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m9dF_G dp c9paFG sarJ 9 =
H c b E _ ?c_cZ.A_G ?c_c_JA_G ?TGQO_G P
g J qOKA
ca9FAAa ,mKFl Hcc fQW_G Qci c9paFG ?JcQW [MFG b _fa A t_G
,d ca dFaF 9r_G
B9cr9pA:G \c _f BZF 9l c;M H l m9g_G _ O_G
d a HaF 9r_G dp c9paFG sarJ ?TGQO_G
c9paFG sarJ mJC b _f RctQA_G mAc EcJ ;?c_aO_G mt9Jl_Ga H 9G__G \AQQra ?c_aO_G
?r_gAl_G sarJ_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQTFG sarJ_9t ;OOZ_G GPJ d p
b E _ u_Pt ?TGQO_G QgAa .?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G B9raC
L d p r rJa ?c89FG_G ?_GOg_9=
\ a
scc]A mAc mD ,m9f ctW= c9paFG sarJ Hc =Ap ,Bcat_G d p c9paFG sarJ EJ=
aJa , c ? =Qg_G ?=Atl_G _ QrApAa c=r
\c E H l \_a9FA s=Tc m_ Ya ]al b E _ EJ=_G s9aF
OaZrl_G qcQgA Og=p ;d caA t_G dFaF 9r_G m9dF_G d p Hcc fQW_G Qci c9paFG sarJ
H l ?8p_G g J P 9K= hAlAA d A_G sarJ_G ^g= b_f qara_G mAc K_aZl_G GPK=
?cTFG_G d p sJ_Ga RcclA_G mOfa IGa 9Tl_G dp sJ_Ga mT:G d p sJ_9t ;c9paFG
m _gA_G
. c d p sJ_Ga ?c_9l_G ?c9fQ_Ga ?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_Ga ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G d p sJ_Ga
: cm TrAa OcKlA
k
_ O_G HaF9r_G [QJ Orp hlAGl_G dp ?pcg]_G B98p_G Hl c9paFG Hat_ GQdF
d a
,?8p_G gPJ 9Kc_E L9AJA dA_G ?Z9M_G sarJ_G ^g= QGQrE b_f H9TFDG sarJ_
c;M Hl u_Pa ,9KAgc=a hl >T9FAA dA_G ?l9g_G H9TFDG sarJ= 9KgAlA b_E ?p9]D9=
?c_aO_G uatZ_G BZQJ u_Pt .HaF9r_G 9KclJc dA_G iQMFG K_9Zl_G ^g= >cAQA
sarJ= s_gAA ?cFaF9r OGal 9KZaZF Hcl]A b_f H9TFDG sarJ= ?r_gAl_G ?l9g_G
:dA.c 9l ?l9g_G ?c_aO_G uatZ_G gPJ b_f ?_DlFG Hla ,\Ac9lJa cpa_G
9v l \v Fv l )2( 25 IO9v lv _G dv p A9v G Ev cv J ;1948 m9v gv _ H9v Tv FDG sav rv Jv _ dv lv _9v gv _G H;v fDG -
hvAvlvAv_G svJ c9vpvaFG hvcvlvGv_a ,HvcvAvZ9vM IOvf9vTvla ?vc9vfQ dvp svJ ?v_avpvav_Ga ?vlavlIv_" :dvA.vc
. "Q9aDG GPJ LQ9M mC LGaR_G Q9aE dp GaO_a AGaT ,?cf9lAG:G ?c9lJ_G BGP=
)1(
.H9TFDG sarJ_ dl_9g_G H;fDG Hl 26 I O9l_G :u_Pt QdFG )1(
15 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d a H aF 9r_G p c9paFG sarJ
d
l ]v A Ovvra ;1966 m9vvgvv_ ?vvcvvT9v cvvTvv_Ga ?vvcv FOvvlvv_G savvrvvJv _9vv= [9vvMv _G dvv_aOvv_G OvvKv gvv_G
Hvv vv -
k
cvtv_ Havtvc .1" \vcvp A9vG jPv_G ,24 IO9vlv_G [vF 9vKvFvcv= Hvl ,cvpvav_9v= ?vrv_vgvAvl 9vZavZvF
cvZFG aC HvcOv_G aC ?vjv_v_G aC UvFvGv_G aC Hav_v_G aC sQvgv_G >v=vTv= RvcvcvlvA jC HaO ,Ov_a
bv_vfa hvlvAvGvlv_G bv_vfa \vAQvTC bv_vf svJ ,>vTvFv_G aC IaQvDv_G aC dvf9vlvAvG:G aC dvlavrv_G
k
"... GQZ9r \Fat 9Kc]Arc dA_G ?c9lJ_G Qc=GOA P9MAG dp ?_aO_G
)2(
.
;1966 m9vgv_ ?vcvp9vrvDv_Ga ?vcvf9vlvAvG:Ga ?vcO9vZvAvr:G savrvJv_9v= [9vMv_G dv_aOv_G OvKvgv_G -
bv v_v vf cv vlv vgv v_G" qGQv vaFG caOv v_G bv v_v vf HC ,\v vFv vl )C( )2( 12 IO9v vlv v_G dv vp A9v vG Ev vcv vJ
?vcvJvZv_G ?vcvlvFvAv_G cvGC Hvl ;c9vpvaFG B9vcvpa dvpa Ovcv_Gavlv_G dvp B9vcvpav_G ?v=vTvF ^vpvM
"cpa__
)3(
.
OcRl_G Hl]A - OcOJA_G \Ga b_f - cpa_9= ?Z9M ?c_aO uatZ OGaA u_Pt
:dJ uatZ_G gPJa ,\_ ?Z9M_G ?gc=a_G hl >T9FAA dA_G sarJ_G Hl
Hv l caOv _G Bv fOa ,mv lFG ?v =v Zv f \v AQOv ZC jPv _G ,1924 m9v gv _ cv pv av _G sav rv J H;v fE -
.c9paI_ \cO_ 9l c]pC H9TFDG mOrc HC b_E \_;M
O J A l _ mvlIv_ ?vl9vgv_G ?vcvgvlvGv_G \vAQOvZC jPv_G ,1959 m9vgv_ cvpvav_G savrvJ H;vfE
,I v v v v G -
>v T9v Fv lv _G AGPv jv _Ga ?v cv Tv Fv Gv _Ga mv T:G dv p sv Jv _G cv pv av _v _ HC \v cv p A9v G 9v l RQv =C Hv la

,?vcvJaQv_Ga ?vcvFOv=v_G cvpvav_G savrvJv= m9vlvAvJ:G >vGvc 9vlvt ,?vcvJvZv_G ?vc9vfQv_Ga HvtvTvlv_Ga
aK__Ga >g__G dpa mc_gA_G dp \rarJa

)4(
.
dv p AGavT cvpvav_G ?vc9vlvJ Yav]avl Bv_a9vFvA dvAv_G ,1989 m9vgv_ cvpvav_G savrvJ ?vcvr9vpvAG -
cvpvav_G uGQvWE IQaQv] bv_vf BvZvF 9vlvt ,Kv_vTvlv_G YGRvFv_G Bvra dvp aC mv_vTv_G Bvra
Qav vZ cv vta Rv vcv vcv vlv vAv v_G Hv vl \v vAv vc9v vlv vJ IQaQv v]a ,gQv vcv vZv vl Uv vlv vA dv vAv v_G BGQGQv vrv v_G dv vp
\vvA9vvG9vvJ Y9vv=vvWD ?vvlR;vv_G ?vvFavvgvvlvv_G mvvcOvvrvvAa ,gQGQvv]E hvvFvvla ,c9vvlvvJDGa c;vvjvvAvvT:G
. ?cT9TFG
)5(
k
BQOZC Or 9]cC ?clc_rDG B9lcdFA_G HC cpa_G sarJ Ya]al ?clJC OtCc 9lla
k k
:;Dl u_P Hla ,cpa_G sarJ= s_gAc 9lcp 9K= ?Z9M ?clc_rE 9tatZ
[9M_G _ O_G OKg_G Hl

d a 10 I O9l_Ga ,)5( 6 I O9l_Ga
O9l_G :u_Pt QdFG
,)4(a ,)1( 14 I )2(
? T9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= . c
.?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )C( )2( 12 IO9l_G :hGGQ )3(
.1959 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ H;fE :hGGQ )4(
.1989 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG :hGGQ )5(
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 16
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
.1983 m9f ?c=Qg_G caO_G ?gl9G \AQOZC jP_G ,d =Qg_G cpa_G sarJ s9Dcl -
.1990 m9g_ \AcJ9pQa cpa_G sarJ_ drcQpDG s9Dcl_G -
.1996 m9g_ c9paFG sarJ ?TQ9ll H.W= ?c=aQaFG ?cr9pA:G -

k
HC :aC Oct.A_G dj=Fc cpa_G 9K= hAlAc dA_G sarJ_G ^g= b_E IQ9WDG c=ra
u_P c=r OWQ_G HT k_=c m_a ,IQWf ?Fl9D_G Ra9GAc m_ H9TFE ct" cpa_9= OaZrl_G
HT ?cGO= Hc=c m_ s=9T_G qcQgA_G HC ?rcrJ_Ga . "\c_f s=al_G HaF9r_G >Gal=
)6(
k
GPJ dp Orgl_G dFaF9r_G cOG_G Hf GOcg=a ?IO:a_G OFf mC clJ_G ?dJ_ dJC ?_apa_G
OFf dJ ?_apa_G ?c9lJ ?cGO= HC b_E - \_lGl dp - >JPc d_aO_G \rp_G H@p ,OOZ_G
?_apa_G ?c9lJ b_f [F_G Hl caO__ ?c_MGO_G HcFGar_G hFlc : u_P HC Qci , IO:a_G )7(
k
.clJ_G ?dJ_ Hl GAO=
_ O_
d a G Ha F 9r_G dp c9paFG sarJ mJF sQaAF qaT ?TGQO_G gPJ c;M Hla
dp c9paFG sarJ mJC H9c=_ LQgF mD ,?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G aC m_T_G dAra dp AGaT
ca9FAF - ?c_cZ.A ?c_c_JA ?TGQO c;M Hl -u_P Og= mD ,dAcat_G dFaF9r_G m9dF_G
OQa 9l >TJ=a ,?cFaF9r_G ?cJ9F_G Hl Bcat_G dp HccfQW_G Qci c9paFG sarJ Ya]al
Hl \DJ= s=Tc m_ Ya]al aJa .?cQGODGa ?cFaF9r_G B9gcQWA_G hclG dp \c_f [F_G
.?c=Qg_G ?cFaF9r_G ?=Atl_G b_E ?crcrJ ?p9]E ?cFaF9r_G ?TGQO_G gPJ ctWA HC cl.Fa ,c=r
:d A6G aJF_G b_f u_Pa ,Hc DJ=l b_E mTrA qaT ?TGQO_G gPJ H@p ,\c _f A9F=a
_ O_G
.d a HaF 9r_G dp c9paFG sarJ :caFG EJ=l_G
? f9lAG:Ga ?cQTFG sarJ_G :caFG >_al_G
. c -
. c9paI_ ?cFOl_G sarJ_G 9D_G >_al_G

:d F -
. c9paI_ ?c89FG_G ?_GOg_Ga R9GAJ:G :E_9D_G >_al_G -
?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G B9raC dp c9paFG sarJ :h=GQ_G >_al_G

. -
. Bcat_G dp c9paFG sarJ :dF 9D_G EJ=l_G

m9f ctW= c9paFG sarJ :caFG >_al_G
. -
.Hcc fQW_G Qci c9paFG sarJ 9D_G >_al_G

:d F -
.1989 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 1 IO9l_G :hGGQ )6(
Ph. Alston, "The Unborn Child and Abortion under the Draft Convention on )7(
the Rights of Children", HRQ, Vol. 12, 1990.
17 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
caFG EJ=*G
waO_G HaF 9r_G v c9paFG sarJ
A_ c9paFG sarJ mJC ?g=QC >_9al c;M Hl EJ=l_G GPJ ca9FAc qaT
d G
sarJ= ?r_gAl_G u_A aC ,m9f ctW= H9TFDG sarJ= ?r_gAl_G ?c_aO_G uatZ_G 9KA_a9FA
B9fGRF_G Bra dp mC m_T_G Bra dp sarJ_G u_A BF9tC AGaTa ,[9M \Ga= c9paFG
:dA6G aJF_G b_f u_Pa ,?J_Tl_G
caFG >_a*G
?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQTFG sarJ_G
\Ga b_f cpa_9= ?r_gAl_G ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQTFG sarJ_G ^g= Hf 9FJ EcOJ_G
u_P dp 9l= OGQpFG hclG 9K= hAlAc dA_G sarJ_G Hl 9JQci clWc :a ,OcOJA_G
?F9]J_G dpa IQTFG dp \rJ ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQTFG sarJ_G RQ=C Hl cg_a ,c9paFG
clg_Ga mc_gA_G dp \rJa ,9KGQ9M Hl aC IQTFG c=r Hl AGaT ,?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_Ga
:dA6G aJF_G b_f u_Pa
k
QTFG v cpa_G sJ
I - :aC
hAlAAa ,hlAGl_G dp ?cT9TFGa ?cgc=a_G ?cf9lG_G IOJa_G :IQTF9= OZrc
Hla ,9KAc9fQa IQTFG ?c9lJ d_aO_G HaF9r_G >GaC Ora . ?_aO_Ga hlAGl_G ?c9lJ=
)8(
k
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )1( 10 IO9l_G dp A9G 9l ;Dl u_P
IOf9Tla ?c9lJ hTaC IQTFG KFl >aGa" b_f BZF dA_G ,?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
k
mtJ= ?Z9M hlAGl_G dp ?cT9TFGa ?cgc=a_G ?cf9lAG:G IOJa_G 9KFE PE ;?Ftll
"...mKpcrDAa HcQZ9r_G c9paFG ?c9fQ ?c_aCTl= 9Kl9cr A9FDCa 9KTcT.A
)9(
.
H9t s=T 9lcp 9Kc_E Q9Wl_G 10 IO9l_G [F_ d_aFG YaQWl_G HC QtP_9= QcOG_Ga
k
H:arA 9AF9t ;Dl H9Fac_Ga 9c_9ac@p ,LGaR_G Hf ?8W9F_G u_A b_f IQTFG maKpl QZrc
HEa , O:aFG ?c9lJ dp ?cJ;Z_Ga sJ_G HcO_Ga_G dagc Hl aJ gOJa LGaR_G HE

)10(
.1966 m9g_ ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )1( 23 IO9l_G :hGGQ )8(
IOJa_G dJ IQTFG" :HC b_f H9TFDG sarJ_ dl_9g_G H;fDG Hl )3( 16 IO9l_G [FAa
."?_aO_Ga hlAGl_G ?c9lJ= hAlA_G dp sJ_G 9K_a hlAGl__ ?cT9TFG ?cgc=a_G
.?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )1( 10 IO9l_G :hGGQ )9(
UNGA Third Committee, A/C.3/SR.731 (15 January 1957), 257 (Italy). )10(
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 18
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
k
HC HcJ dp , LGaR_G b_f A9F= 9KTcT.A mAc IQTFG HC dJ 9cl_9f ?_a=rl_G ?rcrJ_G
)11(
k k
aC c9paC HKcO_a B9GaRAl_G Qci A9TF_G HE carA BF9t ,;Dl OcaT_9t ,iQMC :aO
A9G u_P_ , ?cQTC BGOJat HK= qGQAf:G >Gc c9paFG BGaP clGQFG aC B9r_al_G
)12(
k
IQTFG HcatA_ LGaR_G bGQAWG Hl 9c_9M 10 IO9l__ d89KF_G [F_G
)13(
.
K_aZl= s_gAc 9lcp" : H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G carA u_P dpa
)14(
GPJ bagc HC ... >_aAA ]?cFOl_Ga ?cT9cT_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G[ OKg_G qGOJ.p ,IQTFG
k k
dp \= calgl aJ 9lt IQTC HaQ=Agc HcP_G u8_aC ct clWc_ 9gTGa GQcTpA K_aZl_G
"...?cFgl_G qQa_G ?_aO_G dp hlAGl_G

)15(
.
_ O_G OKg_G Hl 23 IO9l_G b_f 9Krc_gA OFf ?FG__G B_9r QMB hral dpa
d a
q_AMc Or IQTFG maKpl HC BdJ: ?FG__G" HE ?cFOl_Ga ?cT9cT_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G
UNGA Third Committee, A/C.3/SR.732 (16 January 1957), 261 (Greece); see )11(
also A/C.3/SR.735 (21 January 1957), 272 (Belgium).

UNGA Third Committee, A/C.3/SR.735 (21 January 1957), 273 (Sweden). )12(
k
:;Dl QdFG IQTFG qcQgA ?_.Tl caJ OcRl__ )13(
-G. Van Bueren, International Law on the Rights of the Child, 1995, p. 68.
k
,?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 28 IO9l__ 9rc=aA ?FG__G gPJ B8WFC )14(
k
caO_G dFaGal Hc= Hl ?cZMW_G mKApZ= mJQ9cAMG mAc GQc=M QWf ?cF9lD Hl HatAAa
KlTc jP_G cO9g_G dpGQjG_G hcRaA_G I9fGQl hl u_Pa ,BGaFT h=QC IOl_ OKg_G dp qGQaFG
.qGQaFG caO__ ?cQ9]J_Ga ?cFaF9r_Ga ?cQtp_G B9J9GA:G q_AMl ccDlA=
:dKp ?FG__G gPJ B9Z9ZAM9= s_gAc 9lcp 9lCa

q
caJ ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G dp qGQaFG caO_G QcQ9rA m_TA -1
gPJ ?TGQO= ?FG__G marA EcJ ;PcpFA_G h]al OKg_G h]a_ caO_G gPJ 9K= Bl9r dA_G Qc=GOA_G
.9Kc_f B9dJ;l ?c.= ?cFgl_G caO_G k_=Aa QcQ9rA_G

q
: IQcMFG H.= A9fOG b_f jaaFA iQMC qQa ?_aO O] qQa ?_aO ?cC B9i;= m_TA -2
.B9i;=_G gPJ ?TGQOa OKg_G 9Kc_f 9K=AQc dA_G 9KA9lGRA_9= dpA
d_aO_G OKg_9= sJ_l_G caFG jQ9cAM:G cataAaQ=_G \p9]C mKl [9ZAMG u_Pt OGaca -3
q
m_TA= [9ZAM:G ?FG__G KFl c;M Hl ,1966 m9f ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= [9M_G
mKFC HafOc HcP_G ,qQa_G ?_aO_G u_A ?c:a dp Hc_MGO_G OGQpFG Hl ?lOrl_G ia9tW_G [Jpa
\F@p ,\c_f A9F=a ,OKg_G dp IQQrl_G sarJ_G Hl jF ?_aO_G gPJ >F9G Hl u9KAFG 9c9J]
k
?_aO_G HatA HC cataAaQ=__ 9r=a ?FG__G gPJ m9lC ?_aO_G O] OQp_G iatW mcOrA_ bQAWc
k
[aZFl_G sarJ_G Hl u9KAF:G cJl sJ_G Hatc HCa ,cataAaQ=_G dp 9pQa 9Kc_f atWl_G
.?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G dp 9Kc_f
HRC, General Comment No. 16 (1988), [5]. )15(
19 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
?_aO_G dp QMB b_E mc_rE Hl bAJa c= ,iQMC b_E ?_aO Hl dJGaF_G ^g= dp
?FG__G H@p ,u_P hla .IQTI_ OJal qcQgA A9afE Htll_G Qci Hlp u_P_ ,IOJGa_G
k
HcFGar_ 9r=a IQTC Q=AgA dA_G OGQpFG Hl ?falGl u9FJ H9t 9l bAl \FC ,OtCA
A9F=a .OKg_G Hl 23 IO9l_G dp IQQrl_G ?c9lJ_G 9JC9afE >Gc \F@p ,?_aO_G qGQfCa
IQTFG maKpl_ 9JQcTpAa 9KlKp ?cpct Hf ?FG__G k_=A HC qGQaFG caO_G b_f ,\c_f
k
mKcO_a HcGaRAl_G Qci [9MWFG ;Dlp .... ,9KFcFGara 9KA9glAGl Q9aE dp 9Kr9aFa
OgA OJ jC b_E Hc=A HC qGQaFG caO_G b_f H@p ,OJGa_G O_Ga_G aaP c9paFG aC c9paC
k
"?cFaa_G qGQfFGa HcFGar_G c=r Hl ?clJla 9K= 9pQAgl QTFG Hl YGaFFG gPJ
)16(
.
? lTQ_G LGaR_G Oarf >9ci HE :H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G qc]Aa

, c
k
IQTFG OaGa Hl hFlc H_ ,?c_MGO ?cf9lAGG qGQfC u9FJ HatA 9lOFf 9ZaZMa
)17(
,
k
OaGa hl HcO_Ga_G Hc= c9ZpFGa s;a cZJ HEa GQlATl br=c IQTFG maKpl HCa
k
?GcAF .WFA Or dA_G ,IQTFG OaGa= car__ 9cT9TC Uc_ LGaR_G HCa , A9F=FG )18(
k
mKF@p ,:9paC 9=GFCa HlR_G Hl IQAp H9ZMW Xc9gA 9l bAlp ,?cGaR_G Qci IQW9gl_G
. u_Pt mJQ=AgA 9KpGQfCa ?cFgl_G ?_aO_G HcFGar BF9t GPE ,IQTC HaQ=Agc
)19(
k
j QTFG c9lJDG aC c;jAT;_ ^QgA_G mOf - 9cF9D
g : u_P H@p ,mK= ?c9Fg_Ga 9K_9paC ?c9fQ Hf ?_aCTl IQTFG BF9t GPE
HC dF c
dp 9K_9lJE aC 9JQcZrA Hf ?_A9Tl Qci 9KFC aC ,mKgl cl9gA_G dp ?cQJ_G s_al 9K_
:HC b_f cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 19 IO9l_G dp A9G u_P_ ,mKAc9fQ
?clc_gA_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQGODGa ?cgcQWA_G Qc=GOA_G hclG qGQaFG caO_G PMAA - 1
?c_rg_G aC ?cFO=_G IA9TDG aC QQ]_G aC qFg_G c9tWC ct Hl cpa_G ?c9lJ_ ?l8;l_G
In the words of the Committee: "... in view of the existence of various forms of )16(
family, such as unmarried couples and their children or single parents and their
children, States parties should also indicate whether and to what extent such
types of family and their members are recognized and protected by domestic
law and practice". See: HRC, General Comment No. 19 (1990), [2].
.Ngambi v. France, HRC Communication No. 1179/2003 (9 July 2004), [6.4]. )17(
Hendriks v. Netherlands, HRC Communication No. 201/85 (12 August 1988), )18(
[10.3].
Balaguer Santacana v. Spain, HRC Communication No. 417/90 (29 July 1994), )19(
[10.2]; see also: Kroon v. Netherlands, 27 October 1994, (1995) 19 EHRR 263,
[30].
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 20
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
B9TTCl QcaaA cptA HC 9Kc_fa ,c9lJE b_f ?caaFl_G ?_l9gl_G aC c9lJDG aC

.c9paFG ?c9fQ B9lOMa spGQla
h]a_ ?_9gq p BGAGQGE - A9]Ar:G >TJ= - ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G gPJ clWA HC dj=Fc - 2
,mKAc9fQ= \FaOKgAc HcP_G u8_aFa ,cpa__ mR;_G mfO_G QcpaA_ ?cf9lAGG HlGQ=
IQatPl_G cpa_G ?_l9gl IA9TE B:9J OcOJA_a ,?c9ra_G Hl iQMFG c9tWI_ u_Pta
9KAg=9Ala ,9KAG_9gla 9Kcp scrJA_Ga 9KF.W= ?_9JDGa 9KFf Z;=DGa H6G bAJ
.A9]Ar:G >TJ= A9]r_G cMOA_ u_Pta
?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )1( 24 IO9l_G BZF u_Pt

hlAGl_G b_fa \AQTC b_f sJ ... O_a ct_ Hatc" :\FC 9Kcp A9G dA_G ,?cT9cT_Ga
k
B_9r u_P caJa ,"GQZ9r \Fat 9Kc]Arc dA_G ?c9lJ_G Qc=GOA P9MAG dp ?_aO_G b_fa
IQTFG aC HGO_Ga_G cWpc 9lOFf cGaJFG dp ..." :\FE H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G
jP_G QlFG dp cMOA_G ?_aO_G b_f >Gc \F@p ,mK_9paC ?_l9gl Ha8cTc aC ,mKA9=GGa dp
"QlFG mR_ HE ,mKFf c9paFG cZp OJ b_E cZc Or

)20(
.
B_9r ,c9paFG 9K_ ^QgAc Or dA_G qFg_G aC ?_l9gl_G IA9TE c9tW.= s_gAc 9lcpa
d_rg_G AGPcDG aC c9lJDG :clWA 9KFE 13 mrQ m9g_G 9Krc_gA dp cpa_G sarJ ?FG_
)21(
Hl ?a9J_G ?_l9gl_G aC >cPgA_G aC dTFG_G c;jAT:G aC jOTG_G >9rg_G aC dFO=_G aC
B9TQ9ll_G aC ,mKTpFF c9paFG AGPcE aC c9paFG Hc= qFg_G aC ,?cF9TFDG ?lGQt_G

. ?DcOJ_G c9ZA:G c89Ta c;M Hl qFg_G aC m;fDG c89Ta dp qFg_G aC ?cPCl_G
)22(
ctW=a )23(
, ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G Bl9r Ora
The HRC stated that: "...in cases where the parents and the family seriously )20(
fail in their duties, ill-treatment or neglect the child, the State should intervene
to restrict parental authority and the child may be separated from his family
when circumstances so require". See: HRC, General Comment No. 17, Rights
of the Child (Article 24) (7 April 1989), [6].
k
IQWf Hl q_.AAa ,1989 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 43 IO9l__ 9r=a ?FG__G gPJ B8WFC )21(
IOl_ ?cr9pA:G dp qGQaFG caO_G dFaGal Hc= Hl ?cZMW_G mKApZ= mJQ9cAMG mAc ,AGQ=M
QcQ9rA dr_A= ?FG__G gPJ [AMAa .cO9g_G dpGQjG_G hcRaA_G I9fGQl hl u_Pa ,BGaFT h=QC
9KAPMAG dA_G Qc=GOA_G caJ IOJAl_G mlI_ m9g_G HclFG Q=f 9Kc_E cZA dA_G qGQaFG caO_G
.PcpFA_G h]al ?cr9pA:G h]a_ caO_G
CRC, General Comment No. 13, The right of the Child to freedom from all )22(
forms of violence (18 April 2011), [19]-[31].

= jO9ZAr:G U_Gl_G Hf QO9Z_G 1985/17 mrQ QGQr_G >Gal= ?FG__G gPJ A9WFE A9G )23(
21 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
j OTG_G >9rg_G u_P dp 9l= ,c9paFG O] qFg_Ga c;jAT:G QaZ ct ?FGO@= ,m8GO
?cFgl_G ?_aO__ dFaa_G HaF9r_G dp Q=AfG HEa bAJ ,9K_9paC O] IQTFG \= marA jP_G
k k
":argl 9=cO.A"
)24(
.
k
mJQTC H f c9paFG cZp mOf - 9D_9D
O_ =
aC Hc Ga a LGa R Qcj= aC LGaR= \c_E IQ9WDG s=9T_G aJF_G b_f IQTFG BOGa GPE
Hf c9paFG cZp RaGc : \F@p ,9KpGQfCa ?cFgl_G ?_aO_G HcFGar >TJ= OJGa O_Ga=
k
,\F9c= s=9T_G aJF_G b_f mK_9lJE aC mKA_l9gl IA9T@t ,GOG ?cQaQ] >9=TF :E mJQTC
?cr9pAG Hl )1( 9 IO9l_G [FA u_P dpa . mKAJ_Zl cGC Hl cZp_G Hatc HCa
)25(
gQt b_f \cO_Ga Hf cpa_G cZp mOf qGQaFG caO_G Hl]A" :\FC b_f cpa_G sarJ
k k
HcFGar__ 9rpa ,?c89]r QdF IO9fE AGQG@= 9FJQ ,?ZAMl_G B9a_T_G QQrA 9lOFf :E ,9lKFl
Ora ,b_]p_G cpa_G K_9Zl HaZ_ jQaQ] cZp_G GPJ HC ,9K= calgl_G BGAGQGDGa
9lK_9lJE aC cpa_G ?_l9gl HcO_Ga_G IA9TE ?_9J cDl ?Fcgl ?_9J dp QGQr_G GPJ cDl mR_c
"?l9rDG cJl H.W= QGQr P9MAG HcgAca Hc_ZpFl HGO_Ga_G Xcgc 9lOFf aC ,\_
)26(
.
[9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G dp 9Kc_f [F_G OQc m_ EcJ ;1985/5/28 dp df9lAG:Ga =

k
Q =M QWf ?cF9lD Hl ?FG__G gPJ q_.AAa ,?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9=
,G c
h=QC IOl_ OKg_G dp qGQaFG caO_G dFaGal Hl ?cZMW_G mKApZ= mJQ9cAMG mAc
.cO9g_G dpGQjG_G hcRaA_G I9fGQl hl u_Pa ,BGaFT
QcQ9rA_G dr_A dp 9KA.WF ?cGO= dp QZJFc ?FG__G gPJ [9ZAMG HC QtP_9= QcOG_Ga
?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G dp qGQaFG caO_G 9K_TQA dA_G
k
marAa ,OKg_G Hl 17a 16 HcAO9l__ 9rc=aA u_Pa ,OKg_G GPK_ 9JPcpFA caJ ?cp9rD_Ga
marA mD ,QlFG mR_ HE ?cp9]E B9la_gl >_aa QcQ9rA_G gPJ ?TGQO= u_P Og= ?FG__G
jO9vZvAvr:G Uv_vGvlv_G bv_E \vlOvrvAa ,9vKvA9vcvZavAa 9vKvA9vJGQvAvrG Hvlv]vAvc QvcQvrvA hv]av=
,2009 m9f dp OKg_9= sJ_l_G jQ9cAM:G cataAaQ=_G O9lAfG Og= \FC Qci .df9lAG:Ga
k
aC OGQpFG Hf ?=9cF aC c=r Hl B9i;=_G dr_A= [9ZAM:G 9]cC ?FG__G A9afE mA
mKFC HafOq ca cataAaQ=_G dp qQa ?_aO ?c:a Hl] Ha_MOc HcP_G OGQpFG B9f9lG
?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_G Hl jF ?_aO_G gPJ >F9G Hl u9KAF: 9c9J]
.OKg_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G
CESCR, Concluding Observations: Malta, E/C.12/1/Add.101 (14 December )24(
2004), [22]. In regional law, see for examples: World Organization against
Torture v. Greece, ECSR Complaint No. 17/2003 (7 December 2004).
\cO_Ga Hf cpa_G cZp QdJc \FC 1959 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ H;fD UO9T_G CO=l_G dp A9G )25(
.?c89FDAT:G qaQd_G dp :E \A9cJ cKATl dp
.cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )1( 9 IO9l_G :hGGQ )26(
2017/4
å ÏbFÇ 22
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
?_aO IOW= ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G BOrAFG Ora
dp mKg]a mAca mJQTC Hf Ha_Zpc HcP_G c9paFG B:9J OOf IQDt >=T= ,HcaQF_G
. ?c9fQ RtGQl
)27(
Olsson v. Sweden ?c]r dp H9TFDG sarJ_ ?c=aQaFG ?ltJl_G H@p u_Pt

k
mAc 9lOFf GOG O9G m9dF dp cMOA :\FE mJQTC Hf c9paFG cZp ?_.Tl caJ B_9r
?_a=rla ?car BGQ9=Af9= ?lafOl HatA HC >Gc YaF_G GPJ Hl IaaMp ,IQTC scQpA
"... c9paFG ?J_Zl_ HatA
)28(
.
k k
9 f c9paFG cZp RGaG= car__ :a=rl 9==T Uc_ IQTI_ ?c_9l_G IQOr_G mOf HE c=
, KF
?FG__G B_9r u_P_ . QlFG GPJ cDl caZJ hFlA bAJ IQTFG mfOA HC >Gc ?_aO_9p
)29(
B:Ogl Y9pAQG HE ..." :GOFt [aZM= ?c89KF_G 9KA9dJ;l dp H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G
k
"OKg__ 9r=a mK_ IQQrl_G ?c9lJ_G HaO HK_9paC cgGc B9=R9g_G B9KlFG iO_ Qrp_G
)30(
.
k
HC >Gc \F@p cpa_G ?c9lJ cGC Hla ?cQKr >9=TF cZp_G cZJ H@p ,GQcMC
k
Y9arF:G GPJ Hatc : EcJ= ;\AQTC hl cpa_G ?r;f QlATA HC >Gca ,9ArCl Hatc
k
. 9l8GO )31(
k
?c9fQ_Ga ?F9]J_G v c9paFG sJ - 9g=GQ
k
c9paFG Hatc Or aC ,9r=9T 9Kc_E Q9Wl_G >9=TI_ mJQTC Hf c9paFG cZpc Or
k k
9Fatc HC jC( 9lKApQgl mOf >=T= 9lEa HcO_Ga_G I9pa >=T= 9lE ;ZC 9l9AcC
CESCR, Concluding Observations: Norway, E/C.12/1/Add. 109 (23 June 2005), )27(
[14].
In the words of the European Court of Human Rights: "...it is an interference )28(
of a very serious order to split up a family. Such a step must be supported by

sufficiently sound and weighty considerations in the interests of the child; as
the Commission rightly observed, it is not enough that the child would be
better off if placed in care". See: Olsson v. Sweden (App. 10465/83), 24 March
1988, (1989) 11 EHRR 259, [72].
ECSR, Statement of Interpretation on Article 16 of the European Social )29(
Charter (9 December 2011) (Article 16 concerns the right of the family to

protection).
(1990) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add. 105. )30(
ECSR, Statement of Interpretation on Article 16; see also ECSR, General )31(
Observation regarding Article 17 of the Revised European Social Charter

(Article 16 of the European Social Charter 1961) (31 December 2001).
23 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
,c9paFG Hl YaF_G GPK_ ?_cO= ?c9fQ QcpaA= caO_G mRA_A ?_9J_G gPJ dpp ,)Hc_aKGl
B9TTCl aC ?F9]J RtGQl c;M Hl >_9j_G dp aC ,iQMC QTC c;M Hl u_P Hatca
GPJ dp caO_G 9KcfGQA HC >Gc dA_G BGQ9=Af:G H@p ?_9J_G gPJ dpa .?cf9lAGG ?c9fQ
:dJ [aZM_G
. B9TTCl_G aC RtGQl_G gPJ clf dp caFG Q9=Af:G dJ cpa_G ?J_Zl Ha tA HC -
.Hc AlR;_G ?l;T_Ga ?JZ_G Qcc9gl B9TTCl_G aC RtGQl_G gPJ dfGQA HC -
:\FE cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 3 I O9l_G carA u_P caJa

?c9fQ_G B9TTCl 9K= Bl9r AGaT ,c9paF9= s_gAA dA_G BGAGQGDG hclG dp - 1
B98cK_G aC ?cQGODG B9a_T_G aC ,mt9Jl_G aC ,?Z9M_G aC ?l9g_G ?cf9lAG:G

b_]p_G cpa_G K_9Zl_ Q9=Af:G b_ac ,?cgcQWA_G
)32(
.
?cfGQl ,\J9pQ_ HcAlR;_G ?c9fQ_Ga ?c9lJ_G cpa__ Hl]A H.= qGQaFG caO_G OKgAA - 2
k
,\Ff 9FaF9r Hc_aCTl_G OGQpFG Hl mJQci aC \89cZaC aC \cO_Ga B9=GGaa sarJ
k
.?l8;l_G ?cQGODGa ?cgcQWA_G Qc=GOA_G hclG ,^Qj_G GPK_ 9rcrJA PMAAa
?c9fQ Hf ?_aCTl_G spGQl_Ga BGQGODGa B9TTCl_G OcrAA HC qGQaFG caO_G cptA - 3

d_9Gl dp 9lcT:a ,?ZAMl_G B9a_T_G 9KAg]a dA_G Qcc9gl_G c9paFG ?c9lJ aC
IA9pt ?cJ9F Hl u_Pta ,clg__ mKAcJ;Za 9Kcpdal OOf dpa ,?JZ_Ga ?l;T_G
.qGQWDG
c89Tl Hl gQtP s=T 9l b_f Oct.A_G cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 20 IO9l_G OcgAa
:\FC qc]Aa ,mKAc9fQa c9paFG ?F9]J= ?r_gAl
k
9d9pJ ,\_ KlTc : jP_G aC ?c_89g_G \A8c= Hl ?l8GO aC ?ArCl ?pZ= maQJl_G cpa__ - 1
,21 I O9l_Ga ,)1( 18 IO9l_Ga ,)3( 9 IO9l_G dp u_Pt cpa__ b_]p_G K_9Zl_G K_aZl OQa )32(
)1( 3 I O9l_G dp Ht_a ,cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )3(a )>( )2( 40a )L( 37 IO9l_Ga
k k
hclG= s_gAc 9l9f 9ZF Hl]AA 9KFF ,c9Gl_G GPJ dp ?clJC QDtC aO=A g;fC 9Kc_E Q9Wl_G
.cpa_9= ?r_gAl_G BGAGQGDG
?cQGODGa ?cgcQWA_G B98cK_G d_aA HC mR_ATc CO=l_G GPJ HC cpa_G sarJ ?FG_ BJ]aC Ora
k k k
BGQGQr_G dp ;lAJl aC 9c_gp GQD.A cpa_G sarJ QD.A iOl_ >GGa_G Q9=Af:G 9K_t ?c89]r_Ga
?cr9pAG P9pFE Qc=GOA H.W= 2003 m9f QO9Z_G 5 mrQ m9g_G sc_gA_G( .9KFf IQO9Z_G c9lfFGa
.)cpa_G sarJ
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 24
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
Hc AZ9M IOf9Tla ?c9lJ dp sJ_G ,?8c=_G u_A dp A9r=_9= b_]p_G \J_9Zl b_f
.?_aO_G 9lJQpaA
k
. cpa_G GPJ cDl_ ?_cO= ?c9fQ ?cFaa_G 9KFcFGar_ 9rpa qGQaFG caO_G Hl]A - 2
HaF 9r_G dp IOQGa_G ?_9pt_G aC ?F9]J_G ,QalC ?_lG dp ?c9fQ_G gPJ clWA HC Htlc - 3
,c9paFG ?c9fQ_ ?=T9Fl B9TTCl dp ?l9rDG IQaQ]_G OFf aC dF=A_G aC ,dl;TDG
dp ?cQGQlAT:G >GaZAT: >GGa_G Q9=Af:G A;cE dj=Fc ca_J_G dp QdF_G OFfa
.?caj__Ga ?cp9rD_Ga ?cFcO_Ga ?cFDDG cpa_G ?cp_M_a cpa_G ?c=QA

k
\F@p ,9lJOJC aC \cO_Ga Hf :aZpl cpa_G Hat c9J dp \FC b_f Oct.A_G dj=Fca
HE H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G carA u_P caJa ,\= 9lK_9ZAG QGQlATG H9l] >Gc
?_f9p ?c9lJ >_aAA ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 17 IO9l_G
caO_G Hl ?FG__G B=_a 9lt Q9jZ_G \_9paF mdAFl c9ZA9= IO_Ga_G aC O_Ga_G sJ_
)33(
Hc_aZpl_G mK89=B hl c9paFG ?r;f dlJA HC qGQaFG

)34(
.
jP_G \F=G caJ >C iatW= ?r_gAl_G Patera v. Czech Republic ?c]r dpa
b_f ,\F=G b_E caZa_G Hl >FG hFl EcJ ,\c_f ?cQZJ ?F9]J= )\Arc_a( mFG hAlAA
sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G B_9r EcJ ,[aZM_G GPK= dFaa d89]r QlC OaGa Hl miQ_G
:\FE H9TFDG
9KlGQAJG mOf >=T= \Arc_a mcQjA= Bl9r ]?cFaa_G[ mt9Jl_G HC Hl miQ_G b_f"
mAc m_ B9lGQj_G gPJ H@p ,\F=G b_E caZa_9= dt9W_G sJ= ?r_gAl_G ?c89]r_G QlGaI_
gPJ cDl dpp u_P_ .dt9W_G sarJ Hl]A iQMC BGAGQG@= 9K_GO=ATG aC 9K_cZJA
HC ?FG__G iQA ,9Kc_f atWl_G ?_aO_G dp BGAGQGDG dp Ab=_G Q9=Af:9= PMFGa cGaJFG
2 IO9l_G hl BFQr 9l GPE ,OKg_G Hl 17 IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G dt9W_G sarJ
?FG__G iQA ,mD Hla .?c_gp_G ?c9lJ_G Hl dptc 9l s_AA m_ ,OKg_G Hl )2(a )1( IQrp
"OKg_G Hl 2 IO9l_Ga 17 IO9l__ u9KAFG Hf qWtA 9Kl9lC ?JaQal_G h89ra_G HC
)35(
.
As stated by the HRC that Article 17 of the ICCPR requires "effective )33(
protection to the right of a parent to regular contact with his or her minor
children". See: Patera v. Czech Republic, HRC Communication No. 946/2000
(25 July 2002), [7.3]; LP v. Czech Republic, HRC Communication No. 946/00
(19 August 2002), [7.3].
=
Patera v. Czech Republic, Op.cit. [7.3]-[7.4]. )35(
25 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
k
mc_gA_G v cpa_G sJ - 9Tl9M
k
H l \rrJc 9l_ GQdF ;H9TFE ct I9cJ dp IQc=t ?clJC mc_gA__ H@p m9f ctW=
dp dTc8Q cMOla ,I9cJ_Ga QctpA_G >c_9TC dp A9rAQGa ?cZMW__ QaaAa dFJP A9lF
dlFG ^pQca m_gAl_G b_f OlAgc 9KFl QcDt_G K=ZC dA_G c9lfFGa q89da_G cjW
cpa_9= s_gAc 9lFcJ ?clJC QDtC Hatc QlFG H@p [9M ctW=a . )m_gAl_G Qci( )36(
q
HaF9r_G cMOA GP_ ,?crcrJ_G \Alcr QOrc :a ,mc_gA_G ?clJC uQOc : jP_G QcjZ_G
GPJ LGQOE IQaQ] cpa_G ?c9fQ Hf caCTl_G aC 9lJOJC aC \cO_Ga b_f ^Qpa d_aO_G
:9JGOJ b_f QcT_G caO_G b_f >Gc dA_G O9=l_G ?falGl c;M Hl ,mc_gA_G dp cpa_G
c9ZpFG ?_9J dp \cO_Ga hl ?ldAFla IQW9=l B9r;g= e9pAJ:G dp cpa_G sJ caJa =
Berrehab v. The ?vcv]vr dvp H9vTvFDG savrvJv_ ?vcv=aQaFG ?vlvtvJvlv_G cavrvA ,\vAQvTC
?cr9pA:G Hl 8 IO9l_G c=r Hl blJA HC O=: ?l9A_G ?cQTFG ?r;g_G HE Netherlands
?_9J dp bAJ 9Kc_f ?dp9Jl_G dj=Fc IQTFG I9cJ HCa ,H9TFDG sarJ_ ?c=aQaFG
c9ZA:G dp sJ_G cl9t mK_ Hatc mK]g= Hf Hc_ZpFl_G A9=6G H.=a ,s;a_G
OcOlA_G mOg= ?cOF_aK_G B9a_T_G BGQGQr H;a== ?ltJl_G BltJ u_P_ .mK_9pa.=
.GOF_aJ dp )Berrehab OcT_G( >FG ?l9rE KcQZA=
mcrc ?cTFG_G d=Qjl HaGal aJ Berrehab OcT_G HC dp ?c]r_G gPJ h89ra [M_AAa
k
LGaR_G Orf NTpFG mD ,:9paC 9KFl >GFC Ora ,?cF9l_C ICQlG Hl LaRA Ora ,GOF_aJ dp
u_P Og=a ,BGaFT h=QC IOl_a Ya=TC ct crFG b_f IQl mJGQca gO:aC b_f spFc cda
hpQ b_E \gpO 9ll 9Klc_rE b_f ?l9rDG KcQZA dp \_ OlA HC ?cOF_aK_G ?latJ_G B]pQ
(Judgment of 21 June 1988, Series .H9TFDG sarJ_ ?c=aQaFG ?ltJl_G m9lC iatW
A, No. 138)
:QdFG ,?c]r_G gPJ ccZ9pA caJ OcRl__
Mark W. Junis, European Human Rights Law Text and Materials, 1995,
p. 241.
:9pa_G a=C OlJC QaAtO_G P9ATFG carc ,m9f ctW= H9TF<_ ?=TF_9= mc_gA_G ?clJC caJa )36(
aC ?cFOl aC ?cT9cT BF9t AGaT ,?cT9TFG \A9cQJa \rarJ_ H9TFDG ?TQ9ll qraAca GPJ..."
m_g_G HC dp cO9GF : c= .\Ap9rD iaATl b_fa \l_gA ?GQO b_f ,?cf9lAGG aC ?cO9ZArG
HC Q9=Af9= dJGaF_G hclG dpa ,^QFG KaT b_f H9TFDG QcZl dp H9ltJAc m_gA_Ga
k
."\TpF H9TFDG ?lGQt \c_E GO9FATG OcWA jP_G U9TFG ctWc mc_gA_G
?gcQW dp ?c_aO_G B9r;g_Ga d_aO_G HaF9r_G OfGar= m;fDG >9At ,9pa_G a=C OlJC .O :QdFG
.258 [ ,)2001 - IQJ9r_G( b_aFG ?g=a_G ,?c=Qg_G ?]KF_G QGO ,UO9T_G ARG_G ,m;TDG
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 26
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
l R_E
d G 8 OA=:G mc_gA_G
d G - 1
?c9KF b_E jC( c9paI_ d8GOA=:G mc_gA_G ?_.Tl Hl d_aO_G HaF9r_G OfGar B_gG
hclG_ u_P Hl]A HC 9Kc_f >Gca ,caO_G b_f ?clGR_E ?_.Tl )?aTaAl_G ?_JQl_G
.9lJQci mC HGO_Ga_G H9tC AGaT ,c9paFG ?c9fQ b_aAc Hl b_f u_P ^QpA HCa ,c9paFG
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )2( 13 IO9l_G dp A9G u_P_

HCa ,?p9rD_G dp OGQpFG hclG sJ qGQaFG caO_G QrA HC b_f ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
k
."... 9clGR_E d8GOA=:G mc_gA_G cgG >aGa -C" :dA.c 9l= u_P scrJA cc=T dp marA
k
?cr9pAG Hl )1( 28 IO9l_G BZF Orp ,c9paF9= s_gAc 9lcp 9ZcZMA QDtC aJF b_fa
dp marA HCa ,mc_gA_G dp cpa_G sJ= qGQaFG caO_G qQAgA HC b_f cpa_G sarJ
k
."... 9clGR_E d8GOA=:G mc_gA_G cgG -C" :9KlJC Hl QalC IOg= u_P cc=T
k
aC HcO_Ga__ ?cQcOrA_G ?a_T__ 9g]9M \_gG mOfa mc_gA_G ?clGR_E dp >=T_G cg_a
:a mc_gA_G ?clJC uQOc : HT_G QcjZ cpa_G HE PE ;?J]Ga cpa_G ?c9fQ b_aAc Hl
?J_Zl hl ^Q9gAA Or mJQci aC HcO_Ga_G aC IQTFG ?J_Zl HC 9lt ,\ArcrJ mKpc
.cpa_G ?J_Zl b_f ?Z9M_G mKJ_9Zl GalOr mK_ QlFG hGQ H@p ,mc_gA_G dp cpa_G
Hl 9lKFtlc 9l= ?pQgl_Ga mKp_G Hl ?c_9f ?GQO b_f H9Fatc : Or HcO_Ga_G HE c=
.cpa__ ?=TF_9= mc_gA_G ?clJC uGQOE
dF 9Gl 8 OA=:G mc_gA_G

d G - 2
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )2( 13 IO9l_G qAtA m_

mc_gA_G cgG >aGa" IQ9=f b_E Bp9]C c= ,mc_gA_G ?clGR_@= ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
k k
IO9l_G dp BOQa 9KTpF IQ9=g_Ga ."hclG__ H9Gl_9= 9J9Ala" IQ9=g= "9clGR_E d8GOA=:G
k
9clGR_E d8GOA=:G mc_gA_G cgG" caO_G b_f \FC Hl cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )1( 28
k k k
9aQW - B9rpF_G Hl 9JQcia maTQ_G ^Qp H@p mD Hla ."hclG__ 9F9Gl 9J9Ala
.?r=9T_G OGal_G [aZF KcQZ_ q_9Ml QlC - d8GOA=:G mc_gA_9= cpa_G s9JA_:
K]Ga aJ 9lta - c= ,?_aO_G dp HcFaGal_G c9paFG b_f QZArc : 9FJ QlFGa

?clc_rDG ?c:a_G Hl] HcOaGal_G c9paFG hclG clWc \FC - [F_G ?clalf Hl
Qci mC ?cfQW mKAl9rE BF9tC AGaT jC ,OaGa_G GPJ ?cfQW Hf QdF_G ^j= ?_aO__
k
9J9Al Htc m_ HE mc_gA_G ?cF9Gl_ ?lcr ;p ,?J9AD9= ?FaQrl BA9G 9FJ ?cF9Gl_Ga .u_P
ct cMGO ?cp9t OGOf.= ?clc_gA HlGQ=a B9TTCl Hl dptc 9l QpGaA >Gc jC ,hclG__
27 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
Hc TQOla spGQl H l ?clc_gA_G HlGQ=_Ga B9TTCl_G gPJ \c_E L9AJA 9l hl ,?_aO

. ?cTGQO_G B9lR_ATl_G Hl 9JaJFa UcQOA OGala Hc=QOAl
)37(
QaTcla QpGaAl d _9g_Ga jaF 9D_G mc_gA_G - 3
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )2( 13 IO9l_G BlR_C u_Pt

\_9tWC dp jaF9D_G mc_gA_G cgG >aGa"vvvv= qGQaFG caO_G ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
k k
ct= hclG__ GQaTcla 9J9Al ,dFKl_Ga dFp_G jaF9D_G mc_gA_G u_P dp 9l= ,?p_AMl_G
]a[ ...HcQOA_9= ?cF9Gl ?p9rD_G cgG scQa Hf ,[aZM_G \Ga b_fa ?=T9Fl_G c89Ta_G
k
c89Ta_G ct= IA9pt_G U9TC b_f hclG__ GQaTcl u_Pt d_9g_G mc_gA_G cgG >aGa
k
9]cC GPJa ."...HcQOA_9= ?cF9Gl ?p9rD_G cgG scQa Hf [aZM_G \Ga b_fa ,?=T9Fl_G
qGQaFG caO_G b_f HC Hl ;cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )1( 28 IO9l_G \c_f BOtC 9l
9KAJ9AEa 9JQcpaAa ,dFKl_G aC m9g_G AGaT jaF9D_G mc_gA_G c9tWC bAW QcaaA hcGWA"
IOf9Tl_G mcOrAa mc_gA_G ?cF9Gl c9MOE cDl ,?=T9Fl_G Qc=GOA_G P9MAGa ,c9paFG hclG_
k
9J9Al - ?=T9Fl_G c89Ta_G bAW= - d_9g_G mc_gA_G cgG ]a[ ,9Kc_E ?G9J_G OFf ?c_9l_G
."...BGQOr_G U9TC b_f hclG__
>Gc \F@p ,)d_9g_Ga jaF9D_G( mc_gA_G Hl YaF_G GPK_ ?=TF_9= \FC K]Ac GPtJa
k
?clc_gA HlGQ=a B9vTvvTCla RtGQl O9GcE jC - GQpGaAl \_gG qGQaFG caO_G b_f
k k
,\pc_9tAa \laTQ dp 9j_9=l Hatc : EcJ= ;OGQpFG ca9FAl dp jC ,GQaTcla - ?cp9t
cKTA bAJ ;?c_9l_G B9F9fDGa BGOf9Tl_G Hl mdF A9WFE qGQaFG caO_G b_f HE c=
OFf qrc : qGQaFG caO_G mGRA_Ga . d_9g_Ga jaF9D_G mKlc_gA c9ltE ?ZQp hclG__
)38(
u_Pa ,d_9g_G aC jaF9D_G mc_gA_G AGaT dF9Gl_G mc_gA_G Za_= 9Kc_f >Gc PE ;OJ_G GPJ
.?=T9Fl_G c89Ta_G bAW c;M Hla dGcQOA ctW=
K. Tomasevski, Annual Report of the Special Rapportor on the Right to )37(
Education, U.N. Doc., E/Cn.4/2001/52.

?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G sc_gA Hl )C/6( IQrp_G :u_Pt QdFG
s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 13 IO9l_G H.W= 1999 m9f dp QO9Z_G )21( 13 mrQ m9g_G
.?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9=
Rhona Smith, International Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, )38(
2005, p. 312.
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 28
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
mc_gA_G d p 9Tl_G
IG a - 4
k
dF 9Gl_G d8GOA=:G mc_gA_G Hf 9KDcOJ OFf ?c_aO_G uatZ_G H@p 9r=9T QtP 9lt
k
9J9Al sJ_G GPJ Hatc HC BaQAWG 9KF@p ,QaTcl_Ga QpGaAl_G d_9g_Ga jaF9D_G mc_gA_Ga
dp ,?TGQO_G gPJ Ya]al c9paFG mKcp 9l= ,OGQpFG hclG ia9TAc HC jC ,hclG__
H9t >=T jF mKFc= RcclA_G RaGc : EcJ= ,sJ_G GPJ Hl mKAO9pATGa mK_aZJ
)39(
.
:HC b_f BZF dA_G cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )1( 2 IO9l_G \AG_9f 9l GPJa
cpa ct_ 9KFl]Aa ,?cr9pA:G gPJ dp ?J]al_G sarJ_G qGQaFG caO_G mQAJA"
aC cpa_G QZFf Hf QdF_G ^j= ,RcclA_G YGaFC Hl YaF jC HaO 9KAc:a_ h]Mc
mKcCQ aC mKFcO aC mKAj_ aC mKTFG aC mKFa_ aC \c_f dFaF9r_G dZa_G aC \cO_Ga

,mJRGf aC mKAaQD aC ,df9lAG:G aC dFDDG aC dlar_G mK_ZC aC ,gQci aC dT9cT_G
"... QMB h]a jC aC ,mJO_al aC

)40(
.
mOf ?clJC OtCA_ mc_gA_G dp IGa9Tl_G B_a9FA IOcOf ?c_aO B9cr9pAG OGaAa
b_f ?_DlFG Hla ,mc_gA_G dp sJ_9= QlFG s_gAc 9lFcJ RcclA_G Hl YaF j.= ca=r_G
:dA.c 9l B9cr9pA:G gPJ
.1960 m9g_ mc_gA_G c9Gl dp RcclA_G ?Jp9tl_ atTFac_G ?cr9pAG -
.1965 m9g_ jQZFg_G RcclA_G c9tWC ?p9t b_f A9]r_G ?cr9pAG -
.1979 m9g_ ICQl_G O] RcclA_G c9tWC ?p9t b_f A9]r_G ?cr9pAG -

k
c9paFG clg= ?_ZA*G sarJ_G - 9TO9T
k
?clJF QdFa ,cpa Hac_l 215 aJF= mKc_jWA mAc HcP_G c9paFG OOf QOrc
G
OfGar H@p ,mJalFa c9paFG mc_gA b_f clAJl_G gQcD.Aa c9paFG clf Ya]al
Hl ?falGl= \Aa9JC 9lFEa s_al ctW= \gFlA m_ H9TFDG sarJ_ d_aO_G HaF9r_G
:dA6G aJF_G b_f u_Pa ,b=Ga]_Ga B9F9l]_G
See: )39(
- Thomas Hammarberg, Making Reality of the Rights of the Child, Radda

Barnen Sweden, 1994, p.13.
Xr9FA qaT H9t >=T jF mKFc= RcclA_G mOf dp c9paFG sJ caJ ccZpA_G Hl OcRl__ )40(
.dF9D_G >_al_G dp
29 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
c9paFG clg_ bF OFG T_G

H - 1
k k
BF9t GPE 9ZaZM ,sRQ__ QOZlt cpa__ ?Z9M ?clJC Hl clg_G \_Dlc 9l_ QdF G
k k
cpa_G alF b_f QW9=l_G gQcD.A_ GQdFa ,GOG ?8cT \AQTCa cpa__ ?cWcgl_G qaQd_G
HT OcOJA b_f 9Kcp qGQaFG caO_G ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G BlR_C Orp ,dFO=_Ga d_rg_G
:\FC Hl cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )2( 32 IO9l_G dp A9G 9l u_P Hla .clg__ bFOC
cptA dA_G ?ca=QA_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQGODGa ?cgcQWA_G Qc=GOA_G qGQaFG caO_G PMAA"
marA ?_Z_G BGP iQMFG ?c_aO_G uatZ_G I9fGQl hla ,^Qj_G GPK_a IO9l_G gPJ PcpFA
s9JA_;_ 9cFO Q9lfC aC bFOC Qlf OcOJA )C( :dA.c 9l= [9M \Ga= qGQaFG caO_G
."clg_9=
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )3( 10 IO9l_G BZF u_Pt

k
EcJ= ;HT__ GOaOJ h]A HC u_Pt caO_G b_fa ..." \FC b_f ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
k
."HT_G HaO GaF9t GPE 9FaF9r \c_f >r9gca QG.= c9paFG Hl c9lg_G mGOMATG mQJc
t : HC b_f ,qGQaFG caO__ HT_G OcOJA ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G BtQA Orp u_P_
Ha c
k
b_f" :HE H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G carA u_P dpa ,cargl Qci aJF b_f :R9F
jP_G clg_Ga ,dFaF9r ctW= clg_G \ia_= OFf cpa__ KlTc jP_G HT_G OOJA HC caO_G
k
HT_G Hatc HC RaGc ;p u_P hla ... ,9KcO_ clg_G HcFGar_ 9r=a k_9=t \gl cl9gA_G mAc
k k
"...cargl Qci aJF b_f GOG GQcjZ
)41(
.
mJFG hGQl_G 9JQ9=Af9= ,?_Z_G BGP ?c_aO_G clg_G ?ldFl B9cr9pAG b_E YaGQ_9=a
OJ_G H.W= 1973 ?FT_ 138 mrQ ?cr9pA:G HC OGF ,c9lg_Ga clg_9= cZAc 9l ct dp
168( m_9g_G caO ?c=_9i c=r Hl 9Kc_f ?rO9Zl_G BlA dA_G ,mGOMAT:G HT_ bFOFG
?_aO ct OKgAA" :\FC b_f 9KFl 1 IO9l_G dp A9G EcJ ,?_.Tl_G gPJ BldF Or ,)?_aO
A9]r_G b_E dlQA ?cFaa ?T9cT Y9=A9= 9K_ ?=TF_9= IPp9F ?cr9pA:G gPJ HatA a]f
k
IQaZ= clg_G aC ,mGOMAT:G HT_ bFOFG OJ_G hpQ b_Ea ,c9paFG clf b_f 9c_gp
2 IO9l_G dp BQQr mD ."EGOJI_ dFJP_Ga dFO=_G alF_G hl spAc iaATl b_E ?cGcQOA
:a" ,?clGR_DG ?TGQO_G A9KFE HT Hf HT_G GPJ crc HC RaGc : \FC b_f 9KFl )3(
9KFl )4( IQrp_G dp IO9l_G gPJ HC Qci ."?FT 15 Hf crc HC c9J jC dp RaGc
?cp9t ?GQO ?clc_gA_G 9KA;cKTAa 9JO9ZArG k_=c m_ dA_G caO_G( ?cl9F_G caO_G BFDATG
HRC, General Comment No. 17 (1989). )41(
å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ 30
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
k
crC 9FT ?cGO=_G dp QQrA HC dp 9K_ BJlTa ,)3( IQrp_G m9tJC Hl )QaaA_G Hl
k
.9ArCl u_P Hatc HCa ?crcrJ >9=TF u_P Hatc HC b_f ,?FT 14 aJa ,mGOMAT;_
- ?cr9pA:G Hl 7 IO9l_G dp A9G 9lt - "?pcpM_G" c9lfI_ ?=TF_9= \F@p u_Pt

caO__ ?=TF_9= ?FT 14a 12a( ?FT 15a 13 jQlf Hc= c9paFG mGOMATG RaGc
:?c_9A_G baQW_G I9fGQl hl )?cl9F_G
k
m l
. Ja F aC mKAJZ= GQ9] clg_G t
Ha c HC c9lAJG u9FJ t :C
Ha c -
>vvcQOvvAv _Ga GavvAvv_G HvvlGQvv= dvvp mv KvvtGQvvAv WG aC ?vvTQOv lvv_G dvvp mvvKvvAv =vvdGav l cvvavvgvvc :C
\vvcvv -
.?ZAMl_G B9a_T_G 9JQrA dA_G HccFKl_G
.\Fa r_Ac jP_G mc_gA_G Hl IO9pAT:G b_f mKAQOr qg]c :C -
?JZ QaM__ ^Qgc HC clAJc jP_G YaF_G Hl clg_G aC mGOMAT:G H9t GPE 9lC
RaGc : \F@p ,9Kcp iOCc dA_G qaQd_G aC \Agc=a >=T= ;c9paFG s;MC aC ?l;T aC
OOJAa ,?cr9pA:G Hl )1( 3 IO9l_G dp A9G 9lt ,?FT 18 Hf c9paFG HT crc HC
hl Qa9WA_G Og= qGQaFG caO_G dp ?ZAMl_G ?a_T_G aC ?cFaa_G K8Ga__Ga HcFGar_G
. c9lfFG Hl YaF_G GPJ HccFgl_G c9lg_Ga clg_G >9=QC B9ldFl
)42(
c9lg_Ga clg_G >9=QC B9ldFl hl Qa9WA_G Og= ,?ZAMl_G ?a_T__ RaGc u_P hla
:?cA6G baQW_9= u_Pa ,16 HT Hl AGOA=G clg_G aC mGOMAT:9= KlTA HC ,HccFgl_G
k
k
.HccF gl_G c9paFG s;MCa ?l;Ta ?JZ 9l9lA H9ZA HC -
k k k k
b9vWvFv_G [avZvMv= p9t 9vcvFvKvl 9v=vcQOvA
Hvcvcv v OOvJvl 9vlvcv_vgvA c9vpvaFG A:CvJ bvrv_vAvc HC
aC G -
. OaZrl_G
)43(
H T_ bFOFG OJ_9= caRF_G ?cr9pAG BR9GC jP_G QcMFG A9FDAT:G HC ?rcrJ_Ga

\FC u_P ,scrO Qci 16 HT Hl AGOA=G c9paFG mGOMATG mAc \=Gal= jP_G mGOMAT:G
k
k
IQrp_G BaQAWG 9lt - 9l9lA ?F9Zl HccFgl_G c9paFG s;MCa ?l;Ta ?JZ BF9t GPE
k
)4(a )3( IQrp 2 IO9l_G sc=aA m9lC HatF 9FF@p - 9r=9T IQatPl_G 3 IO9l_G Hl )3(
.?cl9F_G caO_G dp ?FT 14a m9f ctW= ?FT 15 jC ,?cr9pA:G Hl
OJ_G H.W= 1973 ?FT_ 138 mrQ ?c_aO_G clg_G ?ldFl ?cr9pAG Hl )2( 3 IO9l_G :hGGQ )42(
.mGOMAT:G HT_ bFOFG
OJ_G H.W= 1973 ?FT_ 138 mrQ ?c_aO_G clg_G ?ldFl ?cr9pAG Hl )3( 3 IO9l_G :hGGQ )43(
.mGOMAT:G HT_ bFOFG
31 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
c9paI_ l R_DG
d G aC j Q=G_G clg_G hFl - 2
k k
QGFG YapOla 9=T9Fla 9FlB c9paFG clf 9Kcp Hatc dA_G qaQd_G dp bAJ
,
HC >Gc \F@p ,\F9c= s=9T_G aJF_G b_f mGOMAT;_ bFOFG HT_G I9fGQl \cp BlAa
cZAc 9l dpa .IQJ_G \AOGQEa \=_a b_f A9F= mA Or AkGOA=G clg_G dp cpa_G QGQr Hatc
Hl )1( 12 IO9l_G carA c89Tl_G gPJ cDl dp Qc=gA_G ?cQJ cpa_G A9afE IQaQ]=
b_f QO9r_G cpa__ ?cr9pA:G gPJ dp qGQaFG caO_G cptA" :\FE cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG
UlA dA_G c89Tl_G hclG dp ?cQJ= AGQ6G u_A Hf Qc=gA_G ?cQJ ?Z9M_G \8GQB HcatA
k
clf HC uW:a ,"\G]Fa cpa_G HT_ 9rpa >GGa_G Q9=Af:G cpa_G AGQB d_aAa ,cpa_G
.\AcZMW c9lAtGa \G]F dp mKTAa \TlA dA_G c89Tl_G Hl cpa_G
1999 ?FT_ 182 mrQ ?c_aO_G clg_G ?cr9pAG dp A9G ?JGQZ QDtC aJF b_fa
3 IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f A9]r__ ?cQap_G BGAGQGDGa c9paFG clf c9tWC CaTC QdJ H.W=
gPJ maKpl dp c9paFG clf c9tWC CaTC Qc=gA clWc \FC b_f BZF EcJ ,9KFl )C(
mK= Q9GA:Ga c9paFG hc=t ,sQ_9= ?Kc=W_G B9TQ9ll_Ga sQ_G c9tWC ?p9t" ?cr9pA:G
aC jQTr_G OcFGA_G u_P dp 9l= ,jQ9=GDG aC jQTr_G clg_Ga ?F9Fr_Ga HcO_G ?cOa=fa
"?J_Tl B9fGQZ dp mKlGOMAT: c9paI_ jQ9=GDG

)44(
.
k
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )1( 6 IO9l_G \AOtC 9l aJ 9]cC GPJa
jP_G clg_G dp sJ_9= ?c_9J_G ?cr9pA:G dp qGQaFG caO_G QrA" :\FC ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
jP_G clg_G scQa Hf \AWcgl >Tt ?ZQp \l9lC HatA HC dp OQp ct sJ Hl]Ac
."sJ_G GPJ Hcl.A_ ?=T9Fl_G BGaaM_G caO_G gPJ PMAAa ,?cQJ= \_=rc aC gQ9AMc
k
m9dF ?FGO@= ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G Bl9r Orp [F_G GPK_ 9rc=aAa
. ?cFOl c9lf.= m9cr_9= c9paFG mR_c 9l \Fl]A >=T= ;dFcZ_G ?TGQO_G
)45(
c9paI_ d TFG_Ga j O9ZAr:G c;jAT:G hFl - 3
>=T=a ,\A9aGQAWGa clg_G qaQd_ m9A ctW= \tGQOE mOfa cpa_G HT QjZ >=T=
k
clg= m9cr_G c;M Hl ;9cO9ZArG cpa_G cjATc Orp ,\AQTCa \TpF ccgc_ c9l_G b_E \AG9J
c9tWC TC QdJ H.W= 1999 ?FT_ 182 mrQ ?c_aO_G clg_G ?ldFl ?cr9pAG caJ OcRl__
Ca )44(
:c9Dl_G cc=T b_f QdFG ,9Kc_f A9]r__ ?cQap_G BGAGQGDGa c9paFG clf
Michael J. Dennis, Current Development, ILO Convention on the Worst

Forms of Child Labour, 93 AJIL, No. 4 (Oct. 1999), pp. 938-943.
CESCR, Concluding Observation: China, E/C.12/1/Add. 107 (13 May 2005), )45(
[23].
2017/4
å ÏbFÇ 32
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
k k k
cjATc Or aC ,c9tWFG Hl ctW j.= galF_ 9rcgl aC \AJ_Zl= GQ9] aC GQcaM Hatc Or
)46(
. ?gcQT ?cJ=Qa Qc=t LGaQ Hl IQ9GA_G gPK_ 9l_ ;A9j=_Ga ?cTFG_G c9lfFG dp cpa_G
ct= m9cr_G IQaQ]= caO_G mR_c 9l ?c_aO_G uatZ_G Hl OcOg_G dp d_aO_G HaF9r_G OQaC u_P_
HC cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )1( 32 IO9l_G dpp .c;jAT:G Hl c9paFG ?c9lJ_ mR_c 9l
Hla ,jO9ZAr:G c;jAT:G Hl \Ac9lJ dp cpa_G sJ=" qQAgA HC qGQaFG caO_G b_f
k k
GQ9] Hatc HC aC ,cpa_G mc_gA_ ?r9fE cDlc HC aC ,GQcaM Hatc HC KGQc clf jC AGOC
"df9lAG:G aC jaFgl_G aC dJaQ_G aC d_rg_G aC dFO=_G galF= aC cpa_G ?J_Zl=

)47(
.
Q89T Hl cpa_G qGQaFG caO_G dlJA" HC b_f 9KTpF ?cr9pA:G Hl 36 IO9l_G BZF u_Pt
"cpa_G g9pQ >FGaG Hl >F9G j.= IQ9]_G c;jAT:G c9tWC
)48(
.
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G )3( 10 IO9l_G dp A9G u_Pt

[9MWFGa c9paFG ?c9lJ" qGQaFG caO_G b_f >Gc \FC ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
b_f ?cFaF9r_G B9=arg_G ^Qp >Gca ,df9lAG:Ga jO9ZAr:G c;jAT:G Hl Q9jZ_G
ctWA aC ,mKAJZ= aC mKr;M.= QGQ]FG sJ_A c9lfC dp mKlGOMAT9= marc Hl

k
"...dgc=a_G mJalF ?r9fE 9KF.W Hl Hatc aC ,mKA9cJ b_f GQaM
)49(
.
?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G B_9r 18 mrQ m9g_G 9Krc_gA dp

dA_G clg_G QaZ ct Hl c9paFG ?c9lJ_ ?G9J_G b_f ?FG__G OtCA PE ..." :\FE ?cp9rD_Ga
k
b_f Oct.A_G OcgA ?FG__Ga .?c_rg_Ga ?cFO=_G mKAJZ b_fa mJalF b_f 9=_T QDCA Or
b_E caZa_G Hl mKFctlA b_fa ,jO9ZAr:G c;jAT:G Hl ?c9lJ_G dp c9paFG ?G9J
"...?cFGOcl_G BGQ=M_Ga ?cFrA_G BGQ9Kl_G >9TAtGa ,?_l9t_G ?clFA_G

)50(
.
Aa T O c9lfC ,c9paFG ?_l9gl AaT_ ?DOJATl_Ga ?cOc_rA_G b9lFFG ,jQcTf HlJQ_GO=f .O

Ia F )46(
,)2001 - ^9cQ_G( ,?cFlFG ma_g__ qc9F ?clcO9tC ,YaQWl_G Qci mK_;jATGa c9paFG ?_l9gl
.9JOg= 9la 29 [
.cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )1( 32 IO9l_G :hGGQ )47(
.cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 36 IO9l_G :hGGQ )48(
.?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )3( 10 IO9l_G :hGGQ )49(
As stated by the CESCR that it "...emphasizes the need to protect children )50(
from all forms of work that are likely to interfere with their development or
physical or mental health. The Committee reaffirms the need to protect children
from economic exploitation, to enable them to pursue their full development
and acquire technical and vocational education as indicated in Article 6,
paragraph 2...". See: CESCR, General Comment No. 18, Article 6 of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/GC/
18 (6 February 2006).
33 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
d a_ O _G H aF 9r_G p c9paFG sarJ
d
24 I O9l_G b_f17 mrQ m9g_G 9Krc_gA dp H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G qc]Aa
Hatc" :\FC 9Kcp A9G dA_G ,?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )1(
dA_G ?c9lJ_G Qc=GOA P9MAG dp ?_aO_G b_fa hlAGl_G b_fa \AQTC b_f sJ ... O_a ct_
k
aJ dTFG_Ga jO9ZAr:G c;jAT:G Hl ?c9lJ_G HC BQ=AfGa ,"GQZ9r \Fat 9Kc]Arc
:B_9r EcJ ,c9paFG ?c9lJ_ qGQaFG caO_G b_f OKg_G 9K]Qpc dA_G ?c9lJ_G QaZ Hl
B9cpa c_rc HC \F.W Hl 9l ct Ht_a ,?c9lJ_G QaZ OOgc m_ OKg_G HC KcJZ ..."
mKA_l9gl aC mK=cPgA hFlc aC ,c9paFG Hc= ?cPjA_G AaT b_f d]rc aC ,Oc_Gal_G
hFlc aC ,A9j=_G aC jQ=G_G clg_G dp mK_;jATG hFlc aC ,?cF9TFE Qci ?_l9gl
mKAcZMW ?clFA dp Of9Tc HC \F.W Hl 9l ct aC ,BGQOMl_G IQ9GA dp mKlGOMATG
"OKg_G hl spAl \_t u_P HC uW ;p ,mKlc_gA dp OcRca
)51(
.
k k k
\AOQaC 9l 9cTFG aC 9cO9ZArG :;jATG ctWA dA_G c9lfFG b_f ?_DlFG Hla
c9paFG clf c9tWC CaTC QdJ H.W= 1999 ?FT_ 182 mrQ ?c_aO_G clg_G ?cr9pAG
:clWA 9KFC Hl ,9KFl 3 IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f A9]r__ ?cQap_G BGAGQGDGa
?vcOav=vfa mvKv= Q9vGvA:Ga c9vpvaFG hvcv=vt ,sQv_9v= ?vKvcv=vWv_G B9vTQ9vlvlv_Ga sQv_G c9vtvWC cvt -
dv vlGRv v_DG Ov vcv vFv vGv vAv v_G uv v_P dv vp 9v vlv v= ,jQ9v v=v vGDG aC jQv vTv vrv v_G cv vlv vgv v_Ga ?v vF9v vFv vrv v_Ga Hv vcOv v_G
)52(
. ?J_Tl_G B9fGQZ_G dp mKlGOMAT: c9paI_
O
AG C aC ?vcvJ9v=E c9vlvfC L9vAvFD aC I v Q9 fOv_G c9vlvfC dvp mvKv_vcvjvWvA aC c9vpvaFG mGOvMvAvTG -
.?cJ9=E ^aQf
aC BGQOv Mv lv _G L9v Av F@v t ?v faQv Wv l Qv cv i ?v av Wv FC dv p mv Kv _v cv jv Wv A aC c9v pv aFG mGOv Mv Av TG -
.
)53(
9K= Q9GA:G
(1996) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.62. )51(
hc= H.W= cpa_G ?cr9pA9= sJ_l_G dF9D_G jQ9cAM:G cataAaQ=_G Hl )C( 1 IO9l_G BpQf Ora )52(
g9]Arl= mAc cl9gA aC cgp" \F.= c9paFG hc= 2000 m9g_ A9j=_G dp mK_;jATGa c9paFG
aC I.p9tl A9r_ QMB [MW b_E [9MWFG Hl ?falGl aC [MW jC >F9G Hl cpa crF
."^ag_G c9tWC Hl QMB ctW jC
CaTC QdJ H.W= 1999 ?FT_ )182( mrQ ?c_aO_G clg_G ?ldFl ?cr9pAG Hl 3 IO9l_G :hGGQ )53(
.9Kc_f A9]r__ ?cQap_G BGAGQGDGa c9paFG clf c9tWC
:QdFG ,clg_G c9Gl dp c;jAT:G Hl c9paFG ?c9lJ Ya]al caJ OcRl__
- IQJ9r_G( ?c=Qg_G ?]KF_G QGO ,c9paFG sarJ_ ?c_aO_G ?c9lJ_G ,BGaMa=C cclG QJ9l -
.9JOg= 9la 169 [ ,)2005
å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ 34
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
dF 9D_G >_a*G
c9paI_ ?cFO*G sarJ_G
\_ ?=TF_9= 9KAclJC >=T= ;cpa__ ?cFOl_G sarJ_G ^g= Hf 9FJ EcOJ_G
dr9= Hl cpa_G H9lQJ dFgc : u_P HC b_f ,c9paF9= QlFG s_gAc 9lOFf 9KAcZaZMa
sarJ ct= hAlA_G dp OGQpFG aC H9TFDG maKpl dp cMOc \FE c= ,?cFOl_G sarJ_G
:dA.c 9l cpa__ ?cFOl_G sarJ_G gPJ Hc= Hla .\paQda \FT >T9FA dA_G H9TFDG
k
?cTFG_Ga mT:Ga O;c*G IO9KW v sJ_G - :aC
_f ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 24 IO9l_G BZF
:\FC b
k
sJ cpa ct_ -3 .\= qQgc 9lTG bagca \AO:a Qap cpa ct ccGTA >GaAc -2"
BZF" :\FE H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G carA u_P caJa . "?cTFG >9TAtG dp
)54(
\_ Hatc HCa ,\AO:a Qap \_cGTA mAc HC cpa jC sJ Hl :b_f 2 IQrp 24 IO9l_G
k
9ZaZMa ,?cFaF9r_G ?cZMW__ ?=TF_9= ?Z9M ?clJC Hl QalFG u_A_ 9l_ ... mTG
c9paFG q9aAMG hFl cGC Hl u_Pta ,HccfQW_G Qci A9F=F9= QlFG s_gAc 9lOFf
"mK= IQG9Al_Ga
)55(
.
k
\FC9Kcp A9G EcJ ,cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 7 IO9l_G \AOtC 9l 9]cC GPJa
k
dp sJ_Ga ,mTG dp \AO:a PFl sJ_G \_ Hatca ,GQap \AO:a Og= cpa_G cGTc"
jaP [9MWFG sarJ ?cr9pAG dp OQa Or \TpF [F_Ga . ".... ?cTFG_G >9TAtG
)56(
. ?r9fDG jaP Hl cpa= QlFG s_gAc 9lFcJ )2( 18 IO9l_G dp ,2006 m9g_ ?r9fDG
)57(
O=l_G dp A9G EcJ

C m9g_ cpa_G sarJ H;fE dp IQl caF mT:G dp cpa_G sJ QtP
,1959 )54(
mTG \_ Hatc HC dp sJ_G gO;cl Og= cpa__ Hl]c \FC \Fl E_9D_G
.
See: The Rights to Name and Nationality, The Best We Have to Give, The
Rights of the Child, UNICEF, 1989, p. 11.
HRC, General Comment No. 17 (1989), [7]; see also: Manfred Nowak, UN )55(
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, (2nd edn,

Clarendon, Oxford, 2005), p. 559-60.
mlFG ?cr9pAG YaQWl Q9aE dp c9paI_ ?cFaF9r_G ?c9lJ_G ,s9rO_G OcgT_G OlJl .O :QdFG )56(
- BaQc=( Hcc;l__ m_g_G QGO ,dF9D_G O_Gl_G ,GRatGQcT QlACl BGO_Gl ,cpa_G sarJ_ IOJAl_G
.)1989
cGTc" \FC b_f 2006 m9g_ ?r9fDG jaP [9MWFG sarJ Hl )2( 18 IO9l_G [FA )57(
dp sJ_Ga ,mTG b_f caZJ_G dp sJ_G P8PFl mK_ Hatca ,mKAO:a Qap ?r9fDG aaP c9paFG
."mKAc9fQ= GagAlAc HCa mKcO_Ga GapQgc HC dp H9tlDG QOr= sJ_Ga ,?cTFG_G >9TAtG
35 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
Las ?c]r dp H9TFDG sarJ_ ?ctcQlFG ?ltJl_G H@p mT:G dp sJ_G caJa
k
sarJ_ ?ctcQlFG ?cr9pA:G Hl 18 IO9l__ 9t9KAFG BOGa Dos Erres Massacre
dFaF9r_G Qci gR9GAJGa \p9aAMG ?GcAF \cO_Ga Hf \_9ZpFG mA cpa ?_9J dp H9TFDG
cpa_G Xcf H9l] dp qQa_G ?_aO_G B_Wp EcJ ,:9lcAGaG dp K_Tl_G YGRF_G c;M
gGO_Ga g9cE g9afC jP_G mT:G clJc HCa ,HccrcrJ_G \cO_Ga hl
)58(
.
d p ?cQcOrA ?a_T qGQaFG caO_G BcafC Orp ,?cTFG_9= sJ_9= s_gAc 9lcp 9lC
9l GPJa ,?cTFG_G dlcOf c9paC OaGa >FGAA HC >Gc caO_G HC Oct.A hl ,H.W_G GPJ
dp cpa_G sJ b_f BZF Or 9KFE EcJ ,cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )2( 7 IO9l_G \AOQaC
caO_G cptA" :HC B_9r ,?cTFG_G >9TAtG dp \rJa mT:G dp \rJa gO;cl ccGTA
k
?c_aO_G uatZ_G >Gal= 9KA9lGRA_Ga dFaa_G 9KFaF9r_ 9rpa sarJ_G gPJ c9lfE qGQaFG
m9cr_G mOf c9J dp ?cTFG_G mcOf cpa_G Q=Agc HcJ 9lcT:a ,HGOcl_G GPK= ?_ZAl_G
."u_P=
[9M ctW= m9lAJ:G >Gc :\FE H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G carA u_P dpa
K]Ac dA_G ,?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )3( 24 IO9l_G dp
dlcOf mKFat c9J ?_aO_Ga hlAGl_G dp ?c9lJ crC c9paFG cgG hFl 9KFl qOK_G HC
HaO_ac HcP_G c9paFG ct_ 9KAcTFG KFlA_ caO_G mR_A 9KFC dFgA : 9KF@p ,?cTFG_G
Hl >T9Fla jQaQ] aJ 9l ct bF=AA HC caO_G b_f H@p ,u_P hla .9Klc_rE b_f
k
\_ HatA cpa ct HC H9l]_ ,caO_G dr9= hl Ha9gA_9= aC 9c_MGO AGaT ,BGAGQGDG
dp c9paFG Hc= RcclA jC c=rc : \F@p ,[aZM_G GPJ dpa .gO;cl OFf ?cTFG
A9F=C aC HccfQW_G Qcia HccfQW_G c9paFG Hc= ?cFaa_G HcFGar_G dp ?cTFG_G >9TAtG
"... 9lKc_t aC A9=6G OJC ?cTFG= ?r_gAl_G u_A aC ,?cTFG_G dlcOf

)59(
.
The Court has indicated that "the States should guarantee that a person is )58(
registered with the name chosen by that person or his/her parents, de[ending on
the time of the registration, without any sort of restriction on the right nor
interference with the decision to choose a name. Once a person is registered,
their possibility to preserve and re-establish their name and surname should be
guaranteed. The names and surnames are essential to formally establish a link
between the various members of the family". Las Dos Erres Massacre case
(Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparation and Costs), 24 November 2009,
IACHR (Ser. C) No. 211, [215].
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 36
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
Nubian Children case ?c]r dp ?crcQpDG c9paFG sarJ ?FG_ H@p u_Pt
k
9t9KAFG Ogc ?c=aF_G caZFG jaP c9paI_ 9KAcTFG KFl dp 9cFct cWp HC BOGa
drcQpDG s9Dcl_G Hl )3( 6 IO9l_G dp A9G 9lt ,?cTFG_G b_f caZJ_G dp mKrJ_
"... \AcJ9pQa cpa_G sarJ_

)60(
.
k
mKFc= RcclA_G mOf v c9paFG sJ - 9cF9D
qGQaFG caO_G mQAJA" HC cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )1( 2 IO9l_G dp A9G
YaF jC HaO 9KAc:a_ h]Mc cpa ct_ 9KFl]Aa ,?cr9pA:G gPJ dp ?J]al_G sarJ_G
aC ,\c_f dFaF9r_G dZa_G aC \cO_Ga aC cpa_G QZFf Hf QdF_G ^j= ,RcclA_G YGaFC Hl
aC dlar_G mK_ZC aC ,gQci aC dT9cT_G mKcCQ aC mKFcO aC mKAj_ aC mKTFG aC mKFa_
."... QMB h]a jC aC ,mJO_al aC ,mJRGf aC mKAaQD aC ,df9lAG:G aC dFDDG

k
?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G dp gOct.A mA 9l aJ 9]cC GPJa
2 IO9l_G dp ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_Ga ,?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga
Hl IO9pAT:G dp Hca9TAl ,c9paFG u_P dp 9l= ,OGQpFG hclG Hatc HC b_f 9KFl
sQg_9t >=T jF mKFc= RcclA_G RaGc : EcJ= ,B9cr9pA:G gPJ 9KAOQaC dA_G sarJ_G
. O;cl_G aC ?ct_l_G aC ?cf9lAG:G aC ?cFaa_G caZFGa ?F9cO_Ga ?j__Ga UFG_Ga Ha__Ga
s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 26 IO9l_G dp iQMC IQl gOct.A mA 9l aJ GPJa

k
,HaF9r_G m9lC AGaT 9gclG U9F_G" HC 9Kcp A9G EcJ ,?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9=
HC >Gc OOZ_G GPJ dpa ,\Ac9lJ= hAlA_G dp a9TAl sJ= RcclA jC HaO HagAlAca
m
Hl ?_9gp ?c9lJ AGaT_G b_f [9MWFG hclG_ cptc HCa ,RcclA jC HaF9r_G QdJc
k
aC 9cT9cT jCQ_G aC HcO_G aC ?j__G aC UFG_G aC Ha__G aC sQg_9t ,>=T jF RcclA_G
Hl u_P Qci aC ,>TF_G aC IaQD_G aC ,df9lAG:G aC dlar_G cZFG aC ,dT9cT Qci
.">9=TFG
k
IGa9Tl_G - H9TFDG sarJ= ?cFgl_G ?FG__G iQA 9lt - 9]cC clWA IGa9Tl_Ga
Qcia HccfQW_G c9paFG Hc=a ,HcFaGal_Ga >F9GFG c9paFG Hc= EGQcl_G dp
HccfQW_G
)61(
.
Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa and Open Society )60(
Justice Initiative on behalf of Children of Nubian Descent in Kenya v. Kenya,

Decision No. 2/Com/002/2009 (African Committee of Experts on the Rights
and Welfare of the Child) (22 March 2011).
HRC, General Comment No. 17 (1989), [21-23]. )61(
37 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
9Kr_r Hf BQ=f ,9c=c_ caJ ?c89KF_G 9KA9dJ;l dp 9KTpF ?FG__G HE c=

k
>9=TF GRcclA Ogc Or u_P HC BQ=AfGa ,HccfQW_G Qci c9paFG ?_l9gl [aZM=
k
. OKg_G [aZF_ 9p_9Ml Ogc u_P HCa ,O;cl_9= cZAA
)62(
k
Qci( R_G Q9aE LQ9M c9paFG HC :9]cC ?FG__G carA 9TFQp [aZM=a
LG a
HccfQW_G c9paFG cDl EQD9= ?_ZAl_G mKrarJ cl9t Gaagc HC >Gc )HccfQW_G
)63(
.
E_9D_G >_a*G
c9paI_ ?c89FG_G ?_GOg_Ga R9GAJ:G
dpTgA_G R9GAJ:G O] QW=_G hclG_ IQQrl_G ?l9g_G ?c9lJ_9= c9paFG hAlAc
sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 9 IO9l_G \c_f BZF 9l aJF b_f ,dFaF9r_G Qcia
dp A9G 9lt ,R9GAJ:G A9FDC ?cF9TFDG Qci ?_l9gl_G O]a , ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G)64(
mOf O]a , ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 10 IO9l_G

)65(
(1998) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.101. )62(
(1997) UN doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.80. )63(
b_f 1966 m9g_ ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 9 I O9l_G [FA )64 )64(
:\FC
\ _9rAfG aC OJC qcraA RaGc :a .\ZMW b_f H9lFG dpa ?cQJ_G dp sJ OQp ct_ -1
k k
AGQG<_ 9r=aa HaF9r_G 9Kc_f [Fc >9=TF :E \AcQJ Hl OJC H9lQJ RaGc :a .9pTgA
.\cp QQrl_G
>GaAc 9lt ,\fara iO_ qcraA_G GPJ >9=T.= \pcraA mAc [MW jC Z;=E >GaAc -2
k
.\c_E \GaA ?lKA ?c.= 9gcQT \i;=E
k
Hcpdal_G OJC aC I9]r_G OJC b_E ,9gcQT ,?c8GRG ?lKA= crAgl_G aC qaral_G mOrc -3
k
HC aC ?_argl ?_Kl c;M mt9Jc HC \rJ Hl Hatca ,?c89]r q89da IQW9=l 9FaF9r Hc_aMl_G
,?l9g_G IOf9r_G aJ ?lt9Jl_G HaQdAFc HcP_G [9MWFG R9GAJG Hatc HC RaGc :a .\Ff LQpc
?_JQl ?cC dp ?lt9Jl_G mJQa]J ?_9pt_ B9F9l] b_f mKFf LGQpDG sc_gA R89G_G Hl Ht_a
.A9]Ar:G OFf mtJ_G PcpFA ?_9pt_a ,?c89]r_G BGAGQGDG cJGQl Hl iQMC
cZpA dt_ ?ltJl b_E YaGQ_G sJ c9rAf:G aC qcraA_9= \AcQJ Hl mQJ [MW ct_ -4
.dFaF9r Qci c9rAf:G H9t GPE \Ff LGQpD9= Ql.Aa ,\_9rAfG ?cFaF9r dp A9a=E HaO ?ltJl_G gPJ
.^cagA b_f caZJ_G dp sJ dFaF9r Qci c9rAfG aC qcraA ?cJ] H9t [MW ct_
:\FC b_f 1966 m9g_ ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 10 IO9l_G [FA )65(
[MW_G dp ?_cZFG ?lGQt_G mQAJA ,?cF9TFE ?_l9gl mKAcQJ Hl HclaQJl_G hclG cl9gc -1
.dF9TFDG
=
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 38
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
d a _ O_G OKg_G Hl 7 d p A9G 9lt ,?lGQt_G H l ?a9J_G ?_l9gl_Ga >cPgA__ ^QgA_G

)66(
. ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G
k
IQQrl_G ?cFaF9r_G caZFG ct= 9c89FG mKAlt9Jl OFf c9paFG hAlAc 9lt
s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 14 IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G ?_O9g_G ?lt9Jl__
)67(
:dA.c 9lcp ?_DlAl_G ,?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9=
?lKA ?cC dp cZp_G iO_ OQp ct sJ Hl Hatc EcJ= ,A9]r_G m9lC IGa9Tl_G - 1
\Ac]r HatA HC ,?cFOl iafO ?cC dp \A9lGRA_Ga \rarJ dp aC \c_E \GaA ?c8GRG
mtJ= I.WFl ,?cO9cJ ?_rATl ?ZAMl ?ltJl c=r Hl dF_fa qZFl QdF cJl
9K]g= aC 9K_t ?lt9Jl_G Qa]J Hl QaKlG_Ga ?p9JZ_G hFl RaGca . HaF9r_G )68(
aC ,daGQrlcO hlAGl dp dlar_G HlFG aC m9g_G m9dF_G aC ?l9g_G >GO6G dfGaO_
9JGQA dA_G OaOJ_G bFOC dp aC ,iafO_G qGQaF ?Z9M_G I9cJ_G ?lQJ B9c]Arl_
HC ?c89FDAT:G qaQd_G ^g= dp ?cF_g_G H.W Hl Hatc HcJ ?cQaQ] ?ltJl_G
HC >Gc ?cFOl iafO aC ?c8GRG ?c]r dp mtJ jC HC :E ,?_GOg_G ?J_Zl= cMA
? 89 DATG qaQd dp :E ,HcFGOl_G [9MWFG Hf HalKAl_G [9MWFG cZpc -C -2

, c F =
k
.HcFGOl Qci 9Z9MWC mKFat hl spAA IOJ b_f ?_l9gl cJl HaFatca
A9]r_G b_E ?Ftll_G ?fQT_9= Ha_9Jca ,Hcj_9=_G Hf EGOJFG HalKAl_G cZpc ->
.mJ9c9]r dp cZp__
dT9TFG 9KpOJ Hatc ?_l9gl HcFaGTl_G ?_l9gl HaGT_G m9dF dfGQc HC >Gc -3
Ha_l9gca Hcj_9=_G Hf EGOJFG Ha=FPl_G cZpca .df9lAG:G mK_cJ.A IO9fEa mKJ;ZE
.dFaF9r_G mJRtQla mKFT hl spAA ?_l9gl
:" \FC b_f 1966 m9g_ ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= s_gAl_G d_aO_G OKg_G Hl 7 IO9l_G [FA )66(
.?lGQt_9= ?a9J_G aC ?cF9TFE;_G aC ?cT9r_G ?=arg_G aC ?_l9gl__ :a >cPgA__ OJC Y9]ME RaGc
."QJ_G g9]Q HaO OJC b_f ?cl_f aC ?c=a ?=QGA ?cC AGQGE RaGc : ,[aZM_G \Ga b_fa
:hGGQc EGOJFG ?_GOf caJ )67(
- M. Cherif Bassiouni and Ziyad Matala, The Protection of Human Rights in

African Criminal Proceedings, (London - 1995), p. 341.
:c9Dl_G cc=T b_f QdFG ,A9]r_G m9lC IGa9Tl_G CO=l caJa )68(
b_aFG ?g=a_G ,saQW_G QGO ,B9cQJ_Ga sarJ__ ?cQaATO_G ?c9lJ_G ,QaQT dJAp OlJC .O -
.9JOg= 9la 666[ ,)1999 - IQJ9r_G(
I.WFl ,d]9rA_G sJ ?_9pta A9]r_G m9lC IGa9Tl_G CO=l ,\__GO=f dFacT= dFj_GO=f .O -
.17[ ,).U .> - ?cQOFtTDG( qQ9gl_G
HaF9r_G dp ?cT9TFG ?l9g_G \A9cQJa H9TFDG sarJ ?c9lJ ,Ql9f bpaZl ?caf jOlJ .O -
.9JOg= 9la 682[ ,)2010 - ?cQOFtTDG( dgl9G_G Qtp_G QGO ,dl;TDG \rp_Ga dFaa_G
39 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
d a _ O _G H aF 9r_G p c9paFG sarJ
d
q;M mKAJ_Zl d]ArA EGOJ.= cZAc QlFG H9t GPE :E ,?cF_f IQaZ= QOZc
.c9paC b_f ?c9Za_9= s_gAA aC HcGaR Hc= B9p;M ca9FAA iafO_G BF9t aC ,u_P
k
mQG_G \c _f B = D c _ 98cQ= Q=Agc
HC b E HC ?lcQG >9tAQ9= mKAl ct sJ Hl - 2
k
. 9FaF9r )69(
, ?l9A_G IGa 9Tl_G mOr b_fa ,\Ac]r dp QdF_G A9FDC hAlAc HC ?lcQG= mKAl ct_ - 3
:?cA6G 9cFO_G B9F9l]_9=

k
?vlvKvAv_G ?vgvcv=vav= ,9vKvlvKvpvc ?vjv_ dvpa ,cvcvZvpvAv_9v=a 9vgvcQvT \vl;vfE mvAvc HC -
.9K=9=TCa \c_E ?KGal_G
c9vZvA;v_a \vf9vpO OGOvfD \vcvpvtvc 9vl B;vcvKvTvAv_G Hvla Bvrav_G Hvl bvavgvc HC -
.\TpF= gQ9AMc m9Jl=
.\ _ QQ=l : QcM.A Ha O mt9Jc HC -

k
m9vJvl ?vavTGav= aC \vZvMvWv= \vTvpvF Hvf hvpGOvc HCa 9vcQav]vJ mvt9vJvc HC -
\v_ Hvtvc mv_ GPE \vFvf hvpGOvc Hvl OavGa dvp \vrvJv= QvavMvc HCa ,gQ9vcvAvMG Hvl
?v_GOvgv_G ?vJv_vZvl BvF9vt 9vlv_vt ,m9vJvlv= ?vlvtvJvlv_G gOaRvA HCa ,\vFvf hvpGOvc Hvl
k
: H9vt GPE ,uv_P bv_vf GQvGC \v_vcvlvJvA HaO ,\vFvf hvpGOvc m9vJvlv= ,uv_P dv]vAvrvA
.QGFG GPJ hpO_ ?cp9t_G c89Ta_G u_lc
_ f cvZvJvc HCa ,gQvcvi cv=vr Hvl aC \vTvpvFv= ,m9vKvA:G OavKvW Xvr9vFvc HC

bv v -
?v_9vJ dvp ?vrv=vavlv_G baQvWv_G BGPv= dvpvFv_G OavKvW A9vfOvAvTG bv_vf ?vrvpGavlv_G
.m9KA:G OaKW
k
?vlOvMvAvTvlv_G ?vjv_v_G mv_vtvAvc : aC mvKvpvc : H9vt GPE H9vlvGQvAv= 9vF9vGvl OaRvc HC -
.?ltJl_G dp
. >FP= qGQAf:G b_f aC \ TpF O] IO9KW_G b_f gQtc :C -
clg_G IQaQ]_ ?cAGala mKFT_ ?=T9Fl BGAGQGDG cgG bfGQc ,EGOJFG ?_9J dp - 4
.mK_cJ.A IO9fE b_f
k k
?]KF_G QGO ,9DcOJa 9lcOr H9TFDG sarJa d_aO_G 9r_G
HaF ,j Q=g_G H9l_T H= OgT .O :QdFG )69(
-
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k
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,HaF - 5
.\c_f \= mtJ jP_G >9rg_G dpa ,\AFGOE QGQr dp QdF_G
,mtJ_G GPJ ca=C mD ,?lcQG= \FcOc d89KF mtJ 9l [MW b_f QOZ Or Hatc HcJ - 6
clJA q9WAt:G ?DcOJ ?grGa aC IOcOG ?grGa U9TC b_f \Ff [9M apf QOZ aC
\= cRFC jP_G [MW_G ^cagA >GaAc ,d89]r .aM Yara b_f ha9r_G cc_O_G
k k k
,9c8RG aC 9c_t ,clJAc \FC B=Dc m_ 9l ,HaF9r__ 9rpa ,?FGODG u_A ?GcAF >9rg_G
.>T9Fl_G Bra_G dp ?_aKGl_G ?grGa_G A9WpE mOf Hf ?c_aCTl_G

k
9 = HcOC HC s=T ?lcQG b_f >9rg__ aC ?lt9Jl__ GOOGl OJC ^cQgA RaGc : - 7
aC K
k
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)70(
\c_f Oct.A_G mA 9l dJ ?_O9g_G ?lt9Jl__ IQQrl_G OfGar_Ga ?cFaF9r_G caZFG gPJa

k
dp A9G EcJ ;cpa_G hl 9KFl >T9FAc 9l I9fGQl hl ,cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG dp GOOGl
:dA.c 9l 9KFl 40 IO9l_G
u_P= mKAc aC B9=arg_G HaF9r uKAFG \FC bfOc cpa ct sJ= qGQaFG caO_G qQAgA - 1
\AlGQt= cpa_G U9TJE ?GQO hpQ hl spAA ?rcQa= cl9gc HC dp ,u_P \c_f B=Dc aC
?cT9TFG B9cQJ_Ga H9TFDG sarJ Hl HcQM7_ 9l_ cpa_G mGQAJG RRgAa ,gQOra
dp A9F= QaO= \l9cra ,cpa_G L9lOFG IO9fE hcGWA >GaZATGa ,cpa_G HT dfGQAa
.hlAGl_G
k
caO_G cptA ,?_Z_G BGP ?c_aO_G uatZ_G m9tJC I9fGQl hla ,u_P_ 9rcrJAa - 2
.dA.c 9l ,[9M \Ga= ,qGQaFG
uv_P B9v=vDE aC uv_Pv= \vl9vKvAG aC B9v=avrvgv_G HavF9vrv_ cvpvav_G u9vKvAvFG A9vfOG mOvf -
HavF9vrv_G >vGavlv= IQavdvJvl HvtvA mv_ QavZvr \vGaC aC c9vgvpC >v=vTv= \vcv_vf
.9K=9tAQG OFf d_aO_G aC dFaa_G
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41 å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ
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k
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aC \cO_Ga Qa]J=a iQMC ?=T9Fl IOf9Tl= aC dFaF9r Q9WATl
?J_Zl Qci dp u_P HC Q=Agc m_ 9l ,\c_f HccFaF9r_G A9cZaFG

.\A_9J aC \FT H9=TJ_G dp PMC GPE 9lcT:a ,b_]p_G cpa_G
>GaGATGa ,>FP_9= qGQAf:G aC IO9KW= A:ODG b_f \JGQtE mOf - O

uGQvAvWG ?v_9vpvta ,Hvcv]vJ9vFvlv_G OavKvWv_G >GavGvAvTG Hvcvl.vA aC
.IGa9Tl_G Hl qaQd cd dp \J_9Z_ OaKW_G >GaGATGa
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k
dp QdF_G IO9f@= HaF9r__ 9rpa b_fC ?KcRFa ?_rATl ?c89]r ?8cJ
k
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k
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k
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:dA.c 9l= m9cr_G ?Z9Ma ,u_P mKc_f B=Dc
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.9JOg= 9la 561 [ ,)2007 - H9lf( ?p9rD_G QGO ,dF9D_G ARG_G ,?clJl_G sarJ_G
q
k k
9]pMFl 9FT OOJc 9K]g=p ,?c89FG_G ?c_aCTl_G HT OcOJA dp ?cFaa_G B9gcQWA_G q_AMA
?c_JFG HT OcOJA dp spAc 9Kldgl HC :E ,?c89FG_G ?c_aCTl_G HT hpQc QM6G ^g=_Ga
k
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?cgl9G_G ?p9rD_G ?TTCl ,EGOJFG 9c9]r mcdFA_ IOJAl_G mlFG OfGar ,d_P9W_G MaAp .O :QdFG
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å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 42
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H9v vTv vFDG sav vrv vJ mQv vAv vJv vA HC ?v vav vcQv vW ,?v vcv v89v v]v vr BGAGQv vGE bv v_E Aav vGv v_v v_G
k k
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Q9=AM:Ga ,IQaWl_Ga qGQWDGa O9WQDGa ?c9fQ_G QlGaC cDl ,?p_AMl B9=cAQA M9AA - 4
;?cTTCl_G ?c9fQ_G c8GO= Hl 9JQcia dFKl_G >cQOA_Ga mc_gA_G HlGQ=a ?F9]J_Ga
b_f mKlQGa mKpaQd hl >T9FAAa mKJ9pQ m8;A ?rcQa= c9paFG ?_l9gl H9l]_
AGaT_G
)72(
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k
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IO9l_G dp \c_f [aZFl aJ 9l 9KFla ,H.W_G GPJ dp 9Kf9=AG >GGa_G Qcc9gl_G Hl
:dA.c 9lcp ?_DlAl_Ga ,cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 37
? l
. FcK aC ?cF9TFE Qci aC ?cT9r ?_l9gl \A_l9gl aC cpa_G >cPgA RGaG mOf - 1
LG QpDG ?cF9tlD OaGa : jP_G O=Cl_G U=J_G aC mGOfDG ?=arg= mKc_f mtJ_G mOf - 2
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? pTgA
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k
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Ha c HC >Gcp 9cFaF9r U=J_G aC R9GAJ:G H9t GPE - 4
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. BGQ9cR_Ga B;TGQl_G scQa Hf \AQTC hl c9ZA:G sJ \_ - 7
?
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?a_T aC ?ltJl m9lC \T=J aC g R9GAJG QGQr ?cfQW dp Hga_G dp sJ_G \_ - 9
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.
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s=T 9lcp \c_E Q9Wl_G \Fga BGAGQGE dp B=_G ?fQT dp sJ_G \_ - 10
Q_ _ mC m9lFG b_E IaaM cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG ,jO9K_GO=f QlcMl RcRg_GO=f .O :QdFG
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k k
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B:9J_G dpa qaQd_G sc]C dp :E \= c=rc : 9l aJa ,HcO_Ga_G Hf cpa__
B:9J_G dp" \FC b_f 9KFl )4( 9 IO9l_G dp A9G EcJ ,\JQW mA 9lt ?c89FDAT:G
caO_G Hl ?_aO \APMAG AGQGE jC Hf .... ]\cO_Ga Hf cpa_G cZp[ 9Kcp .WFc dA_G
OFf qQa_G ?_aO_G u_A mOrA .... U=J_G aC R9GAJ;_ cpa_G.... ^cQgA cDl ,qGQaFG
?cT9TFG B9la_gl_G IQTFG Hl QMB a]g_ A9]Ar:G OFf aC .... HcO_Ga__ ,>_a_G
."]cpa_G[ OaGa cJl= ?Z9M_G
k
B:9ZAG b_f ?=T9FAl_G Qcia ?aQpl_G Oacr_9p ,9cFaF9r R9GAJ:G H9t HEa bAJ
d_aO_G OKg_G Hl )3(a )1( 10 IO9l_G Hal]l_ ?p_9Ml OgA 9KAQ9cR aC IQTFG
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d p H9TFDG sarJ_ ?ctcQlFG ?ltJl_G carA HcRGAJl_G c9paFG ?c9lJ caJa

;IQaaM_G Hl ?c_9f ?GQO b_f IQadFl_G ?c]r_G HE :Bulacio v. Argentina ?c]r
?ctcQlFG ?cr9pA:G dp brp Uc_ ?clJl \rarJ OgAa ,9Kcp ?cJ]_G aJ cpa_G HF
k
sarJ ?cr9pAG [MFG b_fa ,9cl_9f ?_a=rl_G ?c_aO_G uatZ_G Hl OcOg_G dp 9lFEa
k
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s_gAc 9lcpa .?cFaF9r_G 9KAc:a Hl] HcOaGal_G c9paFG ?J_Zl_ IOf9Tl BGAGQGEa
dp HltA b_]p_G cpa_G ?J_Zl HC aJ mJFG CO=l_G H@p .... c9paFG sarJ ?c9lJ=
bZrF mJalF QaaA_ ?G9J_Ga ,mKTpFC c9paFG B9pZ dpa ,H9TFDG ?lGQt mGQAJG
k
dp mKrJ= s_gAc 9l 9ZaZMa ,HcRGAJl_G c9paFG sarJ ?c9lJ_a ....Htll OJ
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)74(
.
Juvenile Re-education iQMC ?c]r dp H9TFDG sarJ_ ?ctcQlFG ?ltJl_G carAa

9lOFf HcRGAJl_G c9paFG sarJ ?c9lJ dp cWpA ?_aO_G HE ,Institute v. Paraguay
?cF=_Ga ?=T9Fl_G ?cJZ_G qaQd_G b_E HGT_G OrApc 9lOFf aC ,mJORl HGT dp mKg]A
HcFGOl_G Qci Hf HaFGOl_G cZpc : 9lOFf aC ,?=QOl_G Qci aC ?cp9t_G ?TGQJ_G aC ?cAJA_G
. ?cF9TFE Qci ?_l9gl mKA_l9gl OFf aC ,)brp HclKAl Ga_GR9l jC(

)75(
Bulacio v. Argentine, 18 September 2003, IACHR (Ser. C) No. 100, [133]- )74(
[136].74).
See: )75(
- Ben Saul, David Kinley el., The International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights, (Oxford: University Press, 2014), p. 754-755.
å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ 44
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
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. ?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G A9FDC dp ?Z9M
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Q Z= c9Ar_G dp mKAtQ9Wla ?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G dp c9paFG mGOMATG OcGRA Or_
I a
B9f9lG_G dpa ?cl9dF_G ?J_Tl_G BGar_G dp mJOcFGAa ,IQW9=l Qci aC IQW9=l

GPJ ?G_9gl dp 1949 m9g_ ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG QaZr >=T=a Ht_a ,?J_Tl_G
\FC QQr )1( 77 IO9l_G dp ,1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G [F , h]a_G )79(
uGQAWG mOf cptA dA_G ,?p9t ?f9aATl_G Qc=GOA_G P9MAG YGRF_G qGQaC b_f >Gc"
CESCR, Concluding Observations: Philippines, E/C.12/1995/7 (7 June 1995), )76(
[13].
:QdFG )77(
Michel Deyra, L'essentiel du droit des conflits armeÂ s, Les CARR?S,Par-

is,2002,P84.
d_aO_G HaF9r_G dp B9TGQO ,K_Tl_G YGRF_G B:9J dp c9paFG ?c9lJ ,QGFT QGOF9T )78(
.154[ ,)2000 - IQJ9r_G( d=Qg_G c=rATl_G QGO ,dF9TFDG
- IQJ9r_G( ?c=Qg_G ?]KF_G QGO ,H9TFDG sarJ_ d_aO_G HaF9r_G ,bpaZl OalJl bFl .O )79(
.191[ ,)1989
45 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
,IQW9=l IQaZ= ?c8GOg_G c9lfFG dp IQWf ?Tl9M_G HT Og= Gaj_=c m_ HcP_G c9paFG
9KAGar dp Q9jZ_G A:CJ OcFGA Hf hFAlA HC [9M \Ga= qGQaFG gPJ b_fa
mKg]a mKc_f ^=r_G OFf bQAWc c9Ar_G dp c9paFG Hl uQ9Wc Hla . "?J_Tl_G )80(
"Hcj_9=__ [ZMA dA_G u_A Hf ?_ZpFl Ht9lC dp"

)81(
.
Hc_A9rlt c9paFG OcFGA QaM d_aO_G hlAGl_G QgWATG Or_ ?rcrJ_G dp

,HcOWGQ_G Hl cKTC HatA mKc_f IQacT_G HF ;?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G dp mK_;jATGa
. >GaZ_Ga .aM_G Hf mJQ9tpC H]F mOfa ,Q9aMI_ cl9t_G mKtGQOE mOg_

)82(
m_9g_G A9JFC d p OaFGt b9WF= Ha tQ9Wc cpa q_C 300 H l QDtC HC OrAgca
k
GO_= 85 aJF dpa
)83(
.
k
c9paI_ [9M mG~JG - 9cF9D
jC O] ?c9lJ_G mK_ cptA HCa ,[9M mGQAJG h]al c9paFG Hatc HC >Gc
dA_G ?c9Fg_G YGRF_G qGQaC mK_ @cKA HC >Gca ,A9cJ_G XOM QaZ Hl IQaZ
. QMB >=T jF aC mKFT >=T= 9Kc_E HaG9AJc

)84(
?c9lJ b_E L9AJA dA_G B98p_G Hl IO:a_G dDcOJ c9paFGa IO:a_G B:9J OgAa
YGRF_G qGQaC b_f >Gc \FC 1949 m9g_ ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG OtCAa , ?Z9M )85(
Qlg_G Hl IQWf ?Tl9M_G HaO c9paFG c9lJE mOf H9l]_ ?cQaQ]_G Qc=GOA_G P9MAG
.cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl )2(a )1( 38 IO9l_G :hGGQ )80(
HT HaO mJ Hl mGOMATG HC Q=AfG ?c_aO_G ?c89FG_G ?ltJl__ dT9TFG m9dF_G HC QtP_9= QcOG
A9G EcJ ,?c_aO_G ?c89FG_G ?ltJl_G [9ZAMG dp cMOA >QJ ?lcQG Ogc IQWf ?Tl9M_G
:>QJ m8GQG dFgA dT9TFG m9dF_G GPJ ^Qj_ -2" \FC dT9TFG m9dF_G Hl 8 IO9l_G dp
k k
aC ?J_Tl_G BGar_G dp 9cfaa aC 9clGR_E Qlg_G Hl IQWf ?Tl9M_G HaO c9paFG OcFGA - 26
k
."?c=QJ_G c9lfFG dp 9c_gp ?tQ9Wl__ mKlGOMATG
.1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G Hl ?g=GQ_G IQrp_G 77 IO9l_G :hGGQ )81(
QGO ,?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G A9FDC c9paI_ ?c_aO_G ?c9lJ_G ,OcgT OalJl OcgT OalJl .O :hGGQ )82(
.125[ ,)2007 - IQJ9r_G( ?c=Qg_G ?]KF_G

k
QcOG d=Qf m_9f :hGGQ ,"OaFGt c9paFG mGOMATG qra_ q;A8:G" gQtP 9l 9r=a u_P )83(
.137[ ,2005 ,qcTcFac_G ,?c=Qg_G caO_G dp ?_apa_G hrGa caJ ?TGQO ,c9paF9=
.1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G Hl 77 IO9l_G :hGGQ )84(
.1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G Hl ?Fl9D_G IO9l_G :hGGQ )85(
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 46
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
mKFcO ?TQ9lla mKA_9fE QcTcAa ,>QJ_G >=T= mKA;89f Hf GarQApG aC GalAcA HcP_G
. cGaJFG hclG dp mKlc_gAa
)86(
k
c9paFG A;GE - 9D_9D
k
qQa jC marc ;p ;baQW=a 9ArCl Hatc HC O=: c9paFG A;GE HE ?rcrJ_G dp
k
GPE 9ArCl A;GE :E d=FGC O_= b_E -g9c9fQ q;M= -c9paFG A;GE Qc=OA= YGRF_G dp
k
u_P B=_aA GPE aC ,d=a_G \G;f aC cpa_G ?JZ= s_gAA ?cQKr >9=TC u_P B]ArG
. cAJl mc_rE dp \Al;T
)87(
mJQalC A9c_aC aC mK89=B Hl ?=aAtl ?rpGal b_f caZJ_G A;GDG baQW Hla
QlFG H@p [9MWFG A:CJ b_f QaDg_G QPgA ?_9J dpa ,HcOaGal GaF9t GPE HccfQW_G
mtJ= ?cT9TC ?pZ= Hc_aCTl_G [9MWFG Hl ?=aAtl ?rpGal b_f caZJ_G d]Arc
GPJ b_f qGQWDG ?cl9J_G ?_aO_G b_aAAa , c9paFG A:CJ Hf qQg_G aC HaF9r_G
)88(
.A;GDG
k
I QTFG clW hlG - 9g=GQ
m_a 9KAOJa b_f e9pJ_G IQaQ]a ,IQTF9= dF9TFDG d_aO_G HaF9r_G mAKc
k
>=T= mK89=6 mKFGOrp Hl GQcDt HaF9gc c9paFG HE EcJ ,cpa__ u_P ?clJF 9K_lW
.>aQJ_G dp MaRF_G aC Bal_G
K_Tl_G YGRF_G qGQaC b_f HC ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG Hl 26 IO9l_G dp A9G Ora
cGC Hla ,>QJ_G >=T= ?AAWl_G B;89g_G OGQpC 9K= marc dA_G EJ=_G c9lfC cKTA HC
.mK_lW hlG HtlC HEa ,mKFc= c9ZA:G OcOGA
k
d p 1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G OtC Orp GOcOJA c9paFG [aZM=a
hlG H9tlDG QOr YGRF_G qGQaCa IOr9gAl_G ?cl9T_G qGQaFG QTcA HC b_f 74 IO9l_G
HGO_Ga_Ga c9paFG Hatc HC >Gc c9rAf:G OFfa .?ArCl IQAp_ BAWA dA_G QTFG clW
k k
9ArCl :E 9lKFc= cZp_G Hatc :a ,?_89g_G IOJa b_f 9d9pJ \TpF crAgl_G dp
. ?cJZ >9=TF aC clg_G B9G9J_a
)89(
.1949m9g_ ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG Hl 24 I O9l_G :hGGQ )86(
.1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G Hl 78 I O9l_G :hGGQ )87(
.1949 m9g_ ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG Hl 82 IO9l_G :hGGQ )89(
47 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
k
mc_gA_G v c9paFG sarJ - 9Tl9M
B5WFl_G hclG ccjWAa IQGOE HTJ cKTA HC c;AJ:G ?_aO b_f >Gc
c9paFG mc_gAa ?c9fQ_ 9K_t ?lR;_G BGAGQGDG P9MAG >Gca ,c9paFG mc_gA_ ?ZZMl_G
mK_ QpGaAA HC Htlc : HcP_Ga ,>QJ_G >=T= mKcO_Ga Hf GarQApG aC GalAcA HcP_G
mKAcTFG Hl [9MWC ?a9Ta= HtlC 9l_t scOZ aC >cQr ?a9Ta= ,?=T9Fl_G ?c9Fg_G
>9JP_9= mK_ M9lT_G >Gcp ,HcRGAJl_G c9paF9= s_gAc 9lcp 9lC . mKFcOa mKAj_a )90(
\GQ9M aC c9rAf:G H9tl dp 9lE ,UQGOl_G b_E

)91(
.
k
mKAcaJ zf e9pJ_Ga c9paFG ccGTA - 9TO9T
B9cZMW RcclA ccKTA_ ?lR;_G Qc=GOA_G hclG P9MAG c;AJ:G ?_aO b_f >Gc
QcjA HC cGaJFG Hl c9J j.= c;AJ:G ?_aO_ RaGc :a ,mK=TF ccGTAa c9paFG
. ?cZMW_G mK_GaJC )92(
k
QccjA RaGc : ,cpa__ ?cZMW_G ?_9J_G u9KAFG QdJ CO=l hl 9l9GTFGa ,mD Hla
?cl_9g_G >QJ_G dp \FE EcJ ,\Faa c;AJG iQG GPE dFOl_G \g]a :a cpa_G ?cTFG
mAca ,mKca=C Qci mK_ Hca=C HccgA mAca mKA9KlC Hl HaPMCc c9paFG H9t ?cF9D_G
caO_G >agW Iar q9g]E u_P Hl qOKATA 9cF9l_C BF9ta ,iQMC ?cTFG mKJFl
Og= ZQ=lQaF B9lt9Jl dpa ,9cF9l_F ?cF9tT_G ?p9Dt_G IO9cR c=9rl_G dpa ,9K_ ?cO9gl_G
OGOfC m]_ jQTr_G df9lG_G s9J_DG ?lcQG u_P Q9=AfG mA ?cF9D_G ?cl_9g_G >QJ_G
k k
qGOJC ?lOM_ 9T9TC ?TQtl B9tQJa B9lcdFA ?ca]g_ 9c89r_A c9paFG Hl IQc=t
. ?cT9cT )93(
k
?D9iDG - 9g=9T
hclG QaQl ?cQJ= M9lT_G >Gc u_P_ ,IOf9Tl_G dr_A cpa_G sarJ mJC Hl
?ca_aFG A9afE >aGaa , c9paI_ ?ZZMl_G U=;l_Ga ?cQaQ]_G ?cPiFG B9FJW
)94(
. ?cPiFG B9FJW hcRaA OFf c9paI_

)95(
.1949m9g_ ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG Hl 94 IO9l_G :hGGQ )91(
?=Atl ,?c89FDAT:G qaQd_G dp cpa_G sarJ_ ?c_aO_G ?c9lJ_G ,jQJaG_G HGaGF .O :QdFG )93(
.174[ ,)2011 - IQJ9r_G( ?cQZl_G ?]KF_G
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 48
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
?Tl9M_G HaO c9paFGa ,B9g]Ql_Ga ,clGaJ_G B9KlI_ qQZA HC >Gc u_Pt

mAc HcP_G c9paI_ ?=TF_9=a . mKl9TGC B9G9cAJG hl >T9FAA ?cp9]E ?cPiC IQWf
)96(
k k
QcpaA= 9]cCa ,9F9Gl mKA_9f@= mKFa_rAgc HcP_G YGRF_G qGQaC mRA_c ,mK89=B c9rAfG
. ?cJZ_G mKA_9J 9K=_aAA dA_G ?c=a_G ?c9fQ_G
)97(
k
c9paFG MG QT s;aE - 9Fl9D
?Z9Ma Hc_rAgl_G Hf LGQp<_ B9cr9pAG Org= YGRF_G qGQaC marc HC >Gc
c9J j.= RaGc : u_Pt . Oc9Jl O_= dp mK8GacE aC mKF9aaC b_E mKAO9fEa ,c9paFG
)98(
k
Bra 9l9f QWf ?cF9lD Hf gQlf crc dlJl [MW mGOf@= mtJ QGOZE cGaJFG Hl
k
mtJ PcpFA 1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G 9]cC QdJca , ?p_9Ml_G qGQArG )99(
Og= Gaj_= Or HaFatc : HcP_G [9MWFG b_f ,K_Tl_G YGRF_9= s_gAA ?lcQG_ mGOfDG
. ?lcQG_G >9tAQG Bra mJQlf Hl IQWf ?Fl9D_G
)100(
m9g_ ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG Hl 89 IO9l_G :hGGQ

.1949 )96(
.1977 m9g_ caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G Hl 5 IQrp 77 IO9l_G :hGGQ )100(
cc=T b_f :hGGQ ,?J_Tl_G B9fGRF_G B9raC dp c9paFG sarJ caJ ccZpA_G Hl OcRl__a
k
:Hl ;t c9Dl_G
- IQJ9r_G( d=Qg_G c=rATl_G QGO ,d_aO_G HaF9r_G dp cpa_G sarJ ,?rcAf d_f iaGF .O -
.)1995
Q AtO ?_9TQ ,m9g_G

,gG a _ O_G
d a HaF 9r_G d p cpa_G RtQl
O R_G OlJC \A9JW ?la9p .O -
,HG c
.)2004( ?cQOFtTDG ?gl9G
- H9lq f( ?p9rD_G QGO ,dF9TFDG d_aO_G HaF9r_G dp c9paFG ?c9lJ ,?Jp;a \__GO=f cc]p .O -
.)2011
49 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
dF 9D_G EJ=*G
Bcat_G v c9paFG sarJ
dF 9lD gQlf k_=c m_ Hl ct" \F.= m9f ctW= dAcat_G HaF9r_G dp cpa_G qQgc
m9g_ 21 mrQ cpa_G sarJ HaF9r u_P b_f [F 9lt ,"?_l9t ?cO;cl ?FT IQWf
?FT_ 91 mrQ HaF9r_G gOQaC jP_G \TpF qcQgA_G aJa ,\Fl 1 IO9l_G dp 2015
\AO9l dp HcQG9Kl_G >cQKAa [9MWF9= Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl H.W dp 2013
cpa_G maKpl HC OGF ?cAcat_G HcFGar_G dr9= QGaiC Q=T OFf \FC Qci . b_aFG
)101(
dp ?cZMW_G cGaJFG c9Gl dpp ,?_Z_G jP dFaF9r_G c9Gl_G q;AM9= q_AMc

k
1984 ?FT_ 51 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 208 IO9l_G OGF ;Dl UpF_G b_f ?c:a_G Ya]al
IQcjZ_G UpF_G b_f ?c:a__ h]Mc" \FC b_f [FA ?cZMW_G cGaJFG H.W dp
k
dp 9lC ."... Qlg_G Hl IQWf ?Tl9M_G HT 9lAc HC aC 9fQW 9j_=c HC b_E QcjZ_Ga
scDaA hFlc \FC b_f \Fl 26 IO9l_G dp [Fc \TpF HaF9r_G HC OGFp LGaR_G Ya]al
HT bAp_G mAca IQWf ?Tl9M_G I9Ap_G mAA m_ 9l ,\c_f ?rO9Zl_G aC LGaR_G Orf
OGFp ?c89FG_G ?c_aCTl_9= s_gAc 9lcp 9lC . scDaA_G Bra Qlg_G Hl IQWf ?g=9T_G
)102(
m_ [MW ct" \F.= EOJ_G qQf Or 2015 ?FT_ 111 mrQ EGOJFG HaF9r HC
HC OGF m9f ctW= ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_G c9Gl dpa ."gQlf Hl IQWf ?TO9T_G Ra9Gc
?FT 21 aJ dAcat_G dFOl_G HaF9r_G dp )dFaF9r_G OWQ_G HT( ?cFaF9r_G ?c_JFG HT

QGOZ@= 1980 ?FT_ 67 mrQ HaF9r= maTQl_G Hl 96 IO9l_G dp A9G EcJ ;?cO;cl
AGOF ?c_JFG cl9t Hatc OWQ_G HT k_= [MW ct -1" \FC dFOl_G HaF9r_G
b_f ?c9Za_G aC ?c:a_G QGQlAT9= u_P c=r mtJ Or Htc m_ 9l ,?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_G
"...?_l9t ?cO;cl ?FT HaQWfa iOJE OWQ_G HTa -2 .\_9l

)103(
.
[9MWF9= Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl H.W d p 2013 ?FT_ 91 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl

O9l_G :hGGQ
1 I )101(
.HcQG9Kl_G >cQKAa
cGaJFG H.W dp 1984 ?FT_ 51 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 208 IO9l_Ga ,26 IO9l_G :hGGQ )102(
.?cZMW_G
gPJ HC iQA dA_G cpa_G sarJ ?FG_ c=r Hl O9rAFG cJl aJ QlFG GPJ HC QtP_9= QcOG
k
(CRC, Concluding observations on .9KgpQ Bcat_G ?_aO b_f >Gca GOG IQcjZ Q9lfFG
the second periodic report of Kuwait, sixty-fourth session, 16 Sep. - 4 Oct. 2013,
p. 5.
.dFOl_G HaF9r_G QGOZ@= 1980 ?FT_ 67 mrQ HaF9r= maTQl_G Hl 96 IO9l_G :hGGQ )103(
2017/4
å ÏbFÇ 50
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
2010 ?FT_ 6 mrQ HaF9r_G 19 IO9l_G HC OGFp clg_G HaF9r= s_gAc 9lcp 9lC
?FT 15 Hf mJQ9lfC crA Hl ccjWA BQdJ Or d_JFG Y9ar_G dp clg_G H.W=
crA : Hl ccjWA= BJlT \TpF HaF9r_G Hl 20IO9l_G HC HcJ dp , ?cO;cl )104(
aC IQaM_G Qci c9lfFG dp ?cO;cl ?FT 18 b_f OcRA :a ,?FT 15 Hf mJQ9lfC
. ?Fcgl baQW= ?JZ_9= IQ]l_G

)105(
fQW_G Qci c9paFG mD Bcat_G dp m9f ctW= cpa_G sarJ H9c= cGC Hla
Hcc
sarJ caJ Hatc qaT 9lKFl caFG :Hc=_al b_E mTrc qaT EJ=l_G GPJ H@p
k
9ZZMl Hatc qaT EcOJ_9p dF9D_G >_al_G dp 9lC ,Bcat_G dp m9f ctW= c9paFG
.OcOJA_G \Ga b_f HccfQW_G Qci c9paF9= ?r_gAl_G sarJ__
caFG >_a*G
m9f ctW= c9paFG sarJ
9KJ8Ga_a 9KA9gcQWA dp Hl]AA m_9g_G HGO_= Q89Tt Bcat_G ?_aO HC uW:
k
B9lGRA_: GPcpFA u_P H9tC AGaT \Ac9lJ IQaQ]a ,cpa_G sarJ= s_gAc 9l ?cFaa_G
sarJ_G mJC Hl ?falGl 9FJ ca9FAF qaTa .u_Pt HtA m_ mC [aZM_G GPK= ?c_aO
:dA.c 9lt dJa ,Bcat_G ?_aO dp m9f ctW= c9paF9= ?r_gAl_G
k
QaaA_Ga alF_G v sJ_G - :aC
?cTpF_Ga ?cF9lTG_G dJGaF_G ct Hl mJQaaAa c9paFG alF= m9lAJ:G A9G
b_f \Fl 10 IO9l_G BZF EcJ ,dAcat_G QaATO_G [aZF B9ca_aC Hl] ?cf9lAG:Ga
dF9lTG_Ga d=OFG c9lJDG \crAa ,c;jAT:G Hl \clJAa AXF_G ?_aO_G bfQA" HC
"dJaQ_Ga
)106(
.
l _ P p mKTA dA_G ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cJZ_G RtGQl_G b_E ?p9]D9=a

a F G G J d
AGRG_G HaF9r [aZF H@p ,9JQtP_ c9Gl_G hTAc : dA_G ?_aO_G 9KA.WFC dA_G QaaA_Ga
k
9]cC GPJa ,d_JFG Y9ar_G dp clg_G H.W= 2010 ?FT_ 6 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 19 IO9l_G :hGGQ )104(
H.W dp 2015 ?FT_ 21 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 47 IO9l_G dp iQMC IQl \c_f Oct.A_G mA 9l
,?cO;cl ?FT IQWf UlM \ia_= c=r cpa_G >cQOAa ccjWA QdJc" \FC Hl cpa_G sarJ
aC 9KAgc=a mtJ= - Htlc dA_G c9lfFG YGaFC Hl YaF jC dp cpa_G ccjWA QdJc 9lt
."QaM__ cpa_G s;MC aC ?l;T aC ?JZ ^QgA HC - 9K= m9cr_G qaQd
.d_JFG Y9ar_G dp clg_G H.W= 2010 ?FT_ 6 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 20 IO9l_G :hGGQ )105(
.Bcat_G ?_aO QaATO Hl 10 IO9l_G :hGGQ )106(
51 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
d
k
A 9fQ= q_tl_G cpa_G ?c9fQ dp clKc Hl ct_ B9=arfa 9lcQGA BFl]A Or dAcat_G
.\ c
k
?c9fQ= HaF9r_G \lR_c [MW ct" \FC AGRG_G HaF9r Hl 166 IO9l_G dp A9G ;Dlp
\]Ql aC \FT >=T= ,I9cJ_G BGQaQ] b_f \TpF_ cZJc HC Hf RG9f QMB [MW
k
\c_f dFGl_G I9pa b_E u_P b]pCa ,\lGRA_9= m9cr_G Hf GOlf hFAl9p ... \_rf c;AMG aC
[aZFl_G B9=arg_9= ,B9=9ZDG ?l9TGa dF9G_G OZr >TJ >r9gc ,iP.= \A=9ZE aC
: c9lJE Hf Y9FAl:G H9t H@p ,163a ,162a ,152a ,150a ,149 OGal_G dp 9Kc_f
"164a 154 HcAO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G B9=arg_G Bgra OZr Hf
)107(
.
QcjZ ?c9fQ b_aAc IQTC >Q ct" HC AGRG_G HaF9r Hl 167 IO9l_G dp A9Ga
QcjZ_G OcaRA Hl \lGRA_9= m9cr_G Hf hFAlGa ,?_l9t ?FT IQWf h=QC k_=c m_
>r9gc ,iP.= \A=9ZE b_E aC cpa_G I9pa b_E u_P b]p.p ,?Wcgl_G BGQaQ]=
k
Qci aC 9cOlf Y9FAl:G H9t GPE 9l >TJ= ,?r=9T_G IO9l_G dp IQatPl_G B9=arg_9=
Hf RG9f Qci QcjZ_G H9t a_ bAJ ,B9=9ZDG ?l9TGa dF9G_G OZr >TJ=a ,jOlf
"?Wcgl_G BGQaQ]= \TpF OcaRA

)108(
.
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IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [F_G OQa Or 9KAr=T dA_G ?_9J_Ga ?_9J_G gPJ b_f [F_G HC QtP_9= QcOG_Ga )122(
u_Pa ,1980 ?FT_ 100 mrQ HaF9r= maTQl_9= ccOgA_G dp BOQa 9lt ?cTFG_G HaF9r Hl 3
bAC jP_Ga ,1978 ?FT_ 40 mrQ HaF9r_9= maTQl_9= \_cOgA mA [F_G GPJ HC Hl miQ_9=
?pZ= HccAcat Uc_a HcTFGl 9lKFl cgGa HcA_9J_G HcA9K_ dFaF9r_G RtQl__ q_AMl mcdFA=
k
IOrgFl_G \AT_G dp QcMFG maTQl_G ^pQ Or dAcat_G ?lFG U_Gl HF GQdF Ht_a ,?c_ZC
k
[F_ 9rc=aA Htc m_ H.t 9KF.W= QO9Z_G HaF9r= maTQl_G Q=Agc d_9A_9=a ,1995/7/4 dp
.dAcat_G QaATO_G Hl 71 IO9l_G
57 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
d
sarJ HC ;UFGA_9= ?cTFG_G Hf ?c_ZC ?pZ= ?cTFG_G 9Kcp q_AMA dA_G c89Tl_G
u_P RQ=C Hl cg_a ,UFGAl_G HaGal_G sarJ sapA ?c_ZC ?pZ= dAcat_G HaGal_G
k
H9l_Q=_G ?ca]g_ KWQA_G 9r_al \_ RaGc : m9f ctW= UFGAl_9p ,?cT9cT_G sarJ_G
20 d]l Og= :E \_9Fc : \F@p BcaZA_G dp \rJ= s_gAc 9lcp 9lC ,IQGRa_G d_aA :a
. ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G \=Tt NcQ9A Hl ?cO;cl ?FT

)123(
UFGA_G scQa= ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G - >
c9paFG 9Kcp >TAtc dA_G B:9J_G Hl OcOg_G dAcat_G ?cTFG_G HaF9r Hl]A 9lt
:dJ B:9J_G gPJa ,UFGA_G scQa= ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G
mKlC s_a aC gQTC mA Or QcMFG GPJ H9t GPE ,d=FGC >C Hl ?cAcat_G c9paC -
k k
Bcat_G dp mKAl9rE b_f c9paFG A:CJ ep9Jc HC bQW= ,9KFf dpaA aC 9F89= 9r;a
?cQcOrA_G ?a_T__ ?g]9M 9FJ ?cTFG_Ga ,)?cO;cl ?FT 21( OWQ_G HT mKia_= bAJ
IQGO<_
)124(
.
t 9FJa ,?cAcat_G ?cTFG_9= mKc=C UFGA ?dJ_ HaOaGal_G QZr_G c9paFG -

Ha c
?cTFG_9= mKc=C UFGA OFf ,HaF9r_G Iar= Ht_a ,UFGA_9= HccAcat c9paFG A:CJ
?c_9A_G ?FT_G c;M )BOGa HE( ?c_ZFG mKAcTFG Q9cAMG GaQQrc HC mK_a ,?cAcat_G
. OWQ_G HT mKia_=_
)125(
c=r mJO_Ga dpaA HcP_G QatP_G gO:aC Hl UFGAl_G O9pJC Hl QZr_G c9paFG -
h]9M_G jRGaG_G UFGA_9= ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G HatA 9FJa ,?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G \JFl
IQGO<_ ?cQcOrA_G ?a_T__
)126(
.
9JOrp aC ?cTFG_G >JT - L
Hl ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G >JT RGaG ?cTFG_G HaF9r dp dAcat_G YQWl_G QQr

k
RaGc dA_G B:9J_G ^g= dp ?cTFG_G HaF9r Hl 8a 7a 5a 4 OGal__ 9r=a UFGAl_G
k
:dJ B:9J_G gPJa .c9paFG 9ZaZMa ,?cg=A_G scQa= \gl 9K=Tt Hl clWA HC
? A t_G ?cTFG_G H.W= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ jQclFG maTQl_G Hl 6 IO9l_G :hGGQ
. c ca )123(
.?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G H.W= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ jQclFG maTQl_G Hl 5 IO9l_G )124(
.?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G H.W= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ jQclFG maTQl_G Hl ?cF9D_G IQrp_G 7 IO9l_G )125(
?cTFG_G H.W= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ jQclFG maTQl_G Hl ?cF9D_G IQrp_G QQtl 7 IO9l_G )126(
.?cAcat_G
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 58
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
scQa= ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G b_f cZJ Or )UFGAl_G jC( [MW_G GPJ H9t GPE - 1
?cTFG_G >JT ?_9J_G gPJ dp IQGO<_ RaGc PE ,?=P9t cGarC b_f A9F= aC Xj_G
.?cg=A_G scQa= \gl 9K=Tt Hll u_Pt
, UFGAl_G ?cTFG >JT dGQ9M_G 9KFlC aC 9c_g_G ?_aO_G ?J_Zl BfOATG GPE - 2
k
.?cg=A_G scQa= \gl 9K=Tt Hll 9]cC 9K=JT ?_9J_G gPJ dp RaGca
H l O9=l_ HcaQA_9= UFGAl_G m9cr b_f ?ZAMl_G B9KG_G iO_ c8:O BQpGaA GPE - 3
?8cJ b_E \89lAFG b_f aC ,O;=_G dp df9lAG:G aC jO9ZAr:G m9dF_G ^carA 9KF.W
k
\gl 9K=Tt Hll ?cTFG_G >JT ?_9J_G gPJ dp RaGc 9]cCa ,?c=FGC ?cT9cT
.?cg=A_G scQa=
BGQ9=f b_f B_lAWG Or UFGAl_9= ?r_gAl_G ?r=9T_G B:9J_G gPJ ct HC ?rcrJ_Ga

dT9FG >JT= 9K_;M Hl 9K_ KlTA IQc=t ?J9Tl B9a_T_G KFlA Or ?]9p]p
k
dp QrATl aJ 9lt ,A9]r_G ?=9rQ_ h]9M Qci QlFG HC 9ZaZMa ,HcTFGl_G
HE - mKc=C c9lfC QRa c9paFG cclJA aJ ,9FlKc 9l GPJa ,u_P Hl QaMFGa .Bcat_G
HC QlFG GPJ AaT Hl qpMc 9l cg_a ,u_P dp >FP jC mK_ Hatc HC HaO - BJZ
cgG Or ?cg=A_G scQa= ?cTFG_G >Tt Hll mJQcia c9paFG Hf ?cTFG_G >JT
k k
.IQGO<_ ?=TF_9= 9cQ9cAMG GQlC
RaGc iQMC ?_9J ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G HaF9r Hl )C - QQtl( 21 IO9l_G Bp9]C Ora - 4
Hc=A GPE ;UFGAl aC ?c_ZC ?pZ= AGaT dAcat_G Hl ?cTFG_G >JT 9KrrJA OFf
BGO9KW aC ?=P9t cGarC aC Xi b_f A9F= ;sJ Qcj= BcafC Or ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G HC
Or Hatc Hll ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G >JT ?_9J_G gPJ dp dj=Fca ,?JcJZ Qci
.?cg=A_G scQa= 9K=Tt
k
9Kc_E Q9Wl_G ?cTFG_G >JT B:9J hl ?FQ9rl_9= GOOWA QDtC aO=c Or 9FJ QlFGa
k k
IQGODG b_f 9clGR_E Hatc GOcOJA ?_9J_G gPJ dp ?cTFG_G >JT HE PE ,s=T 9lcp
k
mJQcia c9paFG Hf ?cTFG_G >JT HC 9lt ,?r=9T_G B:9J_G dp 9lt 9cRGaG Uc_a
k k k
B:9J_G dp 9lt 9cRGaG Uc_a 9clGR_E 9]cC Hatc ?cg=A_G scQa= ?cTFG_G >Tt Hll
k
9r=9T 9Kc_E Q9Wl_G b_aFG ?_9J__ ?r=9al 9KFC ?_9J_G gPJ dp >QjATl_Ga .?r=9T_G
?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G b_f cZJ Hl ?cTFG >JT B_gG dA_G ,UFGAl_9= ?r_gAl_Ga
k
GQlC ?cg=A_G scQa= \Ff 9K=Tt Hll 9K=JTa ,?=P9t cGarC b_f A9F= aC Xj_G scQa=
k k
HaF9r_9= maTQl_G dp 9Kc_f [F_G OcfC Or ?_9J_G gPJ HC 9Fl_f GPE 9ZaZM ,9cRGaG
H.W= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ HaF9r_G m9tJC ^g= ccOgA= 1980 ?FT_ 100 mrQ
59 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
1970 ?FT_ 30 mrQ HaF9r_9= BOQa Or IQcMFG ?_9J_G HC HcJ dp ,?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G
HC jC ,?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G H.W= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ HaF9r_G m9tJC ^g= ccOgA=
H@p u_P_ .QaZAl_G aJ Utg_G HE c= ,?cF9D_G ?_9J_G ?aTGa= NTFA m_ b_aFG ?_9J_G
30 mrQ HaF9r_9= IOQGa_G IQcMFG ?_9J_G HC 9FQQr GPE :E \]p Htlc : u=9WA_G GPJ
?GcAF b_E jOCc qaT u_P HC Qci ,?c_ZC ?pZ= dAcat_9= brp s_gAA 1970 ?FT_
>JTA qaT ?c_ZC ?pZ= dAcat_G ?cTFG HC dFgc qaT u_P HE PE ,?craFl Qci
k
Xj_G scQa= 9Kc_f cZJ Or \FC Hc=A GPE ,?cg=A_G scQa= \gl 9K=Tt Hlla \Fl 9clGR_E
k
.UFGAl m9lC 9Ft GPE 9cRGaG Hatc QlFG HC hl ,?=P9t_G cGarFG aC
OFf ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G Orp B:9J ^g= ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G HaF9r dp OQa 9lt
s_gAA Or dA_G ,iQMC ?c=FGC ?cTFG hl ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G dp ?cGGaORG ?_9J OaGa
:dA6G aJF_G b_f u_Pa ,c9paF9=
k
9vlvt ,?vcvAvcavtv_G ?vcvTvFvGv_G Ovrvpvc \vF@vp ?vcv=vFvGC ?vcvTvFvGv= GQ9vAvMvl dvAvcavtv_G UvFvGvA GPE -
mvKvcv=C ?vcvTvFvG dvp Hav_vMOvc GavF9vt GPE QvZvrv_G \v_9vpvaC - 9vFvlvKvc 9vl GPvJa - \vgvl 9vJOvrvpvc
QvcRa GavFv_vgvc HC mvKv_a ,?vcv=vFvGFG ?vcvTvFvGv_G gPvKv= [9vMv_G HavF9vrv_G >vGavlv= IOvcOvGv_G
.OWQ_G HT mKia_=_ HcAc_9A_G HcAFT_G c;M ?cAcat_G mKAcTFG Q9cAM9= ?c_MGO_G
- ?vcv=vFvGFG \vAvcvTvFvG Hvf cR9vFvAvc HC \vcv_vf H@vp ,?vcvAvcavtv_G ?vcvTvFvGv_G dv=vFvGFG >vTvt GPE -
?vcvTvFvGv_G bv_vf \v_avZvJ NvcQ9vA Hvl QavKvW ?vD;vD c;vM - iQvMC ?vcvTvFvG \v_ H9vt GPE
Hvtvc mv_ H.vt ?vcvTvFvGv_G \vJvFvlv= QO9vZv_G mavTQvlv_G Qv=vAvfG uv_P cvgvpvc mv_ H@vp ,?vcvAvcavtv_G
Ovr Havtvc Hvlvl mvJQvcvia \v_9vpvaC Hvf ?vcvTvFvGv_G >vJvTvA 9vlvt ,gQaOvZ NvcQ9vA H9vt 9vlvKvl
)127(
. ?cg=A_G scQa= \gl 9K=Tt
k
?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQTFG ?c9fQ_G v sJ_G - 9g=GQ
o
l m9lA cGC Hl ?lKl_G QZ9Fg_G Hl cpa__ ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cQTFG ?c9fQ_G OgA
ga F
HT \ia_= Og= \Ftlc jP_G ,d_rg_Ga dF9lTG_Ga jQlg_G H]F_G \ia_=a gQaaAa
Kc]aA_G Hl OcRl_a .u_P_ ?lR;_G BGQGQr_G P9MAGa ,?Z9M_G \FaCW IQGOE Hl OWQ_G
k k
?c9fQ_G dp sJ_G Hf 9cF9D mD ,?cQTFG ?c9fQ_G dp sJ_G Hf :aC EcOJ_G mAc qaT
:dA.c 9lt u_Pa ,iQMFG 9K_9tW.= ?cf9lAG:G
H.W= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ Q lFG maTQl_G Hl QQtl

j c 11 I O9l_Ga 11 IO9l_G :hGGQ )127(
? A t_G ?cTFG_G
. c ca
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 60
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
?cQTFG ?c9fQ_G d p sJ_G - 1
9KlGar ,hlAGl_G U9TC IQTFG" HC dAcat_G QaATO_G Hl 9 IO9l_G dp A9G

9K_d dp dlJca 9JQZGaC jarca 9KF9ct HaF9r_G epJc ,Haa_G >Ja s;MFGa HcO_G
9K_9paC ?c9fQ IQaQ]= IQTFG ?cAcat_G HcFGar_G BlR_C u_P_ . "?_apa_Ga ?lalFG
)128(
mOfa mKA9G9cAJG ?c=_Aa ,mK= QW9=l_Ga m8GO_G c9ZA:Ga ,mKgl ?l9rDG c;M Hl
H.W dp 2015 ?FT_ 21 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 3 IO9l_G dp A9G u_P_ .mK_9lJE aC mK8GPcE
?tT9lAl IQTC qFt dp alF_Ga A9r=_Ga I9cJ_G dp cpa_G sJ" Hl \FC cpa_G sarJ
"...?Fl9]Ala
)129(
.
HaF9r_G mdF Orp ,9lK]g= Hf HGa=FG 9Kcp cZpFc dA_G B:9J_G dp bAJa c=
HcJ mFG >cZF Hl 9K_gGa ,?cZMW_G cGaJFG HaF9r dp cpa_G ?F9]J ?_.Tl
,cpa_9= m8GO c9ZAG \_ Hatc HC dp >FG sJ hl , ?F9]J_G baQW 9Kcp QpGaAA

)130(
Ora .jQaO ctW=a cpa_G >T9Fc 9l= gOfal d]9r_G OOJc jP_G ?cCQ_G sJ c;M Hl
Hl ,dF9D_G \l9f \ia_= bAJ 9K_pa ?c9fQ dp sJ_G ?FcGT_G mI_ u_Pt HaF9r_G Hl]
>iQA BF9t GPE ,u_P_ ?lR;_G B9aGQAW:Ga qaQd_G 9Kcp QpGaAA ?F9]J QGO c;M
ctW= ?FcGT_G \lC IQ9cR dp sJ_G cpa__ HaF9r_G Hl] Orp Qlg_G u_P Og= 9lCa ,u_P=
. mdAFl )131(
?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G d p sJ_G - 2
Orp ,9K_9paC ?c9fQ dp IQTFG \= marA jP_G df9lAG:G QaO_G b_E ?p9]D9=
aC dr_M qGQJFG Hf mFc qQJFl ua_T >9tAQG b_E c9paFG ^g= KFGc HC cZJc
IRKGFG 9Kc_f qQWA ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ__ QaO QcpaA= Bcat_G ?_aO Bl9r u_P_ ,dTpF
Hl ?8p_G gPK_ mc_gAa L;fa >cQOAa ccJ.A HlGQ= 9K_;M Hl QpaAa ,?_aO__ ?clTQ_G
Hc= Hl HC EGOJFG H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 111 mrQ HaF9r_G dp A9G Ora .c9paFG
k
9l 9FaF9r 9Kc_f >r9gl m8GQG_ \=9tAQG OFf EOJ_G ?KGGal dp PMAA Or dA_G Qc=GOA_G
:dA.c
Bcat_G ?_aO QaATO Hl 9

. IO9l_G :hGGQ )128(
.?cZMW_G cGaJFG H.W dp 1984 ?FT_ 51 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 196 IO9l_G :hGGQ )130(
.HaGT_G mcdFA= [9M_G 1962 ?FT_ 26 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 34 IO9l_G :hGGQ )131(
61 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
d
C Wv v _G IQGRav v _ ?v v gv v =9v v Av v _G ?v v cv v f9v v lv v Av v G:G ?v v c9v v fQv v _G B9v v Tv v TCv v l iOv v JE dv v p YGOv v cDG
Ha v v -
BGavFvT UvlvMa B9vc9vFvGv_G dvp BGavFvT QvWvf bv_vf OvcRvA : IOvlv_ cvlvgv_Ga ?vcvf9vlvAvG:G
)132(
. KFG_G dp
?vcv]Qvlv_G \vAv_9vJa >vT9vFvAvA dvAv_G ?vZvAvMvlv_G ?vcvG;vgv_G B9vTvTCvlv_G iOvJE dvp YGOvcDG -
\A_9J 9KlR_ATA dA_G ?c9Fg_G 9Kcp br_Aca ,\FTa

)133(
.
b lTc 9l c;M Hl ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G QcpaA b_f ?cAcat_G HcFGar_G BZF 9lt
?c9fQ_G QcpaA cptA ?ca=QAa ?cf9lAGG ?TTCl Hf IQ9=f aJa ,cpa_G jO9F=
B9raC cjW scQa Hf ,IQWf ?Tl9M_G b_E ?g=9T_G HT Hl c9paI_ ?cf9lAG:G
AGacD ?cf9lAGG QaO OGaA u_Pt . ?lc_T_G ?ca=QA_G >c_9TFGa c89Ta_9= mKiGQp
)134(
Hf 9JRGf aC ,QTFG YOZA aC mAc_G >=T= ?cQTFG ?c9fQ_G Hl HclaQJl_G c9paFG
?c_89g_G ?F9]J_9= qQgc 9l c;M Hl aC , cpa__ ?lc_T_G ?cQTFG ?c9fQ_G QcpaA)135(
?c9fQ_G Hl HclaQJl_G c9paFG H]AJA dA_G ?cAcat_G IQTFG 9K= OZrc dA_G ,?_cO=_G
HGT_9= mJR9GAJG >=T= aC ,jOTG_G aC d_rg_G ^Ql_G aC mAc_G >=T= ,?cQTFG
?F9]J_G H.W dp 2015 ?FT_ 80 mrQ HaF9r_G dp A9G 9lt ,9KGQ9M aC O;=_G cMGO
k
B9KlC Hl >FG d_aKGl aC Hca=FG d_aKGl c9paFG 9]cC clWA dA_G ,?c_89g_G
k
HccfQW_G Qci c9paFG sarJ Hf EcOJ_G OFf 9rJ: u_P Hc=F qaT 9lt ,B9cAcat
.Bcat_G dp
k
?c_9*Ga ?cO9ZAr:G ?c9fQ_G v sJ_G - 9Tl9M
k k
c;M Hl ,c9paI_ 9=T9Fl 9cWcgl iaATl HcFGar_G c;M Hl ?_aO_G BFl]
?FT_ 51 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 202 IO9l_G carA u_P dpp ,9lK_9paC ?rpF= HcO_Ga_G mGR_E
Qcrp_G gO_a ?rpF ... QTal_G >FG b_f >Gc" \FE ?cZMW_G cGaJFG H.W dp 1984
k
\F@p ,IQTal mFGa GQTgl >FG H9t GPE 9lC ."dFjATc bAJ ... >Tt_G Hf RG9g_G
k
GPE u_Pta ,QTcC GPE \c_f \= hGQA ,>FG b_f 9FcO HatAa ,9JO_a ?rpF 9Kc_f >Gc"
k
?rpF_G H@p ,HcQTgl HGO_Ga_G H9t GPE 9lC ."\Fl ?rpF_G A9pcATG Htlc :a 9=89i >FG H9t
EGOJFG H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 111

. mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 11 I O9l_G )132(
.EGOJFG H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 111 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 12 IO9l_G )133(
.cpa_G sarJ H.W dp 2015 ?FT_ 21 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 36 IO9l_G )134(
å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ 62
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
k
>FG b_f spFl_G \= hGQca ,>FG b_f 9FcO Ha tAa ,HGa =FG :a_ \lR_A Hl b_f" HatA
"QTcC GPE
)136(
.
k
Hl] HatA ,GQ9FcO 50 9JQOr HccAcat_G c9paI_ ?c_9l Ia;f mOrA ?_aO_G HE c=
,[9M_G Y9ar_G dp Ha_l9g_G aC dlatJ_G Y9ar_G dp Ha_l9g_G AGaT ,A9=6G B9=AQl
A:CJ b_f qQZ_G b_f Ia;g_G gPJ [ZMA EcJ= ,c9paC ?g=T_ bZrC OJ=a
. c9paFG )137(
k
cpa__ ?c_9l_G ?c9fQ_9= ?r_gAl_Ga ,Bcat_G ?_aO dp GOG ?lOrAl_G QalFG Hla
;
HaF9r_G >Gal= B8WFC ,"QZr_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G"vvvv= blTA ?clatJ ?8cJ OaGa
q q
^g=_ 9KAc9lJa cGalFG IQGO@= ?r_gAl_G m9Kl_G ^g== h_a]A ,1983 ?FT_ 67 mrQ
dZa aC d_a OGac : HcP_G HccAcat_G Hl QZr_G m9AcFG ?8p 9KFl] Hl dA_G ,B98p_G
q
. ?c_9l_G mKFaCW IQGOE b_aAc

)138(
k
?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_G v sJ_G - 9TO9T
d p HcFaGal__ ?Fagl_G ?_aO_G cptA" \FC dAcat_G QaATO_G Hl 11 IO9l_G dp A9G
Hcl.A_G B9lOM mK_ QpaA 9lt .clg_G Hf RGg_G aC ^Ql_G aC ?MaMcW_G ?_9J
\Fl 15 IO9l_G BZF u_Pta . "?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_Ga ?cf9lAG:G ?Fagl_Ga df9lAG:G

)139(
^GQlFG Hl L;g_Ga ?c9ra_G c89Ta=a ?l9g_G ?JZ_9= ?_aO_G bFgA" HC b_f

k
dA_G B9cpWATl_Ga ?cJZ_G RtGQl_G Hl OcOg_G A9WFE mA u_P_ 9rc=aAa . "?8=aFGa
)140(
.?cZMW_G cGaJFG H.W dp 1984 ?FT_ 51 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 203 IO9l_G )136(
mrQ AGQRa_G U_Gl QGQra ,?cFaa_G ?_9lg_G mfO H.W= 2000 ?FT_ 19 mrQ HaF9r_G :QdFG )137(
O:aFG Ia;fa ?cf9lAG:G Ia;g_G KFl H.W= ,2001/5/20 NcQ9A= 2001 ?FT_ 390
.?_aO__ cl9t_9= ?ta_ll_G ?tQW_Ga ?clatJ_G B9KG_G dp Hc_l9g__
HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G A9WFE H.W dp 1983 ?FT_ 67 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 2 IO9l_G dp A9G )138(
:?8cK_G gPJ b_aAA" \FC QZr_G

q
HtATl_G clJ_G b_fa mK_ dZa :a d_a : HcP_G HccAcat_G Hl QZr_G b_f ?c9Za_G -1
q
.\_ dZa : jP_G
HcgA m_ HcP_G HccAcat_G Hl Hc=89j_Ga HcOarpl_Ga 9KcOr9pa ?c_JFG dZr9F b_f ?lGar_G -2
k
.mK_GalC IQGOD 9lcr ?ltJl_G
.u_P= ?ltJl_G 9Kc_E BOKf GPE HcQM6G ?l9r_Ga A9cZaFG B9pQZA b_f qGQWDG -3
."9Kc_f HcgA HC b_E aC 9JOc b_f 9K= bZac dA_G E;DFG cGalC IQGOE -4
63 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d a H aF 9r_G d p c9paFG sarJ
k
?cJZ_G B9lOM_G ^g=_ j RlQ QgT=a ,HcFaGal__ 9F9Gl ?c=a_G B9lOM_G QcpaA= marA
.dJZ_G H9l]_G c;M Hl aC HccAcat_G Qcj_ ?=TF_9=
k
BJFl Orp ;d_rg_Ga dF9lTG_G galFa cpa__ ?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_9= m9lAJ;_ GOcTGAa
caFG QKW_G ,iQMC QKWC ?g=QCa ,cl9t >AQl= HcQKW IOl_ h]a IR9GE ?pdal_G
u_Pta . IQGODG ?rpGal bQW=a >AQl qZF= ?cr9=_G ?D;D_Ga cl9t >AQl= 9KFl
)141(
bpWATl_9= ^cQl_G 9K_pa ?rpGQl_ ?Z9M IR9GE ?pdal_G KFl b_f HcFGar_G BZF
NcQ9A_ HcAc_9A_G HcAFT_G c;M 9K_pa h]QA dA_G - ?_l9g_G mI_a . cl9t >AGQ= )142(
k
^cpMA jC u_P b_f >AQAc :a ,9K_pa ?f9]Q_ 9clac HcAf9T dp sJ_G - h]a_G
k
?_l9f 9lC HcTlM mOMATc jP_G clg_G >J9Z mR_C HaF9r_G HC 9lt . QGFG dp )143(
k
?c9fQ= ?F9]J__ QGO b_E OKgc aC ,?F9]J__ GQGO @WFc HC" OJGa H9tl dp QDt.p
"...B;l9g_G c9paC
)144(
.
k
mc_gA_G v c9paFG sJ - 9g=9T
k
9rpa ?_aO_G \_ptA HccAcat__ sJ mc_gA_G" HC QaATO_G Hl 40 IO9l_G dp A9G
b_aFG \_JGQl dp dF9Gl dlGR_E mc_gA_Ga ,>GO6Ga m9g_G m9dF_G OaOJ dpa HaF9r__
k
?Z9M ?_aO_G mAKAa ,?clFG b_f A9]r__ ?lR;_G ?aM_G HaF9r_G h]ca ,HaF9r__ 9rpa
"d_rg_Ga dr_M_Ga dFO=_G >9=W_G alF=
)145(
.
k
mc_gA_G H.W= 1965 ?FT_ 11 mrQ HaF9r_G QOZ jQaATO_G [F_G GPK_ 9rc=aAa
\FC \Fl 1 IO9l_G dp A9G jP_G ,)2014 ?FT_ 25 mrQ HaF9r_9= cOgl_G( dlGR_DG
k k
?cGO= Hl E9FEa QatP Hl HccAcat_G c9paFG hclG_ 9cF9Gl 9clGR_E mc_gA_G Hatc"
>At_Ga ?cTQOl_G dF9=l_G QcpaA= ?_aO_G mRA_Aa ,?aTaAl_G bAJ ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl_G
"?cO9la ?cQW= Iar Hl dlGR_DG mc_gA_G M9GF Hl]c 9l cta ,Hcl_gl_Ga
)146(
.
>r9gc" HC b_f \TpF HaF9r_G Hl 10 IO9l_G BZF s=9T_G mGR_DG sc=aA H9l]_a
k
: ?lGQia GQKW Ra9GA : IOl U=J_9= ?r=9T_G IO9l_G mtJ_ q_9Ml_G >_9a_G QlC d_a
?lalFG ?c9fQ_ ?Z9M_G IR9GDG H.W=

. 2011 ?FT_ 6 mrQ ?cFOl_G ?lOM_G HGacO QGQr )141(
,
)2011 142 ?FT_ 7 mrQ ?cFOl_G ?lOM_G HGacO QGQr )142(
25 mrQ HaF9r_9= cOgl_G( dlGR_DG mc_gA_G H.W= 1965 ?FT_ 11 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 1 IO9l_G )146(
.)2014 ?FT_
2017/4
å ÏbFÇ 64
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
dF 9Gl mc_gA_G HC c9J_G hrGaa . "HcA=arg_G HcA9J iOJ@= aC ,Q9FcO 1000 Ra9GA
)147(
. ?cgl9G_G ?_JQl_G b_E c9paFG ^9cQ ?_JQl Hl HccAcat__

)148(
9lt O=_G( ?cTFG_G jOOJl Qci aC >F9GC Hl HccAcat_G Qcj_ ?=TF_9= 9lC
aC )Ha
- mK_ ?=TF_9= mc_gA_9p ,?cFaF9r Qci IQaZ= Hclcrl_9= ?cAcat_G ?latJ_G mKclTA
maTQ_G hpO c;M Hl ?Z9M_G UQGOl_G dp Hatc 9lFE ,dF9Gl Qci - m9f ctW=
k k
?8p_ HclAFl_G u8_aC 9ZaZMa ,mKFl QcDt_G IQOr mOg_ GQdF Ht_a .u_P_ ?lR;_G
k
QGQr_ 9rpa ,HcG9AJl_G c9paFG mc_gA_ jQcM_G saOFZ_G ?_aO_G B.WFC Orp ,HaO=_G
IQGRaa q9raI_ ?l9g_G ?F9lFG qGQWE BJA 2003 ?FT_ 855 mrQ AGQRa_G U_Gl
mcOrA qOK= ,?cFaF9r Qci IQaZ= Hclcrl_G Y9]aC ?G_9gl_ jRtQl_G R9KG_Ga ,?c=QA_G
HcOcpATl_G ?=_a_G OOf d_9lGE k_= Ora ,HccAcat_G Qci Hl HcG9AJl__ d_9l_G mfO_G
?c_9l ?p_tA= )B9=_9aa >;a 14910( 2014/2013 dTGQO_G m9g__ saOFZ_G Hl

k k
)9cAcat GQ9FcO 4,453,566( 9JQOr
)149(
.
?cTFG b_E QdF_9= mc_gA_G dp sJ_G ?TQ9ll dp c9paFG Hc= RcclA_G HC uW:a
k
q_9Mc ,mJQcj_ ?=TF_9= u_P Qcia ,HccAcat_G c9paI_ 9cF9Gl \_gG= u_Pa ,cpa_G
,1966 m9g_ ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G [aZF
b_fa ,1996 ?FT_ 11 mrQ HaF9r_G >Gal= Bcat_G ?_aO c=r Hl \c_f sO9Zl_Ga
k
9clGR_E d8GOA=:G mc_gA_G cgG" >aGa= \Fl )C( )2( 13 IO9l_G \AFl]A 9l [MFG
k k
m9g_ cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG \AFl]A 9l aJ 9]cC GPJa ."hclG__ H9Gl_9= 9J9Ala
104 mrQ jQclFG maTQl_G >Gal= Bcat_G ?_aO c=r Hl 9Kc_f sO9Zl_Ga ,1989
b_f clgA qGQaFG caO_G HC 9KFl )C( )1( 28 IO9l_G dp A9G EcJ ;1991 ?FT_
k k
."hclG__ H9Gl_9= 9J9Ala 9clGR_E d8GOA=:G mc_gA_G cgG"
K=ZA Bcat_G ?_aO 9Kc_f sO9ZA dA_G ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G HC QtP_9= QcOG_Ga
k
QaATO_G Hl 70 IO9l_G dp A9G 9lt jO9g_G HaF9r_G Iar 9K_a ,dFaa_G 9KFaF9r Hl GARG
k
?fapWl GQap ?lFG U_Gl 9Kj_=ca maTQl= BGOJ9gl_G QclFG mQ=c" \FC Hl dAcat_G
25 mrQ 9r_9= cOgl_G( dlGR_DG mc_gA_G H.W=

HaF 1965 ?FT_ 11 mrQ 9r_G Hl
HaF O9l_G 10 I )147(
?FT_
.)2014
mc_gA_G" HC m9g_G mc_gA_G H.W= 1987 ?FT_ 4 mrQ HaF9r= maTQl_G Hl 2 IO9l_G dp A9G )148(
HccAcat_G mc_gA" HC HaF9r_G UpF Hl 4 IO9l_G dp A9Ga ,"?_aO_G \_ptA HccAcat_G hclG_ sJ
."H9Gl_9= ?latJ_G UQGOl dp
.63 [ ,)2015( ,?cGQ9M_G IQGRa ,Bcat_G ?_aO dp cpa_G sarJ )149(
65 å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ
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d
9Kc_f scOZA_Ga 9KlGQ=E Og= HaF9r_G Iar IOJ9gl__ HatAa ,H9c=_G Hl >T9Fc 9l=
?r_gAl_G BGOJ9gl_Ga ,q_9JA_Ga K_Z_G BGOJ9gl HC b_f .?clTQ_G IOcQG_G dp 9JQWFa
aC ?l9g_G HcFaGal_G sarJ aC IO9cT_G sarJ= aC ?cgc=a_G 9KAGaQD aC ?_aO_G d]GQ.=
?_aO_G ?FGRM clJA dA_G BGOJ9gl_Ga ,?l9rDGa ,?J;l_Ga IQ9GA_G BGOJ9gla ,?Z9M_G
k k
>Gc Bcat_G HcFGar_ ;cOgA Hl]AA aC ,?cFGRcl_G dp IOQGa_G Qci B9rpF_G Hl 98cW
B9a_T__ ?lR_l [aZF_G gPJ HatA u_P=a . "... HaF9r= QOZA HC 9JP9pF_
)150(
k
BGP [aZF_G sc=aA Htlca ,OGQpI_ ?=TF_9= sarJ__ GQOZla ,Bcat_G dp ?cFaa_G
. ?cFaa HcFGar 9JQ9=Af9= ?cAcat_G mt9Jl_G c=r Hl 9KFl ?cAGP_G ?c9pt_G
)151(
,cpa_G sarJ Hl QMB sJ= s_gA HEa ,jP_G c9Dl_G GPJ saTF u_P b_f Oct.A__a
Hc= IGa9Tl_G IQaQ] aJa m9g_G CO=l_9= s_gAc \F@p ,?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_G dp sJ_G aJa
sO9Zl_G 1989 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG dp A9G 9lt sarJ_G Hl QcDt dp c9paFG
A9G 9lt ?cFaa 9KZaZF BJ=ZC mD Hla ,1991 m9g_ 104 mrQ maTQl_9= 9Kc_f
B]r 2014/3/9 dpp .g;fC IQatPl_G Bcat_G ?_aO QaATO Hl 70 IO9l_G dp

^Ql= ?=9Zl ?cQaT ?_pa ?_l9gl= ?JZ_G IQGRa mGR_@= Bcat_G dp ?c_t_G ?ltJl_G
k
?cr9pAG Hl 24 IO9l__ 9rc=aA IQGRa_G ?rpF b_f 9KG;fa HccAcat_G c9paFG ?_l9gl QO9F
:\FC 9Kcp A9G dA_G cpa_G sarJ
i _= Htlc dJZ iaATl b_f.= hAlA_G dp cpa_G sJ= qGQaFG caO_G qQAgA
\ a - 1"
qGQaFG caO_G cP=Aa ,dJZ_G ccJ.A_G IO9fEa ^GQlFG L;f spGQl dp \rJ=a
B9lOM b_f caZJ_G dp \rJ Hl cpa jC mQJc :C Hl]A_ 9JOKG iQ9Zr
.gPJ ?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_G
k
?=T9Fl_G Qc=GOA_G ,[9M \Ga= ,PMAAa ;l9t sJ_G GPJ c9lfE qGQaFG caO_G h=9AA - 2
:cGC Hl
; c9paFGa h]Q_G B9cpa ^pM - C
hclG_ Hc AlR;_G ?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_Ga ?c=a_G IOf9Tl_G QcpaA ?_9pt - >

;?c_aFG ?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_G QcaaA b_f OcOWA_G hl c9paFG
QdFG dAcat_G dFaF9r_G m9dF_G dp BGOJ9gl_G h]a caJ ccZpA_G Hl OcRl__

: )151(
k
?_Gl ,9GPalF Bcat_G - dAcat_G HaF9r_G dp d_aO_G HaF9r_G OfGar ,dlGg_G OgT crD .O -
.133 - 15[ ,)2011 UQ9l - Bcat_G( 35 ?FT_G ,1 OOg_G ,sarJ_G
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 66
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_G Q9aE dp bAJ ?cPjA_G AaTa ^GQlFG ?Jp9tl - L
Hfa ?_aKT= ?J9Al_G 9cGa_aFtA_G sc=aA 9KFl QalC scQa Hf ,?c_aFG
dp IPMB ,?crF_G >QW_G g9cla ?cp9t_G ?cPjl_G ?cPiFG QcpaA scQa
.".... gQa9Mla ?8c=_G Ea_A Q9aMC 9JQ9=AfG
B9cF=_ IOf9r ?_apa_G HC QQrl_G Hl \FC 9KltJ B9cDcJ dp ?ltJl_G B_9ra

k
9l9lAJG 9Kc_aA HC ?_aO_G b_f H@p mD Hla ,9KlOrA_ IQaQ] 9KA9fQa hlAGl_Ga IQTFG
k k
iaZr ?clJC m9f ctW= Haa__a \AQTF cDlc cpa_G H.= 9Kf9FArG Hf GQc=gA 9j_9=
GPJ dp ?cF9TFDG A9r= ?lTa 9KlGara I9cJ_G ^=F \FE PE ,c=rATl_Ga Q]9J_G dp
Hat_G
)152(
.
HC OGF c9paFG hclG Hc= IGa9Tl_G IQaQ]a mc_gA_G dp sJ_G b_E IOag_9=a
BGO9rAF:G ^g= \cGaA Bl9r Bcat_G caJ ?cl9AM_G 9KA9dJ;l dp cpa_G sarJ ?FG_
Ga_GR9l HaO=_G c9paC Hl QcDt_G HE B_9ra ,HaO=_G A9F=F ?=TF_9= mc_gA_G sJ= ?r_gAl_G
Q9Wl_G dlatJ_G saOFZ_G HF u_Pa ,?clatJ_G UQGOl_G dp ccGTA_G Hl HclaQJl

k
iO_ OGac HcP_G c9paFG clWc : 9lt ,\AGQ9=AMG dp >TQc Hl clWc : 9r=9T \c_E
.
)153(
?8p_G gPJ c9paC ct clWA_ ?cp9t Qci saOFZ_G cGalC HCa ,?cFlC Oacr mKca=C
k
HaO=_G c9paF GQcMC Bcat_G BJlT Orp BGO9rAF:G gPJ IOJ Hl qcpMA__a
?lOM_G Hl HcOf9rAl_Ga )?aQW_Ga XcG_G( ?cQtTg_G ?lOM_G dp mJC9=B clgc HcP_G
bTaAla d8GOA=G( E;D_G cJGQl__ ?cF9Gl_G ?clatJ_G UQGOl_9= s9JA_:9= ?cQtTg_G
2016/2015 dTGQO_G m9g_G Hl AGOA=G ,c9paFG ^9cQ HaO )jaF9Da
)154( k
.
NcQ9A= \FC Bcat_G dp mcrl ?cTFG_G jQaT OpGa 9KgpQ= m9r dA_G ?c]r_G gPJ h89ra [M_AA )152(
^Ql= ?=9Zl 9KFC Hc=A 9Kc_f d=a_G qWt_G hcraA=a IOa_al= \__G \rRQ 2010/10/14
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9l aJa ,dAcat Q9FcO 856a 9p_C 65 ?caFT_G \Ap_tA k_=A AGaO= 9KFrJ mR_ATc ,QO9F c9]f
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q
?ltJl_G \c_E BKAFG 9l aJ cgp_9= GPJa .HcFaGal_G c9pa.= IaTC H9Gl_9= \c_f caZJ_G \=_aa
A9j_E BQQra c9paFG Hl mJQcia HccAcat_G c9paFG Hc= H.W_G GPJ dp IGa9Tl_G IQaQ]=
.(DasmanNews Online) .L;g_G qQZ= 9KAlR_Ca ?JZ_G IQGRa QGQr
.2015 ?FT_ 225 mrQ ?c=QA_G IQGRa QGQr )153(
CRC, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Kuwait, Sixty-

Fourth Session (16 Sep. - 4 Oct. 2013), GE.13-47968 [13].
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9= AQAa ,"Qlg_G Hl IQWf ?TO9T_G Ra9Gc m_ [MW ct" \F.= EOJ_G \Fl 1 IO9l_G
c
>9tAQ9= EGOJFG Hl mKAc Hl= ?Z9M ?c89FG BGAGQGE HaF9r_G >AQ Orp u_P b_f
?=9cF dKp \gl scrJA_G b_aAA dA_G ?KG_G EcJ Hlp .>9rg_G >GaATA ?lcQG
k
mC 9JFG BF9tC AGaT ,EGOJFG m8GQG dp brp ?ZZMAl ?=9cF dJa ;EGOJFG
Hl B9lt9Jl_Ga BGAGQGDG HaF9r dp QQrl_G m9g_G cZFG Hl A9FDATG u_Pa ,B9c9FG
k
?l9g_G IQGODGa ,B9c9FG_G dp A9fO:Ga qQZA_Ga scrJA_G ?a_T ?l9g_G ?=9cF_G d_aA
.KFG_G dp A9fO:Ga qQZA_Ga scrJA__ B9rcrJA__
?ltJl b_E \A_9JE mAA EOJ_G ?lt9Jl IQaQ] EGOJFG ?=9cF BCQ GPE mD
\AGQO crA : jP_G A9]r_G c9GQ OJC Hl ctWA ,EGOJFG ?ltJl= blTA ?ZZMAl
Hcc89ZMFG Hl HGQc=Ma I9]r_G Hl H9FDG \Fa9gca ,?c_t_G ?ltJl_9= ?ltJl ccta Hf
?lt9Jl_G BGAGQGE 9lJQa]J Hatca ,A9TF_G Hl crFG b_f 9lJOJC ,Hccf9lAG:G

k
UpF dp >fQ_G E=A Or dA_G ?cO9g_G mt9Jl_G m9lC mt9Jc : bAJ u_Pa ,9c=aGa
A;taa I9]r_Ga Hcl9Jl_Ga m9KA:G [pra ?ZFl__ QdFl Hl 9Kcp 9l= QcjZ_G
. ?=9cF_G )155(
? A6G O9=l_G 9KltJAp EOJ_G b_f ?r=al_G B9=arg_9= s_gAc 9lcp 9lC
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?g=9T_G mAC Or 9DOJ ?lcQG_G >tAQl H9t GPE - 1
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QvpGavAvc mv_ GP@vp ,)mFG aC OvGv_G aC >F9vt( \vAv=9vrQ bv_avAvc Hvl bv_E mvcv_vTvAv_G -
HvlvACvl [vMvW bv_E mv_vT ,EOvJv_G ?vcv=QvAv= m9vcvrv_v_ ?vcvJ;vZv_G mvKvFvl jC dvp
(GE.12- 19 [ ,2010/7/30 d p cpa_G sarJ ?FG_ b_E mOrl_G Bcat_G ?_aO QcQrA :QdFG )155(
42901).
k
BGaFT h=T Qlg_G Hl k_=c m_ jP_G EOJ_G 9c8GRG c.Tc : \FC Qlg_G GPJ OcOJA dp >=T_G )156(
mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 2 IO9l_G( .HaF9r_G 9Kc_f >r9gc ?lcQG ctWA ?grGa jC >9tAQG Bra ?_l9t
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O9rAFG cJl aJ ?g=9T_G HT Hl CO=c EOJ__ ?c89FG_G ?c_aCTl_G HT cgG HC QtP_9= QcOGa
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CRC, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Kuwait, sixty-

fourth session, 16 Sep. - 4 Oct. 2013, p. 15.
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d lGg_G OgT crD .O
_ t _Ta gQvcvT HvTvJa \vAvcv=QvAv= OvKvgvAvc mvJQvcvi Hvl aC \v=Q9vrC Hvl

bv E aC ,\v av v
. u_P= 9K_89f OKgAc 9K= saDal IQTC

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?vZvZvMvAvlv_G OvJ9vgvlv_G aC RvtGQvlv_G c;vM Hvl dvFvKvlv_G >vcQOvAv_9v= s9vJvAv_:G -
cv =v rv A dv Av _G uv _Pv = ?v Zv Av Mv lv _G YQGRv lv _G aC Qv G9v Av lv _G aC hv F9v Zv lv _G Ov JC aC

EOvJv_G m9vdvAvFG svcvgvc : 9vlv=a ,EOvJv_G qaQvd hvl >vT9vFvAvc 9vlv=a ,\v=vcQOvA
)158(
. BGaFT E;D b_f OcRc : 9l=a dT9TFG mc_gA_G dp
cvrvc : 9vlv= 9vKvAOvl OvcOvJvA hvl 9vKv]vgv= aC 9vKv_vt ?vFvcvgvl B9v=vGGav= mGRvAv_:G -
Hv t9v lFG O9v cv AQG Qv dv Jv t( ,BGav Fv T E;v D bv _v f Ov cRv c :a Qv Kv WC ?v Av T Hv f
AavTv= mvKvFvf QvKvAvWG Hvl aC HvcOQvWvlv_G ?v=vJ9vZvl QvdvJ - 9vKvcvp \v=vAvWvlv_G
- ?v Fv cv gv l B9v ra.v = ?v lv tv Jv lv _G 9v JOOv Jv A B9v Kv G m9v lC Qav ]v Jv _G - IQv cv Tv _G

k
9v l;v pC aC qv Fv f m;v pC EOv Jv _G 9v Kv cv p Ov J9v Wv c dv Av _G Hv t9v lFG O9v cv AQG Qv dv J
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BvJvA ?vcvgvcv=vav_G \vAv8vcv= dvp EOvJv_G hv]a c;vM Hvl dv89v]vrv_G Q9v=vAvM:G -
dvAv _G ?vlvtv Jvlv _G 9vJOOv JvA dvAv_G B9v =v GGav _9v = \v l9vcvr hvl qGQv WDGa \vcvGavAv _G
HcAFT b_f OcRA : IOl_ u_Pa , ua_T_G >rGQl 9KJQArc

)161( )160(
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Q R _ ?vvvgvvv=9vvvAvvv_G ?vvvcvvvf9vvvlvvvAvvvG:G ?vvvc9vvvfQvvv_G B9vvvTvvvTCvvvl iOvvvJE dvvvp YGOvvvcDG

I G avvv -
dv vp BGav vFv vT Qv vWv vf bv v_v vf Ov vcRv vA : IOv vlv v_ cv vlv vgv v_Ga ?v vcv vf9v vlv vAv vG:G HaCv vWv v_G
)162(
. KFG_G dp BGaFT UlMa ,B9c9FG_G
A_9J >vT9vFvAvA dvAv_G ?vZvAvMvlv_G ?vcvG;vgv_G B9vTvTCvlv_G iOvJE dvp YGOvcDG
\v v v a -
\A_9J 9KlR_ATA dA_G ?c9Fg_G 9Kcp br_Aca ,\FTa ?c]Ql_G

)163(
.
EGOJFG H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 111 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 6 IO9l_G

. )157(

. )158(
?c9fQ_Ga ?cf9lAG:G ?=rGQl_G >Atl= sJ_c df9lAGG EJ9= aC d89ZMC aJ ua_T_G >rGQl )160(
Hf B9TGQO_Ga QcQ9rA_G mcOrAa df9lAG:G EJ=_Ga d89]r_G Q9=AM:G B9=_aAl= m9cr__ ?rJ;_G
.?ZAMl_G B9KG__ EGOJFG
69 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
d
k
.
)164(
Hc QWg_Ga ?cO9J_G HT EOJ_G Za _== 9lAJ Qc=GOA_G gPJ dK F AA -
k
H @p IQWf ?TO9T_G Ra9Gc m_a IQWf ?Tl9M_G cltC 9DOJ ?lcQG_G >tAQl H9t GPE - 2
:dA6G aJF_G b_f HatA B9=arg_G
Uv =vvJv _G aC mGOv fDG 9vvKv Av =av rvvf ?vvc9v Fv G dv J ?vv=v tv AQv lv _G ?v lvvcQvvGv _G Bv F9v t GPE -
Uv lv M bv _v f \v AOv l Ov cRv A : jPv _G Uv =v Jv _9v = >v r9v gv c EOv Jv _G H@v p ,Ov =Cv lv _G
.?FT IQWf
>vr9vgvc EOvJv_G H@vp ,BvrCvlv_G Uv=vJv_G 9vKvAv=avrvf ?v=vtvAQvlv_G ?vlvcQvGv_G BvF9vt GPE -
k
.?lcQG__ 9FaF9r QQrl_G bZrFG OJ_G qZF Ra9GA : IOl U=J_9=
mv_ mC Uv=vJv_9v= ?v=avrvgv_G gPvJ BvFQvAvrG AGavT ?vlGQvjv_9v= EOvJv_G >vr9vgvc : -
?vlvcQvGv_v_ IQQvrvlv_G ?vlGQvjv_v_ bvZvrFG OvJv_G qvZvF Ra9vGvc : 9vlv= :E ,HQvAvrvA

.9K=tAQG dA_G
O =_ Q t svcQvav= PvcvpvFvAv_G ,?vlGQvjv_9v= mvtvJv_G OvFvf ?vlvtvJvlv_v_ RavGvc :

dvF v v G gG v DG -
?v_vl9vt ?vFvT IQvWvf BvT mvJQvlvf Ra9vGvAvc mv_ HvcPv_G mvKvcv_vf mavtvJvlv_G bv_vf
. PcpFA_G Bra
)165(
Uv=vJv_G aC mGOvfD9v= 9vKvcv_vf >vr9vgvlv_G mv8GQvGv_G Qvcvi dvp ?vlvtvJvlv_v_ RavGvc -
iOvJE dvp YGOvcDG aC dv89v]vrv_G Q9v=vAvM:9v= EOvJv_G bv_vf mvtvJvA HC Ov=Cvlv_G
B9vvcvvpvvWvvAvvTvvlvv_G iOvvJE dvvp YGOvvcDG aC ,?vvcvvf9vvlvvAvvG:G ?vvc9vvfQvv_G B9vvTvvTCvvl

k k
.
)166(
9r=9T IQatPl_G B9=arg_G Hl :O= ?ZZMAl_G ?cG;g_G
dp EGOJFG Hl mKc_f matJl_G b_f ?cQJ__ ?=_9T_G B9=arg_G PcpFA mAc - 3
br=A 9l aC ?=arg_G \c_f PpFA HcQWg_Ga ?cO9J_G HT k_= GP@p ,?c=9rg_G B9TTCl_G
u_P hla ,HcFaGTl_G dr9= Hf cZpFl H9tl dp ?l9g_G HaGT_G OJC dp 9KFl
Htc m_ GPE ,EGOJF9= ?Z9M_G ?c=9rg_G B9TTCl_G dp EOJ_G U=J QGQlATG RaGc
. QKWC ?AT Ra9GA : ?cr9=_G IOl_G BF9ta ,u_P Hl IQaaM u9FJ

)167(
.EGOJFG H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 111 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 14 I O9l_G )164(
2017/4
å ÏbFÇ 70
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
?TTCl_G cMGO u_P_ ?ZZMl_G Ht9lFG OJC dp IQ9cR_G sJ= EOJ_G hAlAc - 4
cMGO EOJ_G ua_T= s_gAc >=T jF BGQ9cR_G gPJ hFl RaGc :a ,?c=9rg_G
. ?c=9rg_G ?TTCl_G )168(
U=J_G qQi cMGO EOJ_G _f ?cQJ__ ?=_9T_G B9=arg_G PcpFA RaGc : - 5

b
jOGQpF:G
)169(
.
?lt9Jl_Ga scrJA_G A9FDC dp EOJ_G b9JC Or HaF9r_G HC QtP_9= QcOG_Ga

:dA.c 9l 9JRQ=C cg_a ,B9F9l]_G Hl ?falGl=
UlM gQlf k_= jP_G EOJ__ ?=TF_9= scrJA_G ?lP b_f da9cAJ:G U=J_G HC - 1
b_f \]Qf >Gca ,\c_f ^=r_G NcQ9A Hl Ya=TC b_f \AOl OcRA : ?FT IQWf
?D;D Ra9Gc : 9l= iQMC OOl aC IOl_ U=J_G OcOGA dp QdF__ EGOJFG ?ltJl
.QKWC
Htlc 9lFEa ,?FT IQWf UlM k_=c m_ jP_G EOJ__ da9cAJ:G U=J_G RaGc : - 2
\]Qf >Gca ,Ya=TC b_f OcRA : IOl_ ?dJ;l_G QaO iOJE dp \fGOcE ?=9cF__
Ra9Gc : 9l= iQMC OOl aC IOl_ U=J_G OcOGA dp QdF__ EGOJFG ?ltJl b_f
.QKWC ?D;D
k
l _TA ?FT IQWf UlM k_=c m_ jP_G EOJ__ ?=TF_9= YGOcDG Hl :O= RaGca
\ c - 3
\=_a OFf \lcOrA= mRA_c HC b_f \Ac9fQ d_aAl b_E

)170(
.
,iQMFG mt9Jl_G O9rgFG Ht9lC Hf ?_ZpFl Ht9lC dp EGOJFG mt9Jl B9T_G OrgA - 4
Qa]J \c]Arc 9la ?lt9Jl_G ?gc=a hl >T9FAA dA_G c89Ta_G Hl mR_c 9l= OaRAa
. EOJ_G )171(
\cpgA HC ?ltJl__a( EOJ_G iaT 9JQ]Jc HC RaGc :a ?cF_f Qci ?lt9Jl HatA - 5
?ltJl_G \_ RcGA Hla ua_T_G d=rGQla Hcl9Jl_Ga OaKW_Ga \=Q9rCa )Qa]J_G Hl

. [9M HP@= Qa]J_G )172(
k
d A_JQl dp \F f Y9pO__ 9cl9Jl ctac p sJ_G \Ac9fQ d_aAl_
HC d aC EOJ__ - 6
71 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
aC ?=9cF_G b_f >Ga \F f Y9pO__ m9Jl cctaA mAc m_ GPEa ,?lt9Jl_Ga scrJA_G
m k
.
)173(
?lKl_G gPK= marc 9cl9Jl \_ >OAFA HC ?ltJl_G
9lt , EGOJFG b_f AGRG_G HaF9r dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G Oag_G m9tJC jQTA :
)174(
- 7
?c89FG_G ?_9J_G ?pcJZ dp s=GaT_G Hl] EGOJFG ?ltJl m9tJC >TJA :

. m9tJFG gPJ Hl ?c_9M ?pcJZ_G QOZAa
)175(
IQO9Z_G m9tJFG GOf ,q9F8AT:G ?ltJl Hl IQO9Z_G m9tJFG q9F8ATG RaGc - 8
dp H;a= aC HaF9r_G sc=aA dp .aM_ :E ,\c_f ?=9rQ_G d_aAl b_E EOJ_G mc_TA=
\cp QDC BGAGQGDG dp aC mtJ_G

)176(
.
.
)177(
EGOJFG ?ltJl m9lC EOJ_G O] dF Ol_G A9fO:G RaGc : - 9
dFa QAt_DGa YalTl_Ga d8Ql_G m;fDG c89Taa B9fa=al_Ga qJZ_G b_f QdJc - 10
c=r AGaT ,mJQaZ aC HclKAl_G A9lTC Hl]AA EGOJFG 9c9]r Hf B9la_gl QWF
. mKc_f mtJ_G QaOZ Og= aC 9K89FDC dp aC ?lt9Jl_G
)178(

. )173(

k
Hl 85 IO9l_G dp A9G Ora .iQMC >9tAQ9= ?r=9T ?lcQG= 9c89KF HGOl_G m9cr Oag_9= OZrc
k
?c9FG ?=arg= \c_f mtJ_G s=T Hl GO89f Ogco" \FC B9c9FG_G dp Oag_G ?_.Tl dp AGRG_G HaF9r
OJ_G Hl QDt.= O89g_G b_f d]rA HC ?ltJl__ RaGca .?JFG aC ?c9FG u_P Og= \=9tAQG B=Da
k
Oag_9= s_gAc 9lcp 9lCa ."OJ_G GPJ qg] IRa9Gl mOf bQW= ?lcQG__ 9FaF9r QQrl_G bZrFG
?JFG ?=arg= mKAl_G b_f mtJ_G s=T GPE" \FC AGRG_G HaF9r Hl 86 IO9l_G BZF Orp KFG_9=
,m8GQG_G gPJ iOJE dp YaQW aC QcaRA aC ?F9lC ?F9cM aC >ZF aC ?rQT ?lcQG \=9tAQ:
aC ?r=9T_G m8GQG_G Hl ?lcQG QatPl_G mtJ_G NcQ9A Hl BGaFT UlM c;M \=9tAQG B=Da
H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 111 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 67 IO9l_G dp 9lt R9G ,9JGOJE dp YaQW_G
k
IRa9Gl mOf bQW= ,9FaF9r QQrl_G bZrFG OJ_G Hl QDt.= \c_f d]rA HC ?ltJl__ .EGOJFG
."\pZF Hl QDt.= OJ_G GPJ
:QdFG dAcat_G HaF9r_G dp Oag_G m9tJC caJ OcRl__
,dg]a_G d89FG_G \rp_Ga ?cl;TDG ?gcQW_G dp ?lcQG_G b_E Oag_G IQJ9d ,u9lT_G OlJC .O -
.Bcat_G ?gl9G B9fa=al ,1985 ,b_aFG ?g=a_G
2017/4
å ÏbFÇ 72
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
dF 9D_G >_a*G
{cfQW_G |i c9paFG sarJ
b_f Bcat_G dp HccfQW_G Qci c9paFG sarJ mJC ca9FAF qaT >_al_G GPJ dp
qcQgA ca9JF qaT u_P c=r Ht_a ,?cFaF9r_G K8Ga__Ga B9gcQWA_G \c_f BZF 9l Aa]
:d_9A_G aJF_G b_f u_Pa ,?_Z_G BGP HcFGar_G dp OQa 9l Aa] b_f K_aZl_G GPJ
k
qcQgA_G - :aC
k k
d p OQaC \Ft_a ,HccfQW_G Qci c9paI_ GOOJl 9pcQgA dAcat_G HaF9r_G OQac m_
9ll ,?cGaR_G ?r;g_G Q9aE dp \c=C b_E H=:G >TF baQW ?cZMW_G cGaJFG HaF9r
9JOaGa ?_9J dp aC ?cGaR_G ?r;g_G OaGa mOf ?_9J dp \FC ?p_9Ml_G maKpl= dFgc
,?cfQW_G mOf mD Hla ,>TF_G dpF b_E jOCc u_P H@p ,>TF_G baQW QpGaAA m_ Ht_a
,H9g__G iafO= blTA ?c89]r iafO c;M Hl >TF_9= QGQrDG mOf ?_9J dp u_Pa
Hl 168 IO9l_G BZF Orp OOZ_G GPJ dpa .9JQtP_ c9Gl_G hTAc : ?cFaF9r BGAGQGEa
Qci \FC B=D GPE cGQ_G Hl >TF_G B=Dc :" \FC b_f ?cZMW_G cGaJFG HaF9r
BZF u_Pt . "... d]Ql aC dr_M hF9l_ O_a_G \Fl dA.c HC Htlc : aC ,>ZMl
)179(
KcJZ_G LGaR_G dp ?GaR ct O_a >TFc -C" \FC b_f \TpF HaF9r_G Hl 169 IO9l_G
B=Dc :C -2 . LGaR_G Orf b_f clJ_G IOl crC d]l -1 :HcaQW= 9KGaR b_E
)180(
EOJ aC ,IO:a_G b_E Org_G NcQ9A Hl dTJ hF9l= HcGaR_G Hc= dr;A_G H9tlE A9pAFG
bQAWc ,hF9l_G cGR GP@p ,mac ?89lD;Da HcATa ?TlM Hl QDtC QlATGa LGaR_G Og=
B=Dc : HcaQW_G HcPJ OJC bpAFG GPE -> .cGaR_G NcQ9A Hl clJ_G IOl crC A9]rFG
"LaR_G QGQr@= :E >TF_G
)181(
.
dp cGQ_G Hl O_a_G >TF B=Dc -C" \FC HaF9r_G Hl 172 IO9l_G qc]A u_Pta
NcQ9A Hl QDt.p ?cQlr QKWC ?AT_ O_a GPE ?K=W= caMO_G aC , OT9p_G LGaR_G
)182(
166 I O9l_G :hGGQ .mac ?89lD;Da HaATa ?TlM 9JQDtCa ,?cQlr QKWC ?AT clJ_G IOl crC )180(
.?cZMW_G cGaJFG H.W dp 1984 ?FT_ 51 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl
,\AJZ baQW Hl bQW q_MAa ,gO9rgFG baQWa ,\F9tQC BrrJA jP_G aJ OT9p_G LGaR_G )182(
k k
aC 9=TF LaR_G Hl 9KA=GQr_ ,9fQW cJA : Hll LGaR_Ga ,OaKW Qci Hl LGaR_9t :u_Pa
= H9t a_ 9lt ,mtJ_G GPK= \_KG= QPgc Hll aJa ,\==T= :a mcQJA_9= m_9f Qci \Ft_ ,IQJ9Zl
73 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
BF9t GPE :E \=TF B=Dc : scQpA_G aC ?tQ9Al_G Og= O_a GPEa -> .drcrJ_G caMO_G
"scQpA_G aC ?tQ9Al_G NcQ9A Hl mac ?89lD;Da HcATa ?TlM d]l c=r IO:a_G
)183(
.
QM6G 9lJOJC EQc :a cpa_G ?rpF \c_f >GA : LaR_G H@p >TF_G dpF mA GPEa
\l.= ?_9J_G gPJ dp sJ_ca
)184(
.
ctW= AGaT c9paFG sarJ_ 9K_a9FA dp ?cAcat_G HcFGar_G H@p s=T 9l GOfa
9lJOJC ,HccfQW Qci mKAQ=AfG HcP_G c9paI_ Hcg]a B_a9FA QW9=l Qci aC QW9=l
B=DA m_ aC A9=6G a_aKGla B9cAcat_G B9KlFG ala_gl QM6Ga )A9ar__G( Hca=FG a_aKGl
k
dj=Fca .9rJ: Hc=F qaT 9l aJF b_f sarJ_G ^g= mKJFl BQQra ,mKc_E mKA=TF
?cJ9F_G Hl HccfQW Qci HaFatc : Or Hca=FG d_aKGl c9paFG HC 9FJ Oct.A_G

.?_aO_G IOKf dp mK_gGa mKFf d_MA_G b_f HGO_Ga_G mOrC QM6 aC >=T_ Ht_a ,?cfQW_G
k
RcclA_G mOfa IGa 9T*G v sJ_G - 9cF9D
cpa_G sarJ H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 21 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl )>( 3 I O9l_G dp A9G
jC Hl ?c9lJ_G - > ... :u_P dp 9l= ,?cT9TFG sarJ_G ?p9t HaF9r_G GPJ cptc" \F.=
LGa R_G m9tJC Hl AdW \c_f >AQAc : \FC OT9p_G LGaR_G mtJa .m;TD9= OKf EcOJ =
Ia _M Og= a_a ,IQJ9Zl ?lQJ :a ,EQGaA :a ,?rpF :a ,\cp QKl ;p :KcJZ_G

,?cZgl H9t ,caMO LGaR_G GPJ >rfC GP@p .scQpA_G aC sGQAp:G >Gc c= ,?JcJZ
:?c_9A_G m9tJFG >AQAA Ht_a ,Org_G ?K=W_ OJ_G brTa ,scQpA_G >Gaa
.QKl_G >aGa -
.O_a_G >TF Ba=D -
.scQpA_G aC sGQAp:G OFf IOg_G >aGa -
.IQJ9Zl_G ?lQJ -
bk aQW k Hl bQW aC \F9tQC Hl HtQ c_M hra jP_G LGaR_G aKp ca9=_G LGaR_G 9lCa
,9cgar 9lcQJA cGQ_G b_f ?lQJl ICQl_G BF9t aC Rcll Qci Or9g_G H9t a_ 9lt ,gO9rgFG
k k k k
aC ,gQcj_ ?GaR BF9t aC ,IQJ9Zl aC 9f9]Q aC ?=GQr ,9K==T=a ?lQJ_9= m_gc aJa
.ja9lT HcO= HcOA : IOJ_l BF9t

k k
:a ,?rpF :a ,GQKl >Gac :a ,:aMO cJc ;p :9l QDC k ca9=_G LGaR_G b_f >AQAc :a
m_gc Hl b_f >Gca ,9rQpAc HC HcGaR_G b_f >Gca ,9=TF :a IQJ9Zl ?lQJ B=Dc
LGaR_G Og= cZJ a_a .9lKFc= ?rQpA_G b_aAc_ ,A9]r_G b_E 9lJQlC hpQc HC 9lK_9J=
.>TF :a ,IOf :a ,?rpF \= >GA m_a ,QKl \= B=Dc m_ ,caMO ca9=_G
?=Atl ,HaF9r_Ga ?gcQW_G dp \A9=Gala LGaR_G ,\__G ^cp jRap OlJl .O :u_P dp QdFG
.57 - 55[ ,?cl;TDG QGRl_G
? ZMW_G cGaJFG H.W dp

. c 1984 ?FT_ 51 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 172 I O9l_G :hGGQ )183(
2017/4
å ÏbFÇ 74
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
aC UFG_G aC HcO_Ga_G aC O;cl_G cJl >=T= - c9paFG Hc= RcclA_G YGaFC Hl YaF
dp mKFc= ?c_gp_G IGa9Tl_G Hcl.Aa - QMB h]a jC aC ?r9fDG aC QZFg_G aC HcO_G
GPJ 9JQ=AfG Or RcclA_G mOfa IGa9Tl_G H@p ,\c_f A9F=a ."sarJ_G ?p9t= Y9pAF:G
?rQpA jC HaO c9paFG hclG 9K= hAlAc HC >Gc dA_G ?cT9TFG sarJ_G Hl HaF9r_G
aC mKAcTFGt IOf Hcl9]l 9KA9ca dp clJA Or HcO_Ga_G >=T= IQ9=fa .>=T jF
q
HaF9r_G GPJ HE c= ,dF9gl_G Hl 9JQcia mKAa=C ?cfQW aC mK8GQD aC ?cpcda_G mJRtGQl
O9tA IQ9=g_G gPJa ,"QMB h]a jC" >=T= ?rQpA_G mOfa c9paFG Hc= IGa9Tl_G Hl]
k
u_At ,c9paFG Hc= sarJ_9= ?rQpA_G dp 9==T HatA Or dA_G Y9]aFG ct clWA
.>FG aC mKcO_Ga ?_9KGa mKAcfQW= ?r_gAl_G
k
mT:G v sJ_G - 9D_9D
\FCcpa_G sarJ H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 21 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 5 IO9l_G dp A9G 9lt
bJc bFgl \_ mT:G Hatc HC RaGc :a ,gRclc mTG \_ Hatc HC dp sJ_G cpa ct_"
O;cl_G OFf mT:G GPJ cGTca ,\FGQrC Hc= 9lcp LQJ_G \_ >=Tca ,gQOra \F.W Hl
k
HccfQW_G Qci c9paI_ H@p u_P_ ,"Oc_Gal_G Ocr m9tJF 9rpa Oc_Gal_G B;GT dp
mAc qaT ,?Fcgl B9pZGala baQW= OGQpFG Hl mJQci Hf mJRclc mTG dp sJ_G
.?clTA_G gPJ BGAGQGE OQT Og= 9KJ9]cE
d p aC YQ9W_G dp br_l \c_f QaDg_G mAa )bcr__G( Hca=FG caKGl cpa_G H9t GPE
m9cr__ q9gTE IQ9cT >_a= gQaO= marc jP_G ,QpMl_G b_E \lc_TA mAc m9f H9tl jC
?c=a_G B9ZaJp_G c9ltAT: bpWATl >QrF \_rFa ,cpa_G ?_9J_ d_aFG [Jp_9=
b_f QaDg_G ?grGa 9Kcp Ocrc ?_9J B9=DE Q]Jl QcQJA= ?aQW_G QpMl marc mD ,\F.W=
QpMl_G marc u_P Og=a .cpa_G b_f QDf Hl ?cZMW B9=DEa ,9KA9T=;l ?p9ta cpa_G
qWt_G AGQGDa ,H.W_G GPJ dp 9KAGAGQGE P9MA: ?ZAMl_G ?cJZ_G ?KG_G Q9aM@=
Hl ga_M= IO9KWa ?cJZ_G \A_9J H9c=a ,cpa__ d=cQrA O;cl NcQ9A OcOJAa d=a_G
dp gOaGa c;M 9Kc_f cZJ Or Hatc dA_G B9lcgaA_9= IO9KWa ,?cOgl_G ^GQlFG
iOJE b_E \lc_TA= ?KG_G gPJ marA mD ,BOGa HE ?cZMW_G \A9r_gAla ,bpWATl_G
?cf9lAG:G HaCW_G IQGRa_ ?g=9A_Ga c9paFG Hl YaF_G GPJ c9=rAT: IOgl_G B9TTCl_G
. ?c_MGO_G IQGRa aC ?l9g_G ?=9cF_G Hl QO9Z mc_TA >9aM >Gal= u_Pa ,clg_Ga
)185(
21 mrQ HaF 9r__ ?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G QGOZ@= 2016 ?FT_ 16 mrQ QGQr_G Hl 6 IO9l_G :hGGQ )185(
. cpa_G sarJ H.W= 2015 ?FT_
75 2017/4
å ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d a H aF 9r_G dp c9paFG sarJ
Of 9lcp ,caKGl >Ca ?cAcat mF cpa_G ?KGGal dp PMAA 9KAGP BGAGQGDGa

\FC G
k
IQaQ] HaO ?_JQl_G gPJ Hl CO=A BGAGQGDG H@p ,bpWATl_G dp GOa_al H9t HE
Hl ?_9J B9=DE Q]Jl QcQJA mAc PE ;BGAGQGE Hl u_P= s_gAc 9la ,?aQW__ \lc_TA
.bpWATl_G dp IOaGal_G scrJA_G B9KG c=r
OgA clg_Ga ?cf9lAG:G HaCW_G IQGRa_ ?g=9A_G c9paFG QGO b_E \lc_TA Og=a
:dA.c 9l 9Kcp bQAWca ,)?cf9=Q( c9paFG A9lT.= ?l89r QGO_9= ?cFp_G ?FG__G
. d ca A t_G hlAGl_G dp ?g89W_G A9lTFG Hl Ha tA HC - 1

k
? QMT_Ga OrF__ ca_Ol 9Kcp
. c aC c 9 f9lAGG ?_a=rl_G Qci A9lTFG Hl Ha tA : HC - 2
k
. c8Gag_G A9lT.= sJ_c HC \F .W Hl ca_Ol jC H l 9c_9M mT:G t
Ha c HC - 3
k
)186(
. c qcQgA_G IGOC Hl 9c_9M mT:G
) G( t
Ha c HC - 4
k
?cTFG_G v sJ_G - 9g=GQ
k
[MW A9lAFG Hf Q=gA 9JQ9=Af9= ?cT9cT ?clJC Hl ?cTFG_G \_tWA 9l_ QdF G
k
clJA_Ga sarJ_G Hl OcOg_G >9TAtG dp 9==T 9JQ9=Af9= ?cFaF9r ?clJCa ,?Fcgl ?_aO_
9l GPJa - QQra ,?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ HaF9r_G mdF Orp .B9lGRA_:9=
aJF_G b_f u_Pa ,>FG caKGla ?cAcat mF Oa_al_Ga Hca=FG d_aKGl_ 9KJFl - 9FlKc
:dA6G
Hca =FG a_aKGl c9paFG - 1

k
O_a Hl -2.. :9cAcat Hatc" \FC \Fl 3 IO9l_G dp dAcat_G ?cTFG_G HaF9r [F
k
\c_fa ."Utg_G B=Dc m_ 9l 9Kcp GOa_al bcr__G Q=Agca ,Hc_aKGl Hca=F Bcat_G dp
k
?cF c9Gl jC u9FJ Uc_ mD Hla ,?c_ZC ?pZ= 9cAcat K=ZC Or cpa_G GPJ HC K]Ac
k
GPJ HC - 9r=9T 9FQtP 9lt - QtP_9= QcOG_Ga .H.W_G GPJ dp IQGO<_ ?cQcOrA ?a_T
O_a Hl ct ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G >TAtc" :d_c 9lt K=Zc_ 1987 m9f \_cOgA mA [F_G
k
u_P=a ,"Utg_G B=Dc m_ 9l 9Kcp GOa_al bcr__G Q=Agca ,Hc_aKGl Hca=F Bcat_G dp
k k
u_P hla .HaF9r_G Iar= Ht_a ,9TFGAl Hca=FG caKGl Q=AfG Orp ccOgA_G GPK_ 9r=ap
k
?cT9cT_G sarJ_G ct ?TQ9ll Hl mQJc : \F@p UFGA_9= 9cAcat \Fat Hl miQ_9=
QcMFG ccOgA_G dp A9G 9lt ,?lFG U_Gl B9=9MAFG dp BcaZA_9t ,HcFaGal__ IQQrl_G
?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G QGOZ@= 2016 ?FT_ )C/20( mrQ jQGRa_G QGQr_G Hl 21a 20 OGal_G )186(
.?c_89g_G ?F9]J_G H.W dp 2015 ?FT_ 80 mrQ HaF9r__
å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ 76
dlGg_G OgT crD .O
O9g=ATG mA EcJ ,?cTFG_G HaF9r Hl 6 I O9l_G [F_ 1995 ?FT_ 32 mrQ HaF9r_9=
k
\rc=aA s9aF Hl IO9l__ 9r=a ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G b_f Hc_Z9J_G
)187(
. 3
?cTFG_G b_f Hc_Z9J_G hFlA m_ QcMFG 9K_cOgA= 6 IO9l_G HC Hl miQ_9=a

k
?ca]f u_P dp 9l= ?cT9cT_G mKrarJ hclG ?TQ9ll Hl 3 IO9l__ 9r=a ?cAcat_G
k
HF GQdF ;?cFaF9r_G ?cJ9F_G Hl Htll Qci u_P H@p ,IQGRa_G d_aA aC ?lFG U_Gl
-1" ?lFG U_Gl ?ca]f baQW Hl :b_f \Fl 82 IO9l_G dp [F dAcat_G QaATO_G
k k
IQGRa_G d_aA= s_gAc 9lcp 9lCa . "...HaF9r__ 9rpa ?c_ZC ?pZ= 9cAcat Hatc HC
)188(
baQW_G IQGRa_G b_aAc Hl baQW dp c9JC Or \Fl 125 IO9l_G dp QaATO_G H@p
Hlcp bQAWc" \FC b_f BZF EcJ ,QtP_G ?p_9T 82 IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G
k
GQdFa . "QaATO_G GPJ Hl 82 IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G baQW_G IQGRa_G b_ac
)189(
k
HaQ=Agc ?cTFG_G HaF9r Hl 3 IO9l__ 9r=a ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G b_f Hc_Z9J_G HF
aC ?lFG U_Gl dp ?ca]g_G Hl HalQJc mKp ?c_ZC ?pZ= Uc_a UFGA_9= HccAcat
.IQGRa_G d_aA
k
m_ ?lFG U_Gl cJ IQAp dp QOZ jP_G ccOgA_G GPJ H@p 9r=9T 9FQtP 9lta
k
71 IO9l__ 9r=aa - u_P=a ,1995/7/4 NcQ9A= IOrgFl_G \AT_G dp U_Gl_G gQrc
. ?cFaF9r ?lcr ?cC \_ BTc_a Htc m_ H.t ccOgA_G GPJ Q=Agc - QaATO_G Hl
)190(
\FC ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G HaF9r= 1959 ?FT_ 15 mrQ jQclFG maTQl_G Hl 6 IO9l_G [FA )187(
k
sJ HaF9r_G GPJ Hl 8 ,7 ,5 ,4 OGal_G m9tJF 9rpa ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G >Tt Hl_ Hatc : ..."
.?cTFG_G gPK_ \=Tt NcQ9A Hl ?cO;cl ?FT HcQWf A9]rFG c=r ?c=9cF ?8cJ jF >9MAF:G
."?c=9rF ?8cJ jC dp HccgA_G aC KcWQA_G sJ ?r=9T_G IQrp_G dp HcQatPl__ Hatc :a
?lFG U_Gl O9rgFG QGaOC Hc= 9lcp EOJ GPE" \FC b_f dAcat_G QaATO_G Hl 71 IO9l_G BZF )190(
QOZc HC QclI_ R9G ,QcM.A_G clAJA : Qc=GOA P9MAG dp YGQTDG >Gac 9l ,\_J IQAp dp aC
BGQcOrA__ aC QaATO__ ?p_9Ml HatA : HC b_f ,HaF9r_G Iar 9K_ HatA mcTGQl 9KF.W dp
c;M ?lFG U_Gl b_f mcTGQl_G gPJ ^Qf >Gca .?cFGRcl_G HaF9r dp IOQGa_G ?c_9l_G
k k
?_9J dp \_ Y9lAGG caC dpa ,9l89r U_Gl_G H9t GPE ,9JQaOZ NcQ9A Hl 9lac QWf ?TlM
HaF9r_G Iar Hl 9K_ H9t 9l dgGQ QD.= cGR ^QgA m_ GP@p ,dgcQWA_G cZp_G A9KAFG aC cJ_G
H9t 9l dgGQ QD.= cGR U_Gl_G 9JQrc m_a B]Qf GPE 9lC .u_P= QGQr QGOZE b_E ?G9J Qcj=
>AQA 9l ?caTA aC ?r=9T_G IQAp_G dp 9JP9pF O9lAfG U_Gl_G iCQ GPE :Ea ,HaF9r_G Iar Hl 9K_
."QMB \Ga= 9JQ9DB Hl
77 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
>FG a_aKGla ?cAcat mF c9paFG - 2

k k
9 A t Hatc" ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G HaF9r Hl 9KTpF 3 IO9l_G dp 9]cC A9Ga
-1 : c ca
\A=TF B=DA m_ aC >FG caKGl H9ta ?cAcat mC Hl LQ9M_G dp aC Bcat_G dp O_a Hl

k
?pZ= HatA ?_9J_G gPJ dp ?cAcat_G ?cTFG_G HC K]Ac \c_f A9F=a ."...9FaF9r \c=C b_E
dA_G ?cTFG_G 9FJa .H.W_G GPJ dp IQGO<_ ?cQcOrA ?a_T ?cF 9Kcp c9Gl :a ?c_ZC
BF9tC AGaT mFG ?cTFG YaF b_E QdF_G HaO ?cAcat_G A9F=F HatA HaF9r_G Iar= B=DA
HC bQW= Ht_a ,LQ9M_G dp mC Bcat_G dp GaO_a Or GaF9tC AGaTa ,UFGA_9= aC ?c_ZC
Hl miQ_9= jC ,mKc=C b_E mK=TF B=Dc m_ aC ,\ApQgl mOf jC ,>FG d_aKGl GaFatc
k
a_ 9lt ,Bcat_G dp m9g_G m9dF_G hl spAla 9FaF9r KcJZ LGaR OGac : \FC :E \ApQgl
k
cGaJFG HaF9r_ 9r=a dfQW_G LGaR_G Hl Ogc u_P HC Q9=Af9= ,m_Tl Qci LaR_G H9t
.dAcat_G ?cZMW_G
QcMFG 9K_cOgA c=r IQl Hl QDtC ccOgA__ B]QgA Or IQrp_G gPJ HC QtPca
k
15 mrQ jQclFG maTQl_9= gQaKd ?cGO= dp [F_G H9t Orp ,9r=9T IQatPl_G \AjcZ=
k
mC Hl ,LQ9M_G dp aC Bcat_G dp ,O_a Hl -1 :9cAcat Hatc" \FC QQrc 1959 ?FT_
k
caKGl ga=C H9t aC ,9cFaF9r \c=F \A=TF B=DA m_ aC ,>FG caKGl H9ta ,?cAcat
k
A9F=C 9]cC clWc H9t \FC b_aFG \AjcZ= [F_G Hl K]Aca ."\_ ?cTFG : aC ?cTFG_G
Qci A9F=.= s_gAc : 9FJ QlFGa ,?cTFG_G dlcOf aC ?cTFG_G d_aKGl A9=6 ?cAcat_G
Qci mKAcTFGp ;mK89=B ?cTFG= ?r_gAl ?_tWl u9FJ Ht_a HacfQW 9lFEa ,HccfQW
HcAr=9T_G HcA_9J_G qPJ brp mA QcMFG ccOgA_G dp \FC jC ,mK_ ?cTFG : aC ?la_gl
.mK_ ?cTFG : aC ?cTFG_G d_aKGl mJC9=B Hatc HcP_G ?cAcat_G A9F=.= HcAr_gAl_G
k
?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G v sJ_G - 9Tl9M
k
caKGl >C Hl aC Hca=FG d_aKGl( HccfQW_G Qci c9paFG H@p 9r=9T QtP 9lt
k
B9TTCl b_E mKlc_TA mAc )9FaF9r \c=C b_E \=TF B=Dc m_ aC ,?cTFG_G ?cAcat mCa
:dA.c 9l OGac 9Kcpa ,clg_Ga ?cf9lAG:G HaCW_G IQGRa_ ?g=9A_G ?c9fQ_G
H T bAJ IO:a_G Hl c9paI_ ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G B9lOM mOrA dJa :c9paFG QGO - 1
.B9cAp__ IQWf ?g=GQ_G HTa H9cAp__ Qlg_G Hl IQWf ?cF9D_G
I QWf ?cF9D_G HT Hl H9cAp__ ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G B9lOM mOrA dJa :H9cAp_G QGO - 2
.Qlg_G Hl HcQWg_Ga ?cO9J_G m9lA Za_= bAJ
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 78
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
I QWf ?g=GQ_G HT Hl B9cAp__ ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G B9lOM mOrA dJa :B9cAp_G QGO - 3
.HcQWg_Ga ?cO9J_G m9lA Za_= bAJ
H T Hl H9cAp__ ?ArCl_G ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G B9lOM mOrA dJa :H9cAp_G ?p9c] QGO - 4
B=Dc Hl_ ?=TF_9= u_Pa ,HcQWg_Ga ?Tl9M_G m9lA Za_= bAJ HcQWg_Ga ?cO9J_G
?cO9J_G HT \ia_= c=r QGQlAT:G ?pZ \_ clg= sJA_c Hl aC ,?TQGO_9= gQGQlATG
.HcQWg_Ga
H T Hl B9cAp__ ?ArCl_G ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G B9lOM mOrA dJa :B9cAp_G ?p9c] QGO - 5
B=Dc Hl_ ?=TF_9= u_Pa ,HcQWg_Ga ?Tl9M_G m9lA Za_= bAJ HcQWg_Ga ?cO9J_G
HT Za_= c=r QGQlAT:G ?pZ \_ clg= BrJA_G Hl aC ,?TGQO_9= 9JQGQlATG
IQGRa_G ?c9fQ QlATAp clGQFGa B9r_al_G u_P Hl bFDATca ,HcQWg_Ga ?cO9J_G
HK= [9M HtT QcpaA scQa Hf HKf9]aC ?caTA HcJ b_E HK_
)191(
.
\cpQA_Ga ?JGQ_G c89Taa spGQl ct= IOaRl_G QaO_G gPJ dp mJOaGa c;M Hla
,mK_ ?clc_gA_Ga ?c_9l_Ga ?cTpF_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_G B9lOM mcOrA mAc ,HlFGa
?c]9cQ_Ga ?cp9rD_Ga ?cFcO_G ?aWFFGa ?c=cQOA_G BGQaO_Ga ?ca=QA_G HlGQ=_G QcpaA mAc 9lt
.mc_T_G mJalF_ ?lR;_G ?clac_G ?cWcgl_Ga ?cT9TFG mKA9G9J Y9=WEa ,?cFp_Ga
_ P _ ?F]9J QTC QcpaA b_f clg_Ga ?cf9lAG:G HaCW_G IQGRa clgA 9lt
YaF G G K
QaO c9paC Hl QDtC aC cpa H9]AJ9= marA ?cAcat QTC Hf IQ9=f dJa ,c9paFG Hl
?l8;l_G ?8c=_G QcpaAa ,mKA8WFA ?c_aCTl clJAa mKAc9fQa mK8GacE qOK= ,?c9fQ_G
GPK_ ^cagA aC c=9rl jC HaOa ,mK_ Ga=TFc HC HaO ,df9lAG:G mKpctAa mJalF_
:dA.c 9l ?F]9J_G IQTFG dp bQAWca .H9]AJ:G

k k
?cAcat aC ,9cf9lAGGa 9cr;MC HcG]9F HcJ_9Z HccAcat HcGaR Hl HatA HC - 1
?r_al_G aC ?_lQFG A9FDATG ?c_89g_G ?F9]J_G ?FG__ RaGca ,dAcat Qci Hl ?GaRAl
.LGaR_G 9K_ s=Tc m_ dA_G aC ?cAcat_G
IQTFG OGQpC Hl OJC b_f mtJ_G s=Tc m_a ua_Ta QcT HTJ IO9KW mcOrA - 2
. BGQOMl_G aC ?F9lFG aC qQW_9= ?_Ml_G m8GQG_G dp ?cQJ__ ?=_9T ?=arg=

)192(
?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G QGOZ@= 2016 ?FT_ )C/20( mrQ jQGRa_G QGQr_G Hl 2 IO9l_G :hGGQ )191(
79 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
_ O _G
d
Ya ]al_G GPJ BldF Or cpa_G sarJ HaF9r_ ?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G HC QtP_9= QcOG_Ga
k
IQTFG jC[ 9JOGQpC Hl OJC b_f mtJ_G s=T Or Hatc :C" BaQAWGa 9]cC
mD Hla . "BGQOMl_G aC ?F9lFG aC qQW_9= ?_Ml m8GQG dp ?FGOD9= ]?F]9J_G

)193(
k
H.= bQAWc m_ aKp ,?F]9J_G ?_89g_G baQW dp GOOWA QDtC [F_G GPJ HC K]Ac
cgp 9lt BGQOMl_G aC ?F9lFG aC qQW_G m8GQG dp ?cQJ__ >_9T mtJ u9FJ Hatc
mtJ_Ga ,m8GQG_G gPJ dp ?FGOD9= mtJ u9FJ Hatc H.= bpAtG c= ,s=9T_G [F_G
k
qra= aC mtJ_9= saF_G Hf Y9FAl:9= aC ?lGQj_9= aC ?cQJ__ 9=_9T Hatc Or ?FGOD9=
k
?J8;_G QGOZ@= 2016 ?FT_ )C/20( mrQ jQGRa_G QGQr_G HF GQdF Ht_a .PcpFA_G
dp sJ: aJ ?c_89g_G ?F9]J_G H.W dp 2015 ?FT_ 80 mrQ HaF9r__ ?cPcpFA_G
)194(
HaF9r__ ?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G QGOZ@= 2016 ?FT_ 16 mrQ QGQr_G b_f gQWFa gQaOZ
k k
H@p 9Z9M 9FaF9r Ogc 9lKc_t HFa , cpa_G sarJ H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 21 mrQ
)195(
car_G b_E jOCA qaT ,\gl ^Q9gA_G OaOJ dp s=9T_G NTFc sJ;_G IOf9r c9lfC
.?c_89g_G ?F9]J_G HaF9r_ ?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G c9lf@=
?8WFA_9= ?Z9M BGQ]9Jla ?c=cQOA BGQaO Qa]J= ?F]9J_G QTFG mRA_Aa

?F9]J_G IQGOE marA mD , H9]AJ:G c=r ?JcJZ_G ?c=QA_G >c_9TCa ?cf9lAG:G
)196(
k k k k
Za_= bAJ 9ca=QAa 9cFcOa 9cf9lAGGa 9cTpF mKKcGaAa ?F]9J_G QTFG ?g=9Al= ?c_89g_G
HcQWg_Ga ?cO9J_G HT A9F=FG

)197(
.
s_gAc mcdFA b_f clAWG Or 2015 ?FT_ 80 mrQ HaF9r_G HC b_E IQ9WDG QOGA
\FC \Fl 13 IO9l_G dp A9G EcJ ,?cAcat Qci mC Hla ,>FG d_aKGl c9paF9=
u_Pa ,?cAcat_G Qci mFG dla_gl >FG d_aKGl ?ArCl ?pZ= H]AJA HC IQGRa__ ..."
Hl miQ_9=a ."...?ZAMl_G B9KG_G hl scTFA_9= ?cFaF9r_G mKf9]aC ?caTA HcJ b_E
9lcp AGaT ,?8p_G gPJ b_E IQ9WDG Hl ?c_9M HaF9r__ ?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G BA9G Orp u_P
.?F]9J_G QTFG aC ?c9fQ_G QaO= s_gAc
21 mrQ 9r__ ?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G QGOZ@=

HaF 2016 ?FT_ 16mrQ QGQr_G Hl 16 IO9l_G :hGGQ )193(
cpa_G sarJ H.W= 2015 ?FT_

.
.2016/2/1 NcQ9A= QOZ )194(
OOg_G( ,2016/1/24 OJFG mac ?clTQ_G IOcQG_G dp QWFa ,2016/1/11 NcQ9A= QOZ )195(
.9JOg= 9la 50[ ,)1272
å2017/4 ÏbFÇ 80
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
AGacE(?r=9T_G 9JQaZ= H6G bAJ ?cf9lAG:G ?c9fQ_G c9lAWG mOf HC uW :a

Qci B9KlC Hl A9=6G d_aKGl c9paI_ )?cAcat QTC iO_ H9]AJG aC ?c9fQ_G QaO dp
k
?_aO c=r Hl 9Kc_f sO9Zl_G cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG Hl 20 IO9l__ 9p_9Ml Ogc ,B9cAcat
:\FC 9Kcp A9G EcJ ,Bcat_G
k
9d9pJ ,\_ KlTc : jP_G aC ?c_89g_G \A8c= Hl ?l8GO aC ?ArCl ?pZ= maQJl_G cpa__ - 1
HcAZ9M IOf9Tla ?c9lJ dp sJ_G ,?8c=_G u_A dp A9r=_9= ,b_]p_G \J_9Zl b_f
.?_aO_G 9lJQpaA
k
.cpa_G GPJ cDl_ ?_cO= ?c9fQ ,?cFaa_G 9KFcFGar_ 9rpa ,qGQaFG caO_G Hl]A - 2
HaF 9r_G dp IOQGa_G ?_9pt_G aC ,?F9]J_G :QalC ?_lG ?c9fQ_G gPJ clWA HC Htlc - 3
?c9fQ_ ?=T9Fl B9TTCl dp ?l9rDG IQaQ]_G OFf aC ,dF=A_G aC ,dl;TDG
>GaZAT: >GGa_G Q9=Af:G A;cE dj=Fc ca_J_G dp QdF_G OFfa ,c9paFG
.?caj__Ga ?cp9rD_Ga ?cFcO_Ga ?cFDDG cpa_G ?cp_M_a cpa_G ?c=QA dp ?cQGQlAT:G
k
\FC 9KTpF ?cr9pA:G Hl )1( 2 IO9l_G \AOQaC jP_G RcclA_G QdJ_ 9p_9Ml Ogc 9lt
ct_ 9KFl]Aa ,?cr9pA:G gPJ dp ?J]al_G sarJ_G..." mQAJA HC qGQaFG caO_G b_f
aC cpa_G QZFf Hf QdF_G ^j= ,RcclA_G YGaFC Hl YaF jC HaO 9KAc:a_ h]Mc cpa
mKcCQ aC mKFcO aC mKAj_ aC mKTFG aC mKFa_ aC ,\c_f dFaF9r_G dZa_G aC \cO_Ga

,mJRGf aC mKAaQD aC ,df9lAG:G aC dFDDG aC dlar_G mK_ZC aC ,gQci aC dT9cT_G
."... QMB h]a jC aC ,mJO_al aC

k
?c_9*G ?c9fQ_G v sJ_G - 9TO9T
?c9fQ_G QaO dp HafOal_G aC HaF]AJl_G HccfQW_G Qci c9paFG sJATc
k k
mAc EcJ ,OWQ_G HT mKia_= bAJ mK_ QMOc u.O 60vvvv= QOrc 9cQKW 9j_=l ?cf9lAG:G
QMB >9TJ u9FJ Hatc 9lt .mKJ_9Z_ IQGRa_G mT9= KApc dpQZl >9TJ dp \fGOcE
,?cQcM_G B9TTCl_Ga OGQpFG Hl IQGRa_G 9J9r_AA dA_G B9rOZ_Ga B9fQ=A_G \cp YOaA
k k
aC ?c_89g_G ?F9]J_G Hf 9l9A :;rATG crATGa OWQ_G HT k_= Hl_ 9KFl qQZc EcJ=
LQ9M iQMC c9lfC b_f 9KFl k_9=l jC qQZ IQGRa__ RaGc :a ,?ZAMl_G IQGODG
. 9K= Hc_alWl_G s9aF

)198(
129 H l OGal_Ga ,?c_89g_G ?F9]J_G H.W= 2015 ?FT_ 80 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 5 IO9l_G :hGGQ )198(
mrQ HaF 9r__ ?cPcpFA_G ?J8;_G QGOZ@= 2016 ?FT_ )C/20( mrQ jQGRa_G QGQr_G Hl 143 b_E
.?c_89g_G ?F9]J_G H.W dp 2015 ?FT_ 80
81 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
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k
mc_gA_G v sJ_G - 9g=9T
d p 2015 ?FT_ 21 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 40 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl 40 IO9l_G dp A9G
hclG_ sJ mc_gA_G ,QaATO_G Hl 40 IO9l_G m9tJC I9fGQl hl" \FC cpa_G sarJ H.W
AGaT H]9J__ cpa_G b_f ?clc_gA_G ?c:a_G HatAa ,\Fl mKF9lQJ RaGc :a c9paFG
k
cGaJFG HaF9r= \c_f [aZFl aJ 9l_ 9rpa - mcr_G aC dZa_G aC mFG aC >FG H9t
IQGRa b_aAAa - cpa_G ?J_Zl srJc 9l b_fa ,1984 ?FT_ 51 mrQ ?cZMW_G
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HC 9FOGaa ,Bcat_G dp m9f ctW= c9paFG sarJ Hf EcOJ__ u_P Og= 9F_rAFG mD
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?c_aO_G uatZ_Ga ,m9f ctW= H9TFDG sarJ= ?r_gAl_G ?c_aO_G uatZ_G BZF dA_G
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IGa v ,Iav v a M av=C dvravW OvlvJC .O -
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.)1991 - ?cQOFtTDG( ?cgl9G_G
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.)1989 - BaQc=( Hcc;l__
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?vcv=Qvgv_G ?v]vKvFv_G QGO 9 TvFDG savrvJv_ dv_aOv_G

,H v 9r_ p a Zvl OavlvJvl
HavF v v G ,bv v v l .O
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.)1989 - IQJ9r_G(
? 89 D A T:G qaQv dv _G dv p cv pv av _G sav rv Jv _ ?v cv _aOv _G ?v c9v lv Jv _G ,jQv Jav Gv _G HGav Gv F .O

, v cv v Fv v v -
.)2011 - IQJ9r_G( ?cQZl_G ?]KF_G ?=Atl
dv =Qvgv_G cv=vrvAvTvlv_G QGO _ O_ 9r_

,dv a v G Hav F v v G dv p cvpvav_G savrvJ ,?vrvcvAvf dv_vf G O
iav v F . -
.)1995 - IQJ9r_G(
k
? = GFG hGGQ*G
: c F - 9cF9D
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? _ O uatZa B9cr9pAG
: c a - 9g=GQ
.1948 m9g_ H9TFDG sarJ_ dl_9g_G H;fDG -
.HccF Ol_G H9tT_G ?c9lJ= ?r_gAl_G 1949 m9g_ ?g=GQ_G qcFG ?cr9pAG -
.1959 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ H;fE -
.1966 m9g_ ?cT9cT_Ga ?cFOl_G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G -
.1966 m9g_ ?cp9rD_Ga ?cf9lAG:Ga ?cO9ZAr:G sarJ_9= [9M_G d_aO_G OKg_G -
Hv Tv _ bv F OFG OvJv _G H.v Wv = 1973 ?v FvTv _ 138 mvrQ ?v cv _aOv_G cvlv gv_G ?v lv dvFv l ?v cv r9vpv AG -
.mGOMAT:G
.1977 m9g_ qcFG B9cr9pA9= sJ_l_G caFG dp9]DG cataAaQ=_G -
dvv p dvvf9vv vlv vAvvG:Ga jO9vv vZv vAvvr:G Uvvvvv_vvGvvlvv_G Hvvf QO9vvv vZvv_G 1985/17 mvvrQ QGQvvrvv_G -
.1985/5/28
.1989 m9g_ cpa_G sarJ ?cr9pAG -
å 2017/4 ÏbFÇ 88
d lGg_G OgT crD .O
m9v dv Fv _G( 1998 m9v gv _ ?v cv _aOv _G ?v cv 89v Fv Gv _G ?v lv tv Jv lv _G A9v Wv F@v = ?v rv _v gv Av lv _G 9v laQ ?v cv r9v pv AG -
.)?c_aO_G ?c89FG_G ?ltJl__ dT9TFG
c9vtvWC CavTC QvdvJ H.vWv= 1999 ?vFvTv_ 182 mvrQ ?vcv_aOv_G cvlvgv_G ?vlvdvFvl ?vcvr9vpvAG -
.9Kc_f A9]r__ ?cQap_G BGAGQGDGa c9paFG clf
c9v vpv vaFG hv vcv v= H.v vWv v= cv vpv vav v_G ?v vcv vr9v vpv vA9v v= sv vJv v_v vlv v_G 9 D _ Q9 A M:G cav vtav vAaQv v=v v_G
dv vF v v v v G j v vcv v v v -
.2000 m9g_ A9j=_G dp mK_;jATGa
.2006 m9g_ ?r9fDG ja P [9MWFG sarJ H.W= IOJAl_G mlFG ?cr9pAG -

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k
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91 å2017/4 ÏbFÇ
Children Rights in International Law
(Special Reference to the Case of Illegitimate
Children in Kuwaiti Legal System)
Dr. Thaqal Al-Ajmi

The purpose of this legal analytical study is discern the status of child
rights in international law as stated in relevant international conventions and
treaties and as decided by international committees and courts. Then, the study
shifted its focus to the status of children in the Kuwaiti legal system, by
analyzing the various rights that children enjoy in Kuwait, like social and civil
rights, right to education, right to work, and right to health care. Finally, the
study focused specifically on the illegitimate children by underlying the kind of
the rights that this class of children benefits from under the Kuwaiti legal
system.
No. 4/2017 67
Copyright of Journal of Law / Magallat al-Huquq is the property of Kuwait University,
Academic Publication Council and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites
or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However,
users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

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the Rights of Children", HRQ, Vol. 12, 1990.

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