Pressure with 4-Paddler:

From steps 1) – 7): D = 8.7 in
Wetted Surface Area = ϴ*R*L + 2K
= 2.88(10 in)(20 ft*12 in/ft) + 2(131.13 in2)
Wetted Surface Area = 7176 in2
Buoyant Pressure = W/(Wetted Surface Area)
= 1135 lb/6914 in2
Buoyant Pressure = 0.158 psi
Estimate Buoyant Pressure with 4-Paddler:

From steps 1) – 7): D = 6.9 in
Wetted Surface Area = 2.51(10 in)(20 ft*12 in/ft) + 2(96.087 in2)
Wetted Surface Area = 6219 in2
Buoyant Pressure = 835 lb/6219 in2
Buoyant Pressure = 0.134 psi
107
APPENDIX C: STANDARD CANOE SECTION COORDINATES WITH

SECTION AREA CALCULATIONS
Bow Stem Cum. Cum. Cum.

station (x) offset (y) height (z) ∆ x ∆z Area Area Volume Wt.
6.9417 0.0000 4.0000 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
4.2854 0.0000 4.5000 2.6563 0.5000 0.6641
3.0027 0.0000 5.0000 1.2827 0.5000 2.3750 0.0211 0.0211 1.32
2.3664 0.0000 5.5000 0.6363 0.5000 2.6250 0.0165 0.0165 1.03
2.0141 0.0000 6.0000 0.3523 0.5000 2.8750 0.0347 0.0347 2.17
1.7602 0.0000 6.5000 0.2539 0.5000 3.1250 0.0547 0.0547 3.41
1.5602 0.0000 7.0000 0.2000 0.5000 3.3750 0.0764 0.0764 4.77
1.2596 0.0000 8.0000 0.3006 1.0000 7.5000 0.0998 0.0998 6.23
1.0271 0.0000 9.0000 0.2325 1.0000 8.5000 0.1519 0.1519 9.48
0.8349 0.0000 10.0000 0.1922 1.0000 9.5000 0.2109 0.2109 13.16
0.6647 0.0000 11.0000 0.1702 1.0000 10.5000 0.2769 0.2769 17.28
0.5067 0.0000 12.0000 0.1580 1.0000 11.5000 0.3498 0.3498 21.83
0.3756 0.0000 13.0000 0.1311 1.0000 12.5000 0.4297 0.4297 26.81
0.2496 0.0000 14.0000 0.1260 1.0000 13.5000 0.5165 0.5165 32.23
0.1242 0.0000 15.0000 0.1254 1.0000 14.5000 0.6102 0.6102 38.08
0.0000 0.0000 16.0000 0.1242 1.0000 15.5000 0.7109 0.7109 44.36
Stern Stem Cum. Cum. Cum.

station (x) offset (y) height (z) ∆ x ∆z Area Area Volume Wt.
231.9500 0.0000 2.5000 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
235.5752 0.0000 3.0000 3.6252 0.5000 0.9063
237.1369 0.0000 3.5000 1.5617 0.5000 1.6250 0.0176 0.0176 1.10
237.7704 0.0000 4.0000 0.6335 0.5000 1.8750 0.0113 0.0113 0.70
238.1538 0.0000 4.5000 0.3834 0.5000 2.1250 0.0243 0.0243 1.52
238.4662 0.0000 5.0000 0.3124 0.5000 2.3750 0.0391 0.0391 2.44
238.7083 0.0000 5.5000 0.2421 0.5000 2.6250 0.0556 0.0556 3.47
238.8678 0.0000 6.0000 0.1595 0.5000 2.8750 0.0738 0.0738 4.60
239.0099 0.0000 6.5000 0.1421 0.5000 3.1250 0.0938 0.0938 5.85
239.1411 0.0000 7.0000 0.1312 0.5000 3.3750 0.1155 0.1155 7.20
239.3414 0.0000 8.0000 0.2003 1.0000 7.5000 0.1389 0.1389 8.67
239.5140 0.0000 9.0000 0.1726 1.0000 8.5000 0.1910 0.1910 11.92
239.6222 0.0000 10.0000 0.1082 1.0000 9.5000 0.2500 0.2500 15.60
239.7206 0.0000 11.0000 0.0984 1.0000 10.5000 0.3160 0.3160 19.72
239.8148 0.0000 12.0000 0.0942 1.0000 11.5000 0.3889 0.3889 24.27
239.9074 0.0000 13.0000 0.0926 1.0000 12.5000 0.4688 0.4688 29.25
240.0000 0.0000 14.0000 0.0926 1.0000 13.5000 0.5556 0.5556 34.67
108
Station 1 Cum. Cum. Cum.

station (x) offset (y) height (z) ∆ y ∆z Area Area Volume Wt.
12.0000 0.0000 3.5247 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
12.0000 0.7783 4.0000 0.7783 0.4753 0.1850
12.0000 1.0772 4.5000 0.2989 0.5000 0.4639 0.0045 0.0045 0.28
12.0000 1.2769 5.0000 0.1997 0.5000 0.5885 0.0086 0.0086 0.54
12.0000 1.4197 5.5000 0.1428 0.5000 0.6742 0.0133 0.0133 0.83
12.0000 1.5219 6.0000 0.1022 0.5000 0.7354 0.0184 0.0184 1.15
12.0000 1.5913 6.5000 0.0694 0.5000 0.7783 0.0238 0.0238 1.48
12.0000 1.6357 7.0000 0.0444 0.5000 0.8068 0.0294 0.0294 1.83
12.0000 1.7182 8.0000 0.0825 1.0000 1.6770 0.0410 0.0410 2.56
12.0000 1.8008 9.0000 0.0826 1.0000 1.7595 0.0533 0.0533 3.32
12.0000 1.8833 10.0000 0.0825 1.0000 1.8421 0.0660 0.0660 4.12
12.0000 1.9659 11.0000 0.0826 1.0000 1.9246 0.0794 0.0794 4.96
12.0000 2.0484 12.0000 0.0825 1.0000 2.0072 0.0933 0.0933 5.82
12.0000 2.1310 13.0000 0.0826 1.0000 2.0897 0.1079 0.1079 6.73
12.0000 2.2135 14.0000 0.0825 1.0000 2.1723 0.1229 0.1229 7.67
12.0000 2.2961 15.0000 0.0826 1.0000 2.2548 0.1386 0.1386 8.65
12.0000 2.3580 15.7500 0.0619 0.7500 1.7453 0.1507 0.1507 9.41

24.0000 0.0000 2.8323 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
24.0000 1.1006 3.0000 1.1006 0.1677 0.0923
24.0000 2.1248 3.5000 1.0242 0.5000 0.8064 0.0062 0.0062 0.39
24.0000 2.7124 4.0000 0.5876 0.5000 1.2093 0.0146 0.0146 0.91
24.0000 3.1207 4.5000 0.4083 0.5000 1.4583 0.0248 0.0248 1.55
24.0000 3.4145 5.0000 0.2938 0.5000 1.6338 0.0361 0.0361 2.25
24.0000 3.6219 5.5000 0.2074 0.5000 1.7591 0.0483 0.0483 3.02
24.0000 3.7571 6.0000 0.1352 0.5000 1.8448 0.0611 0.0611 3.82
24.0000 3.8310 6.5000 0.0739 0.5000 1.8970 0.0743 0.0743 4.64
24.0000 3.8779 7.0000 0.0469 0.5000 1.9272 0.0877 0.0877 5.47
24.0000 3.9765 8.0000 0.0986 1.0000 3.9272 0.1150 0.1150 7.17
24.0000 4.0751 9.0000 0.0986 1.0000 4.0258 0.1429 0.1429 8.92
24.0000 4.1737 10.0000 0.0986 1.0000 4.1244 0.1716 0.1716 10.71
24.0000 4.2723 11.0000 0.0986 1.0000 4.2230 0.2009 0.2009 12.54
24.0000 4.3709 12.0000 0.0986 1.0000 4.3216 0.2309 0.2309 14.41
24.0000 4.4695 13.0000 0.0986 1.0000 4.4202 0.2616 0.2616 16.32
24.0000 4.5681 14.0000 0.0986 1.0000 4.5188 0.2930 0.2930 18.28
24.0000 4.6667 15.0000 0.0986 1.0000 4.6174 0.3250 0.3250 20.28
24.0000 4.7160 15.5000 0.0493 0.5000 2.3457 0.3413 0.3413 21.30

109
36.0000 0.0000 2.2509 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
36.0000 2.0968 2.5000 2.0968 0.2491 0.2612
36.0000 3.5169 3.0000 1.4201 0.5000 1.4034 0.0116 0.0116 0.72
36.0000 4.3820 3.5000 0.8651 0.5000 1.9747 0.0253 0.0253 1.58
36.0000 4.9897 4.0000 0.6077 0.5000 2.3429 0.0415 0.0415 2.59
36.0000 5.4271 4.5000 0.4374 0.5000 2.6042 0.0596 0.0596 3.72
36.0000 5.7334 5.0000 0.3063 0.5000 2.7901 0.0790 0.0790 4.93
36.0000 5.9288 5.5000 0.1954 0.5000 2.9156 0.0993 0.0993 6.19
36.0000 6.0247 6.0000 0.0959 0.5000 2.9884 0.1200 0.1200 7.49
36.0000 6.0814 6.5000 0.0567 0.5000 3.0265 0.1410 0.1410 8.80
36.0000 6.1381 7.0000 0.0567 0.5000 3.0549 0.1622 0.1622 10.12
36.0000 6.2516 8.0000 0.1135 1.0000 6.1949 0.2053 0.2053 12.81
36.0000 6.3650 9.0000 0.1134 1.0000 6.3083 0.2491 0.2491 15.54
36.0000 6.4784 10.0000 0.1134 1.0000 6.4217 0.2937 0.2937 18.32
36.0000 6.5919 11.0000 0.1135 1.0000 6.5352 0.3390 0.3390 21.16
36.0000 6.7053 12.0000 0.1134 1.0000 6.6486 0.3852 0.3852 24.04
36.0000 6.8188 13.0000 0.1135 1.0000 6.7621 0.4322 0.4322 26.97
36.0000 6.9322 14.0000 0.1134 1.0000 6.8755 0.4799 0.4799 29.95
36.0000 7.0456 15.0000 0.1134 1.0000 6.9889 0.5285 0.5285 32.98
36.0000 7.0740 15.2500 0.0284 0.2500 1.7650 0.5407 0.5407 33.74

48.0000 0.0000 1.7366 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
48.0000 2.8955 2.0000 2.8955 0.2634 0.3813
48.0000 4.7675 2.5000 1.8720 0.5000 1.9158 0.0160 0.0160 1.00
48.0000 5.9174 3.0000 1.1499 0.5000 2.6712 0.0345 0.0345 2.15
48.0000 6.7265 3.5000 0.8091 0.5000 3.1610 0.0565 0.0565 3.52
48.0000 7.3089 4.0000 0.5824 0.5000 3.5089 0.0808 0.0808 5.04
48.0000 7.7160 4.5000 0.4071 0.5000 3.7562 0.1069 0.1069 6.67
48.0000 7.9746 5.0000 0.2586 0.5000 3.9227 0.1341 0.1341 8.37
48.0000 8.0992 5.5000 0.1246 0.5000 4.0185 0.1621 0.1621 10.11
48.0000 8.1614 6.0000 0.0622 0.5000 4.0652 0.1903 0.1903 11.87
48.0000 8.2235 6.5000 0.0621 0.5000 4.0962 0.2187 0.2187 13.65
48.0000 8.2856 7.0000 0.0621 0.5000 4.1273 0.2474 0.2474 15.44
48.0000 8.4099 8.0000 0.1243 1.0000 8.3478 0.3054 0.3054 19.05
48.0000 8.5342 9.0000 0.1243 1.0000 8.4721 0.3642 0.3642 22.73
48.0000 8.6585 10.0000 0.1243 1.0000 8.5964 0.4239 0.4239 26.45
48.0000 8.7828 11.0000 0.1243 1.0000 8.7207 0.4845 0.4845 30.23
48.0000 8.9071 12.0000 0.1243 1.0000 8.8450 0.5459 0.5459 34.06
48.0000 9.0313 13.0000 0.1242 1.0000 8.9692 0.6082 0.6082 37.95
48.0000 9.1556 14.0000 0.1243 1.0000 9.0935 0.6713 0.6713 41.89
48.0000 9.2799 15.0000 0.1243 1.0000 9.2178 0.7353 0.7353 45.88
110

60.0000 0.0000 1.2894 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
60.0000 3.1623 1.5000 3.1623 0.2106 0.3330
60.0000 5.6193 2.0000 2.4570 0.5000 2.1954 0.0176 0.0176 1.10
60.0000 7.0785 2.5000 1.4592 0.5000 3.1745 0.0396 0.0396 2.47
60.0000 8.0985 3.0000 1.0200 0.5000 3.7943 0.0660 0.0660 4.12
60.0000 8.8328 3.5000 0.7343 0.5000 4.2328 0.0953 0.0953 5.95
60.0000 9.3489 4.0000 0.5161 0.5000 4.5454 0.1269 0.1269 7.92
60.0000 9.6819 4.5000 0.3330 0.5000 4.7577 0.1600 0.1600 9.98
60.0000 9.8502 5.0000 0.1683 0.5000 4.8830 0.1939 0.1939 12.10
60.0000 9.9185 5.5000 0.0683 0.5000 4.9422 0.2282 0.2282 14.24
60.0000 9.9851 6.0000 0.0666 0.5000 4.9759 0.2627 0.2627 16.39
60.0000 10.0516 6.5000 0.0665 0.5000 5.0092 0.2975 0.2975 18.57
60.0000 10.1182 7.0000 0.0666 0.5000 5.0425 0.3325 0.3325 20.75
60.0000 10.2513 8.0000 0.1331 1.0000 10.1848 0.4033 0.4033 25.16
60.0000 10.3845 9.0000 0.1332 1.0000 10.3179 0.4749 0.4749 29.63
60.0000 10.5176 10.0000 0.1331 1.0000 10.4511 0.5475 0.5475 34.16
60.0000 10.6507 11.0000 0.1331 1.0000 10.5842 0.6210 0.6210 38.75
60.0000 10.7839 12.0000 0.1332 1.0000 10.7173 0.6954 0.6954 43.39
60.0000 10.9170 13.0000 0.1331 1.0000 10.8505 0.7708 0.7708 48.10
60.0000 11.0501 14.0000 0.1331 1.0000 10.9836 0.8470 0.8470 52.86
60.0000 11.1500 14.7500 0.0999 0.7500 8.3250 0.9049 0.9049 56.46

72.0000 0.0000 0.9091 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
72.0000 2.4012 1.0000 2.4012 0.0909 0.1091
72.0000 5.9256 1.5000 3.5244 0.5000 2.0817 0.0152 0.0152 0.95
72.0000 7.7749 2.0000 1.8493 0.5000 3.4251 0.0390 0.0390 2.43
72.0000 9.0429 2.5000 1.2680 0.5000 4.2045 0.0682 0.0682 4.26
72.0000 9.9544 3.0000 0.9115 0.5000 4.7493 0.1012 0.1012 6.31
72.0000 10.6017 3.5000 0.6473 0.5000 5.1390 0.1369 0.1369 8.54
72.0000 11.0315 4.0000 0.4298 0.5000 5.4083 0.1744 0.1744 10.88
72.0000 11.2685 4.5000 0.2370 0.5000 5.5750 0.2131 0.2131 13.30
72.0000 11.3546 5.0000 0.0861 0.5000 5.6558 0.2524 0.2524 15.75
72.0000 11.4248 5.5000 0.0702 0.5000 5.6949 0.2920 0.2920 18.22
72.0000 11.4950 6.0000 0.0702 0.5000 5.7300 0.3318 0.3318 20.70
72.0000 11.5652 6.5000 0.0702 0.5000 5.7651 0.3718 0.3718 23.20
72.0000 11.6354 7.0000 0.0702 0.5000 5.8002 0.4121 0.4121 25.71
72.0000 11.7758 8.0000 0.1404 1.0000 11.7056 0.4934 0.4934 30.79
72.0000 11.9162 9.0000 0.1404 1.0000 11.8460 0.5756 0.5756 35.92
72.0000 12.0566 10.0000 0.1404 1.0000 11.9864 0.6589 0.6589 41.11
111
72.0000 12.1970 11.0000 0.1404 1.0000 12.1268 0.7431 0.7431 46.37

72.0000 12.3374 12.0000 0.1404 1.0000 12.2672 0.8283 0.8283 51.68
72.0000 12.4778 13.0000 0.1404 1.0000 12.4076 0.9144 0.9144 57.06
72.0000 12.6182 14.0000 0.1404 1.0000 12.5480 1.0016 1.0016 62.50
72.0000 12.6884 14.5000 0.0702 0.5000 6.3267 1.0455 1.0455 65.24

84.0000 0.0000 0.5957 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
84.0000 5.4638 1.0000 5.4638 0.4043 1.1045
84.0000 7.8979 1.5000 2.4341 0.5000 3.3404 0.0309 0.0309 1.93
84.0000 9.4890 2.0000 1.5911 0.5000 4.3467 0.0611 0.0611 3.81
84.0000 10.6296 2.5000 1.1406 0.5000 5.0297 0.0960 0.0960 5.99
84.0000 11.4362 3.0000 0.8066 0.5000 5.5165 0.1343 0.1343 8.38
84.0000 11.9945 3.5000 0.5583 0.5000 5.8577 0.1750 0.1750 10.92
84.0000 12.3324 4.0000 0.3379 0.5000 6.0817 0.2172 0.2172 13.55
84.0000 12.4712 4.5000 0.1388 0.5000 6.2009 0.2603 0.2603 16.24
84.0000 12.5444 5.0000 0.0732 0.5000 6.2539 0.3037 0.3037 18.95
84.0000 12.6176 5.5000 0.0732 0.5000 6.2905 0.3474 0.3474 21.68
84.0000 12.6908 6.0000 0.0732 0.5000 6.3271 0.3913 0.3913 24.42
84.0000 12.7640 6.5000 0.0732 0.5000 6.3637 0.4355 0.4355 27.18
84.0000 12.8372 7.0000 0.0732 0.5000 6.4003 0.4800 0.4800 29.95
84.0000 12.9836 8.0000 0.1464 1.0000 12.9104 0.5696 0.5696 35.54
84.0000 13.1300 9.0000 0.1464 1.0000 13.0568 0.6603 0.6603 41.20
84.0000 13.2764 10.0000 0.1464 1.0000 13.2032 0.7520 0.7520 46.92
84.0000 13.4228 11.0000 0.1464 1.0000 13.3496 0.8447 0.8447 52.71
84.0000 13.5692 12.0000 0.1464 1.0000 13.4960 0.9384 0.9384 58.56
84.0000 13.7156 13.0000 0.1464 1.0000 13.6424 1.0331 1.0331 64.47
84.0000 13.8620 14.0000 0.1464 1.0000 13.7888 1.1289 1.1289 70.44
84.0000 13.8986 14.2500 0.0366 0.2500 3.4701 1.1530 1.1530 71.95

96.0000 0.0000 0.3493 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
96.0000 3.6188 0.5000 3.6188 0.1507 0.2727
96.0000 7.2762 1.0000 3.6574 0.5000 2.7238 0.0208 0.0208 1.30
96.0000 9.3411 1.5000 2.0649 0.5000 4.1543 0.0497 0.0497 3.10
96.0000 10.7718 2.0000 1.4307 0.5000 5.0282 0.0846 0.0846 5.28
96.0000 11.8014 2.5000 1.0296 0.5000 5.6433 0.1238 0.1238 7.72
96.0000 12.5291 3.0000 0.7277 0.5000 6.0826 0.1660 0.1660 10.36
96.0000 13.0057 3.5000 0.4766 0.5000 6.3837 0.2103 0.2103 13.13
96.0000 13.2584 4.0000 0.2527 0.5000 6.5660 0.2559 0.2559 15.97
96.0000 13.3458 4.5000 0.0874 0.5000 6.6511 0.3021 0.3021 18.85
96.0000 13.4214 5.0000 0.0756 0.5000 6.6918 0.3486 0.3486 21.75
112
96.0000 13.4971 5.5000 0.0757 0.5000 6.7296 0.3953 0.3953 24.67

96.0000 13.5727 6.0000 0.0756 0.5000 6.7675 0.4423 0.4423 27.60
96.0000 13.6484 6.5000 0.0757 0.5000 6.8053 0.4896 0.4896 30.55
96.0000 13.7241 7.0000 0.0757 0.5000 6.8431 0.5371 0.5371 33.52
96.0000 13.8754 8.0000 0.1513 1.0000 13.7998 0.6329 0.6329 39.50
96.0000 14.0267 9.0000 0.1513 1.0000 13.9511 0.7298 0.7298 45.54
96.0000 14.1780 10.0000 0.1513 1.0000 14.1024 0.8278 0.8278 51.65
96.0000 14.3293 11.0000 0.1513 1.0000 14.2537 0.9267 0.9267 57.83
96.0000 14.4807 12.0000 0.1514 1.0000 14.4050 1.0268 1.0268 64.07
96.0000 14.6320 13.0000 0.1513 1.0000 14.5564 1.1279 1.1279 70.38
96.0000 14.7833 14.0000 0.1513 1.0000 14.7077 1.2300 1.2300 76.75

108.0000 0.0000 0.1697 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
108.0000 5.5081 0.5000 5.5081 0.3303 0.9097
108.0000 8.4436 1.0000 2.9355 0.5000 3.4879 0.0305 0.0305 1.91
108.0000 10.3083 1.5000 1.8647 0.5000 4.6880 0.0631 0.0631 3.94
108.0000 11.6292 2.0000 1.3209 0.5000 5.4844 0.1012 0.1012 6.31
108.0000 12.5789 2.5000 0.9497 0.5000 6.0520 0.1432 0.1432 8.94
108.0000 13.2375 3.0000 0.6586 0.5000 6.4541 0.1880 0.1880 11.73
108.0000 13.6472 3.5000 0.4097 0.5000 6.7212 0.2347 0.2347 14.65
108.0000 13.8301 4.0000 0.1829 0.5000 6.8693 0.2824 0.2824 17.62
108.0000 13.9059 4.5000 0.0758 0.5000 6.9340 0.3306 0.3306 20.63
108.0000 13.9816 5.0000 0.0757 0.5000 6.9719 0.3790 0.3790 23.65
108.0000 14.0573 5.5000 0.0757 0.5000 7.0097 0.4277 0.4277 26.69
108.0000 14.1330 6.0000 0.0757 0.5000 7.0476 0.4766 0.4766 29.74
108.0000 14.2087 6.5000 0.0757 0.5000 7.0854 0.5258 0.5258 32.81
108.0000 14.2844 7.0000 0.0757 0.5000 7.1233 0.5753 0.5753 35.90
108.0000 14.4358 8.0000 0.1514 1.0000 14.3601 0.6750 0.6750 42.12
108.0000 14.5873 9.0000 0.1515 1.0000 14.5116 0.7758 0.7758 48.41
108.0000 14.7387 10.0000 0.1514 1.0000 14.6630 0.8776 0.8776 54.76
108.0000 14.8901 11.0000 0.1514 1.0000 14.8144 0.9805 0.9805 61.18
108.0000 15.0415 12.0000 0.1514 1.0000 14.9658 1.0844 1.0844 67.67
108.0000 15.1930 13.0000 0.1515 1.0000 15.1173 1.1894 1.1894 74.22
108.0000 15.3444 14.0000 0.1514 1.0000 15.2687 1.2954 1.2954 80.83
Station 10 (midship) Cum. Cum. Cum.

120.0000 0.0000 0.0570 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
120.0000 6.4372 0.5000 6.4372 0.4430 1.4258
120.0000 9.0758 1.0000 2.6386 0.5000 3.8783 0.0368 0.0066 0.41
120.0000 10.8219 1.5000 1.7461 0.5000 4.9744 0.0714 0.0128 0.80
120.0000 12.0693 2.0000 1.2474 0.5000 5.7228 0.1111 0.0199 1.24
113
120.0000 12.9628 2.5000 0.8935 0.5000 6.2580 0.1546 0.0277 1.73

120.0000 13.5725 3.0000 0.6097 0.5000 6.6338 0.2006 0.0360 2.25
120.0000 13.9356 3.5000 0.3631 0.5000 6.8770 0.2484 0.0446 2.78
120.0000 14.0770 4.0000 0.1414 0.5000 7.0032 0.2970 0.0533 3.33
120.0000 14.1523 4.5000 0.0753 0.5000 7.0573 0.3460 0.0621 3.88
120.0000 14.2276 5.0000 0.0753 0.5000 7.0950 0.3953 0.0710 4.43
120.0000 14.3029 5.5000 0.0753 0.5000 7.1326 0.4448 0.0798 4.98
120.0000 14.3782 6.0000 0.0753 0.5000 7.1703 0.4946 0.0888 5.54
120.0000 14.4535 6.5000 0.0753 0.5000 7.2079 0.5447 0.0978 6.10
120.0000 14.5288 7.0000 0.0753 0.5000 7.2456 0.5950 0.1068 6.66
120.0000 14.6794 8.0000 0.1506 1.0000 14.6041 0.6964 0.1250 7.80
120.0000 14.8301 9.0000 0.1507 1.0000 14.7548 0.7989 0.1434 8.95
120.0000 14.9807 10.0000 0.1506 1.0000 14.9054 0.9024 0.1620 10.11
120.0000 15.1313 11.0000 0.1506 1.0000 15.0560 1.0070 0.1807 11.28
120.0000 15.2819 12.0000 0.1506 1.0000 15.2066 1.1126 0.1997 12.46
120.0000 15.4325 13.0000 0.1506 1.0000 15.3572 1.2192 0.2188 13.65
120.0000 15.5831 14.0000 0.1506 1.0000 15.5078 1.3269 0.2382 14.86
Station 10.2 (max. width) Cum. Cum. Cum.

122.1538 0.0000 0.0440 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
122.1538 6.5296 0.5000 6.5296 0.4560 1.4887
122.1538 9.1357 1.0000 2.6061 0.5000 3.9163 0.0375 0.0308 1.92
122.1538 10.8669 1.5000 1.7312 0.5000 5.0007 0.0723 0.0593 3.70
122.1538 12.1046 2.0000 1.2377 0.5000 5.7429 0.1121 0.0920 5.74
122.1538 12.9906 2.5000 0.8860 0.5000 6.2738 0.1557 0.1278 7.97
122.1538 13.5939 3.0000 0.6033 0.5000 6.6461 0.2019 0.1656 10.34
122.1538 13.9512 3.5000 0.3573 0.5000 6.8863 0.2497 0.2049 12.78
122.1538 14.0882 4.0000 0.1370 0.5000 7.0099 0.2984 0.2448 15.28
122.1538 14.1634 4.5000 0.0752 0.5000 7.0629 0.3474 0.2851 17.79
122.1538 14.2386 5.0000 0.0752 0.5000 7.1005 0.3967 0.3255 20.31
122.1538 14.3138 5.5000 0.0752 0.5000 7.1381 0.4463 0.3662 22.85
122.1538 14.3890 6.0000 0.0752 0.5000 7.1757 0.4961 0.4071 25.40
122.1538 14.4641 6.5000 0.0751 0.5000 7.2133 0.5462 0.4482 27.97
122.1538 14.5393 7.0000 0.0752 0.5000 7.2509 0.5966 0.4895 30.54
122.1538 14.6897 8.0000 0.1504 1.0000 14.6145 0.6981 0.5728 35.74
122.1538 14.8401 9.0000 0.1504 1.0000 14.7649 0.8006 0.6569 40.99
122.1538 14.9904 10.0000 0.1503 1.0000 14.9153 0.9042 0.7419 46.29
122.1538 15.1408 11.0000 0.1504 1.0000 15.0656 1.0088 0.8277 51.65
122.1538 15.2912 12.0000 0.1504 1.0000 15.2160 1.1145 0.9144 57.06
122.1538 15.4415 13.0000 0.1503 1.0000 15.3664 1.2212 1.0020 62.52
122.1538 15.5919 14.0000 0.1504 1.0000 15.5167 1.3289 1.0904 68.04
114

132.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
132.0000 6.7777 0.5000 6.7777 0.5000 1.6944
132.0000 9.2601 1.0000 2.4824 0.5000 4.0095 0.0396 0.0396 2.47
132.0000 10.9287 1.5000 1.6686 0.5000 5.0472 0.0747 0.0747 4.66
132.0000 12.1244 2.0000 1.1957 0.5000 5.7633 0.1147 0.1147 7.16
132.0000 12.9783 2.5000 0.8539 0.5000 6.2757 0.1583 0.1583 9.88
132.0000 13.5554 3.0000 0.5771 0.5000 6.6334 0.2043 0.2043 12.75
132.0000 13.8902 3.5000 0.3348 0.5000 6.8614 0.2520 0.2520 15.72
132.0000 14.0126 4.0000 0.1224 0.5000 6.9757 0.3004 0.3004 18.75
132.0000 14.0870 4.5000 0.0744 0.5000 7.0249 0.3492 0.3492 21.79
132.0000 14.1614 5.0000 0.0744 0.5000 7.0621 0.3982 0.3982 24.85
132.0000 14.2357 5.5000 0.0743 0.5000 7.0993 0.4475 0.4475 27.93
132.0000 14.3101 6.0000 0.0744 0.5000 7.1365 0.4971 0.4971 31.02
132.0000 14.3845 6.5000 0.0744 0.5000 7.1737 0.5469 0.5469 34.13
132.0000 14.4588 7.0000 0.0743 0.5000 7.2108 0.5970 0.5970 37.25
132.0000 14.6076 8.0000 0.1488 1.0000 14.5332 0.6979 0.6979 43.55
132.0000 14.7563 9.0000 0.1487 1.0000 14.6820 0.7999 0.7999 49.91
132.0000 14.9051 10.0000 0.1488 1.0000 14.8307 0.9029 0.9029 56.34
132.0000 15.0538 11.0000 0.1487 1.0000 14.9795 1.0069 1.0069 62.83
132.0000 15.2025 12.0000 0.1487 1.0000 15.1282 1.1120 1.1120 69.39
132.0000 15.3513 13.0000 0.1488 1.0000 15.2769 1.2180 1.2180 76.01
132.0000 15.5000 14.0000 0.1487 1.0000 15.4257 1.3252 1.3252 82.69
Station 12 1.0000 Cum. Cum. Cum.

144.0000 0.0000 0.0322 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
144.0000 6.3936 0.5000 6.3936 0.4678 1.4955
144.0000 8.8857 1.0000 2.4921 0.5000 3.8198 0.0369 0.0369 2.30
144.0000 10.5467 1.5000 1.6610 0.5000 4.8581 0.0706 0.0706 4.41
144.0000 11.7350 2.0000 1.1883 0.5000 5.5704 0.1093 0.1093 6.82
144.0000 12.5851 2.5000 0.8501 0.5000 6.0800 0.1516 0.1516 9.46
144.0000 13.1629 3.0000 0.5778 0.5000 6.4370 0.1963 0.1963 12.25
144.0000 13.5032 3.5000 0.3403 0.5000 6.6665 0.2426 0.2426 15.14
144.0000 13.6321 4.0000 0.1289 0.5000 6.7838 0.2897 0.2897 18.07
144.0000 13.7053 4.5000 0.0732 0.5000 6.8344 0.3371 0.3371 21.04
144.0000 13.7784 5.0000 0.0731 0.5000 6.8709 0.3848 0.3848 24.01
144.0000 13.8515 5.5000 0.0731 0.5000 6.9075 0.4328 0.4328 27.01
144.0000 13.9247 6.0000 0.0732 0.5000 6.9441 0.4810 0.4810 30.02
144.0000 13.9978 6.5000 0.0731 0.5000 6.9806 0.5295 0.5295 33.04
144.0000 14.0709 7.0000 0.0731 0.5000 7.0172 0.5782 0.5782 36.08
144.0000 14.2172 8.0000 0.1463 1.0000 14.1441 0.6765 0.6765 42.21
144.0000 14.3635 9.0000 0.1463 1.0000 14.2904 0.7757 0.7757 48.40
115
144.0000 14.5097 10.0000 0.1462 1.0000 14.4366 0.8759 0.8759 54.66

144.0000 14.6560 11.0000 0.1463 1.0000 14.5829 0.9772 0.9772 60.98
144.0000 14.8023 12.0000 0.1463 1.0000 14.7292 1.0795 1.0795 67.36
144.0000 14.9485 13.0000 0.1462 1.0000 14.8754 1.1828 1.1828 73.81
144.0000 15.0948 14.0000 0.1463 1.0000 15.0217 1.2871 1.2871 80.32

156.0000 0.0000 0.1200 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
156.0000 5.5069 0.5000 5.5069 0.3800 1.0463
156.0000 8.1007 1.0000 2.5938 0.5000 3.4019 0.0309 0.0309 1.93
156.0000 9.8150 1.5000 1.7143 0.5000 4.4789 0.0620 0.0620 3.87
156.0000 10.9772 2.0000 1.1622 0.5000 5.1981 0.0981 0.0981 6.12
156.0000 11.8357 2.5000 0.8585 0.5000 5.7032 0.1377 0.1377 8.59
156.0000 12.4271 3.0000 0.5914 0.5000 6.0657 0.1798 0.1798 11.22
156.0000 12.7885 3.5000 0.3614 0.5000 6.3039 0.2236 0.2236 13.95
156.0000 12.9404 4.0000 0.1519 0.5000 6.4322 0.2683 0.2683 16.74
156.0000 13.0117 4.5000 0.0713 0.5000 6.4880 0.3133 0.3133 19.55
156.0000 13.0830 5.0000 0.0713 0.5000 6.5237 0.3586 0.3586 22.38
156.0000 13.1543 5.5000 0.0713 0.5000 6.5593 0.4042 0.4042 25.22
156.0000 13.2256 6.0000 0.0713 0.5000 6.5950 0.4500 0.4500 28.08
156.0000 13.2969 6.5000 0.0713 0.5000 6.6306 0.4960 0.4960 30.95
156.0000 13.3683 7.0000 0.0714 0.5000 6.6663 0.5423 0.5423 33.84
156.0000 13.5109 8.0000 0.1426 1.0000 13.4396 0.6356 0.6356 39.66
156.0000 13.6535 9.0000 0.1426 1.0000 13.5822 0.7300 0.7300 45.55
156.0000 13.7962 10.0000 0.1427 1.0000 13.7249 0.8253 0.8253 51.50
156.0000 13.9388 11.0000 0.1426 1.0000 13.8675 0.9216 0.9216 57.51
156.0000 14.0814 12.0000 0.1426 1.0000 14.0101 1.0189 1.0189 63.58
156.0000 14.2241 13.0000 0.1427 1.0000 14.1528 1.1172 1.1172 69.71
156.0000 14.3667 14.0000 0.1426 1.0000 14.2954 1.2164 1.2164 75.91

168.0000 0.0000 0.2748 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
168.0000 3.9566 0.5000 3.9566 0.2252 0.4455
168.0000 6.8680 1.0000 2.9114 0.5000 2.7062 0.0219 0.0219 1.37
168.0000 8.6148 1.5000 1.7468 0.5000 3.8707 0.0488 0.0488 3.04
168.0000 9.8381 2.0000 1.2233 0.5000 4.6132 0.0808 0.0808 5.04
168.0000 10.7188 2.5000 0.8807 0.5000 5.1392 0.1165 0.1165 7.27
168.0000 11.3369 3.0000 0.6181 0.5000 5.5139 0.1548 0.1548 9.66
168.0000 11.7341 3.5000 0.3972 0.5000 5.7678 0.1948 0.1948 12.16
168.0000 11.9323 4.0000 0.1982 0.5000 5.9166 0.2359 0.2359 14.72
168.0000 12.0044 4.5000 0.0721 0.5000 5.9842 0.2775 0.2775 17.31
168.0000 12.0733 5.0000 0.0689 0.5000 6.0194 0.3193 0.3193 19.92
116
168.0000 12.1422 5.5000 0.0689 0.5000 6.0539 0.3613 0.3613 22.55

168.0000 12.2112 6.0000 0.0690 0.5000 6.0884 0.4036 0.4036 25.18
168.0000 12.2801 6.5000 0.0689 0.5000 6.1228 0.4461 0.4461 27.84
168.0000 12.3490 7.0000 0.0689 0.5000 6.1573 0.4889 0.4889 30.51
168.0000 12.4869 8.0000 0.1379 1.0000 12.4180 0.5751 0.5751 35.89
168.0000 12.6248 9.0000 0.1379 1.0000 12.5559 0.6623 0.6623 41.33
168.0000 12.7626 10.0000 0.1378 1.0000 12.6937 0.7505 0.7505 46.83
168.0000 12.9005 11.0000 0.1379 1.0000 12.8316 0.8396 0.8396 52.39
168.0000 13.0384 12.0000 0.1379 1.0000 12.9695 0.9296 0.9296 58.01
168.0000 13.1762 13.0000 0.1378 1.0000 13.1073 1.0207 1.0207 63.69
168.0000 13.3141 14.0000 0.1379 1.0000 13.2452 1.1126 1.1126 69.43

180.0000 0.0000 0.4964 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
180.0000 0.4526 0.5000 0.4526 0.0036 0.0008
180.0000 5.1826 1.0000 4.7300 0.5000 1.4088 0.0098 0.0098 0.61
180.0000 7.0680 1.5000 1.8854 0.5000 3.0627 0.0311 0.0311 1.94
180.0000 8.3364 2.0000 1.2684 0.5000 3.8511 0.0578 0.0578 3.61
180.0000 9.2454 2.5000 0.9090 0.5000 4.3955 0.0883 0.0883 5.51
180.0000 9.8946 3.0000 0.6492 0.5000 4.7850 0.1216 0.1216 7.58
180.0000 10.3330 3.5000 0.4384 0.5000 5.0569 0.1567 0.1567 9.78
180.0000 10.5868 4.0000 0.2538 0.5000 5.2300 0.1930 0.1930 12.04
180.0000 10.6828 4.5000 0.0960 0.5000 5.3174 0.2299 0.2299 14.35
180.0000 10.7487 5.0000 0.0659 0.5000 5.3579 0.2671 0.2671 16.67
180.0000 10.8146 5.5000 0.0659 0.5000 5.3908 0.3046 0.3046 19.00
180.0000 10.8805 6.0000 0.0659 0.5000 5.4238 0.3422 0.3422 21.35
180.0000 10.9463 6.5000 0.0658 0.5000 5.4567 0.3801 0.3801 23.72
180.0000 11.0122 7.0000 0.0659 0.5000 5.4896 0.4182 0.4182 26.10
180.0000 11.1440 8.0000 0.1318 1.0000 11.0781 0.4952 0.4952 30.90
180.0000 11.2758 9.0000 0.1318 1.0000 11.2099 0.5730 0.5730 35.76
180.0000 11.4076 10.0000 0.1318 1.0000 11.3417 0.6518 0.6518 40.67
180.0000 11.5394 11.0000 0.1318 1.0000 11.4735 0.7315 0.7315 45.64
180.0000 11.6711 12.0000 0.1317 1.0000 11.6053 0.8121 0.8121 50.67
180.0000 11.8029 13.0000 0.1318 1.0000 11.7370 0.8936 0.8936 55.76
180.0000 11.9347 14.0000 0.1318 1.0000 11.8688 0.9760 0.9760 60.90

192.0000 0.0000 0.7849 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
192.0000 2.9338 1.0000 2.9338 0.2151 0.3155
192.0000 5.1746 1.5000 2.2408 0.5000 2.0271 0.0163 0.0163 1.02
192.0000 6.5097 2.0000 1.3351 0.5000 2.9211 0.0366 0.0366 2.28
192.0000 7.4434 2.5000 0.9337 0.5000 3.4883 0.0608 0.0608 3.79
117
192.0000 8.1157 3.0000 0.6723 0.5000 3.8898 0.0878 0.0878 5.48

192.0000 8.5880 3.5000 0.4723 0.5000 4.1759 0.1168 0.1168 7.29
192.0000 8.8923 4.0000 0.3043 0.5000 4.3701 0.1471 0.1471 9.18
192.0000 9.0456 4.5000 0.1533 0.5000 4.4845 0.1783 0.1783 11.12
192.0000 9.1089 5.0000 0.0633 0.5000 4.5386 0.2098 0.2098 13.09
192.0000 9.1709 5.5000 0.0620 0.5000 4.5700 0.2415 0.2415 15.07
192.0000 9.2329 6.0000 0.0620 0.5000 4.6010 0.2735 0.2735 17.07
192.0000 9.2950 6.5000 0.0621 0.5000 4.6320 0.3057 0.3057 19.07
192.0000 9.3570 7.0000 0.0620 0.5000 4.6630 0.3380 0.3380 21.09
192.0000 9.4811 8.0000 0.1241 1.0000 9.4191 0.4034 0.4034 25.17
192.0000 9.6051 9.0000 0.1240 1.0000 9.5431 0.4697 0.4697 29.31
192.0000 9.7292 10.0000 0.1241 1.0000 9.6672 0.5368 0.5368 33.50
192.0000 9.8533 11.0000 0.1241 1.0000 9.7913 0.6048 0.6048 37.74
192.0000 9.9774 12.0000 0.1241 1.0000 9.9154 0.6737 0.6737 42.04
192.0000 10.1014 13.0000 0.1240 1.0000 10.0394 0.7434 0.7434 46.39
192.0000 10.2255 14.0000 0.1241 1.0000 10.1635 0.8140 0.8140 50.79

204.0000 0.0000 1.1403 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
204.0000 2.9654 1.5000 2.9654 0.3597 0.5333
204.0000 4.4319 2.0000 1.4665 0.5000 1.8493 0.0165 0.0165 1.03
204.0000 5.3750 2.5000 0.9431 0.5000 2.4517 0.0336 0.0336 2.09
204.0000 6.0447 3.0000 0.6697 0.5000 2.8549 0.0534 0.0534 3.33
204.0000 6.5259 3.5000 0.4812 0.5000 3.1427 0.0752 0.0752 4.69
204.0000 6.8583 4.0000 0.3324 0.5000 3.3461 0.0985 0.0985 6.14
204.0000 7.0629 4.5000 0.2046 0.5000 3.4803 0.1226 0.1226 7.65
204.0000 7.1538 5.0000 0.0909 0.5000 3.5542 0.1473 0.1473 9.19
204.0000 7.2109 5.5000 0.0571 0.5000 3.5912 0.1722 0.1722 10.75
204.0000 7.2681 6.0000 0.0572 0.5000 3.6198 0.1974 0.1974 12.32
204.0000 7.3252 6.5000 0.0571 0.5000 3.6483 0.2227 0.2227 13.90
204.0000 7.3824 7.0000 0.0572 0.5000 3.6769 0.2483 0.2483 15.49
204.0000 7.4967 8.0000 0.1143 1.0000 7.4396 0.2999 0.2999 18.71
204.0000 7.6110 9.0000 0.1143 1.0000 7.5539 0.3524 0.3524 21.99
204.0000 7.7253 10.0000 0.1143 1.0000 7.6682 0.4056 0.4056 25.31
204.0000 7.8396 11.0000 0.1143 1.0000 7.7825 0.4597 0.4597 28.68
204.0000 7.9539 12.0000 0.1143 1.0000 7.8968 0.5145 0.5145 32.11
204.0000 8.0682 13.0000 0.1143 1.0000 8.0111 0.5701 0.5701 35.58
204.0000 8.1825 14.0000 0.1143 1.0000 8.1254 0.6266 0.6266 39.10

216.0000 0.0000 1.5627 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
216.0000 2.2393 2.0000 2.2393 0.4373 0.4896
118
216.0000 3.1682 2.5000 0.9289 0.5000 1.3519 0.0128 0.0128 0.80

216.0000 3.7819 3.0000 0.6137 0.5000 1.7375 0.0249 0.0249 1.55
216.0000 4.2201 3.5000 0.4382 0.5000 2.0005 0.0387 0.0387 2.42
216.0000 4.5341 4.0000 0.3140 0.5000 2.1886 0.0539 0.0539 3.37
216.0000 4.7485 4.5000 0.2144 0.5000 2.3207 0.0701 0.0701 4.37
216.0000 4.8765 5.0000 0.1280 0.5000 2.4063 0.0868 0.0868 5.41
216.0000 4.9359 5.5000 0.0594 0.5000 2.4531 0.1038 0.1038 6.48
216.0000 4.9868 6.0000 0.0509 0.5000 2.4807 0.1210 0.1210 7.55
216.0000 5.0377 6.5000 0.0509 0.5000 2.5061 0.1384 0.1384 8.64
216.0000 5.0886 7.0000 0.0509 0.5000 2.5316 0.1560 0.1560 9.74
216.0000 5.1904 8.0000 0.1018 1.0000 5.1395 0.1917 0.1917 11.96
216.0000 5.2922 9.0000 0.1018 1.0000 5.2413 0.2281 0.2281 14.23
216.0000 5.3940 10.0000 0.1018 1.0000 5.3431 0.2652 0.2652 16.55
216.0000 5.4957 11.0000 0.1017 1.0000 5.4449 0.3030 0.3030 18.91
216.0000 5.5975 12.0000 0.1018 1.0000 5.5466 0.3415 0.3415 21.31
216.0000 5.6993 13.0000 0.1018 1.0000 5.6484 0.3808 0.3808 23.76
216.0000 5.8011 14.0000 0.1018 1.0000 5.7502 0.4207 0.4207 26.25

228.0000 0.0000 2.1638 (sq. in.) (sq. ft) (cu. ft) (lb)
228.0000 0.9529 2.5000 0.9529 0.3362 0.1602
228.0000 1.4530 3.0000 0.5001 0.5000 0.6015 0.0053 0.0017 0.11
228.0000 1.7715 3.5000 0.3185 0.5000 0.8061 0.0109 0.0036 0.22
228.0000 1.9973 4.0000 0.2258 0.5000 0.9422 0.0174 0.0057 0.36
228.0000 2.1595 4.5000 0.1622 0.5000 1.0392 0.0246 0.0081 0.51
228.0000 2.2720 5.0000 0.1125 0.5000 1.1079 0.0323 0.0106 0.66
228.0000 2.3418 5.5000 0.0698 0.5000 1.1535 0.0404 0.0133 0.83
228.0000 2.3855 6.0000 0.0437 0.5000 1.1818 0.0486 0.0160 1.00
228.0000 2.4293 6.5000 0.0438 0.5000 1.2037 0.0569 0.0187 1.17
228.0000 2.4718 7.0000 0.0425 0.5000 1.2253 0.0654 0.0215 1.34
228.0000 2.5581 8.0000 0.0863 1.0000 2.5150 0.0829 0.0273 1.70
228.0000 2.6444 9.0000 0.0863 1.0000 2.6013 0.1010 0.0332 2.07
228.0000 2.7307 10.0000 0.0863 1.0000 2.6876 0.1196 0.0394 2.46
228.0000 2.8169 11.0000 0.0862 1.0000 2.7738 0.1389 0.0457 2.85
228.0000 2.9032 12.0000 0.0863 1.0000 2.8601 0.1587 0.0523 3.26
228.0000 2.9895 13.0000 0.0863 1.0000 2.9464 0.1792 0.0590 3.68
228.0000 3.0758 14.0000 0.0863 1.0000 3.0327 0.2003 0.0659 4.11
119
APPENDIX D: COPYRIGHT RELEASE
University Honors College Copyright Release Form
We are planning to release this Honors Thesis in one or more electronic forms. I
grant the right to publish my thesis / my abstract (circle one) entitled,
Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of a Standard Concrete Canoe ,

in the Honors College OSU Library’s Digital Repository (D-Space), and its employee
the nonexclusive license to archive and make accessible, under conditions specified
below.
The right extends to any format in which this publication may appear, including but
not limited to print and electronic formats. Electronic formats include but are not
limited to various computer platforms, application data formats, and subsets of this
publication.
I, as the Author, retain all other rights to my thesis, including the right to republish
my thesis all or part in other publications.
I certify that all aspects of my thesis which may be derivative have been properly
cited, and I have not plagiarized anyone else’s work. I further certify that I have
proper permission to use any cited work which is not included in my thesis which
exceeds the Fair Use Clause of the United States Copyright Law, such as graphs or
photographs borrowed from other articles or persons.
Signature:
Printed Name: Stephanie S. Stache
Date: August 15, 2013

Stache Stephanie Report Final UHC

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF

Stephanie S. Stache for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Civil

of the National Concrete Canoe Competition (NCCC). Step-by-step instructions on

how to 3-dimensionally model a “standard” sized concrete canoe in AutoCAD Civil

reality checks, comparisons to the actual performance of previous canoes, and

applicability of the outlined procedure. Recommendations for future research and

failure are also offered.

Corresponding e-mail address: Stephanie.Stache@outlook.com

Oregon State University

University Honors College

Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Civil Engineering (Honors Scholar)

Presented September 4, 2013

2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2.1 Das and Shaik (2010)......................................................................................................................... 3

3.1 Materials ................................................................................................................................................. 5

4.1 Beaver Believer Canoe ...................................................................................................................... 7

5. Discussion of Results ................................................................................................................................25

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................25

Figure 2: Minimum Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers ............................................................. 10

Figure 3: Maximum Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers ............................................................ 12

Figure 4: Minimum Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers ............................................................. 13

Figure 5: Maximum Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers ....................................................... 16

Figure 6: Minimum Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers........................................................ 17

Figure 7: Maximum Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers ....................................................... 19

Figure 8: Minimum Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers........................................................ 20

Figure 11: Crack in the Middle Surface Inside of BB .............................................................. 30

Figure 12: Reinforcement in Tension .......................................................................................... 31

Figure 13: Punch-through Failure of Hood Canoe from Above ......................................... 32

Figure 15: Tensile Failure of Hood Canoe .................................................................................. 34

Table 2: Iterative Sum of Reactions for BB with 2-Paddlers................................................................ 8

Table 3: Stresses for BB with 2-Paddlers (psi).......................................................................................... 8

Table 4: Iterative Sum of Reactions for BB with 4-Paddlers..............................................................11

Table 5: Stresses for BB with 4-Paddlers (psi)........................................................................................11

Table 6: Weights of the Hood Canoe ...........................................................................................................14

Table 7: Iterative Sum of Reactions for Hood with 2-Paddlers ........................................................15

Table 8: Stresses for Hood with 2-Paddlers (psi) ..................................................................................15

Table 9: Iterative Sum of Reactions for Hood with 4-Paddlers ........................................................18

Table 10: Stresses for Hood with 4-Paddlers (psi) ................................................................................18

Table 13: Maximum Stresses from 1 lb Loads at Critical Locations ...............................................22

Table 14: Comparison of Strengths and Stresses ...................................................................................26

Figure B2: Simple Analysis from Essam (2005) .................................................................... 103

Figure B3: Precise Analysis from Essam (2005) ................................................................... 105

BB Beaver Believer, indicates a “standard” shaped canoe

FEA Finite Element Analysis

NCCC National Concrete Canoe Competition

OSU Oregon State University

education of civil engineering, mainly by challenging me and urging me to succeed.

simultaneously urging me to succeed.

Further acknowledgments must go to the efforts of the tutorial proofreaders:

Additional thanks to the generous donations of the scholarships that made my

The National Concrete Canoe Competition (NCCC) is a national competition (actually

practiced in several countries) to demonstrate civil engineering excellence within

results of the structural analysis. An additional difficulty to developing the

(FEA) is typically used.

component of the OSU concrete canoe competition consisted of a simplified

improvement to drastically increase the accuracy of the analysis was the

development of a scaled three-dimensional model. This model was created in

coordinates for a maximum canoe cross-section, as specified by ASCE on their NCCC

the actual canoes.

future civil engineers, such as students that participate in civil engineering

component to any structural engineering design. The purpose of this thesis is to

develop a comprehensive methodology that will provide a guiding framework for

the structural analysis portion of the NCCC.