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LAB MANUAL
SEMESTER-IV
Course Objectives:
1. To understand the operation of the various bias circuits of
MOSFET and Analyze and design MOSFET bias circuits.
2. To understand the operation and design of multistage amplifier
for a given specification.
3. To understand the operation and design of transformer coupled
various types of power amplifier circuits.
4. To understand the effects of negative feedback on amplifier
circuits.
5. To analyze the different RC and LC oscillator circuits to
determine the frequency of oscillation.
Course Outcome:
After successful completion of the course student will be able to
1. Design and analyse the basic operations of MOSFET.
2. Understand multistage amplifier using BJT and FET.
3. Demonstrate power amplifier circuit &, their applications.
4. Analyze the concept of feedback amplifier and their
characteristics.
5. Design different oscillator circuits.
EXPERIMENT NO :1
Aim of the Experiment – To study frequency response of BJT in CE mode & Determine
gain and bandwidth.
APPARATUS :
Sr. No Name of the Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Transistor (BC 547) NPN transistor 1
2 Resistors 1 k, 1
2.2k, 1
3.3k, 1
33k, 1
470Ω 1
3 Capacitors 6.8 μF, 1
1 μF, 1
10 μF 1
4 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V DC 1
5 Bread Board 1
6 Function Generator (0 – 1 MHz) 1
7 Cathode ray oscilloscope (0-20MHz) 1
8 Connecting wires Single strand wire as required
THEORY:
The common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier as it has both voltage
and current amplification.Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider across the base of the
transistor. The function of this network is to provide necessary bias condition and ensure that
emitter-base junction is operating in the proper region.
In order to operate transistor as an amplifier, biasing is done in such a way that the operating
point is in the active region. For an amplifier the Q-point is placed so that the load line is
bisected. Therefore, in practical design VCE is always set to VCC/2. This will confirm that the
Q-point always swings within the active region. This limitation can be explained by
maximum signal handling capacity. For the maximum input signal, output is produced
without any distortion and clipping.
The Bypass Capacitor:
The emitter resistor RE is required to obtain the DC quiescent point stability. However the
inclusion of RE in the circuit causes a decrease in amplification at higher frequencies. In order
to avoid such a condition, it is bypassed by a capacitor so that it acts as a short circuit for AC
and contributes stability for DC quiescent condition. Hence capacitor is connected in parallel
with emitter resistance.
The Input/ Output Coupling (or Blocking) Capacitor: An amplifier amplifies the given
AC signal. In order to have noiseless transmission of a signal (without DC), it is necessary to
block DC i.e. the direct current should not enter the amplifier or load. This is usually
accomplished by inserting a coupling capacitor between two stages.
XCC <<( Ri hie )
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Expected waveform:
(a) The Input & Output Waveforms at 1 KHz
RESULT:
Common Emitter Amplifier is studied and its Bandwidth is calculated.
CONCLUSION :
EXPERIMENT NO :2
CO'S : CO2
APPARATUS::
5 Resistor 5.6kΩ 2
1kΩ 2
2.2kΩ 2
390Ω 2
6 Capacitor 10µf 3
100µf 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A typical RC Coupled transistor amplifier , it is observed that the output signal of 1st stage is
being coupled to the output of 2nd stage. R1, R2 and Re are the biasing resistors used
separately for the two stages. Voltage divider biasing is being used. Therefore the quiescent
point of next stage will not be affected due to Rc.
Thus due to RC coupling the DC operating conditions in any stage remains unaffected.Thus,
overall voltage gain is less.
The RC network gives a wideband frequency response without introduction of peaks at any
frequencies.
The frequency response drops off at low frequency due to the coupling capacitors and at high
frequencies due to the shunting effects of internal capacitors of transistors and stray
capacitances.
ADVANTAGES:
1. It has excellent frequency response. The gain is constant over the audio frequency range.
2. The circuit is very compact
3.Due to the capacitor, the DC biasing conditions of individual stages will remain unchanged
even after cascading.
4. The distortion in the output is low.
5. It has lower cost since it employs resistors and capacitances that are cheap.
DISADVANTAGES:
APPLICATIONS:
1. Tape recorder
2. TV,VCR and CD Player
3. Stereo Amplifiers
4. Public Address Amplifier System
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Adjust input voltage to 250mV, 110Hz
from function generator.
2. Apply adjusted input to base of input stage and observe output on CRO.
3. Vary frequency of input from 50Hz to 1 MHz and note down corresponding output voltage
on CRO.
4. Express the calculated values of gain Av into dB by using Av= 20 log (Vo/Vin) dB
5. Plot it on Semilog paper.
OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
EXPERIMENT NO :3
CO'S : CO2
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SMALL SIGNAL EQUIVALENT:
THEORY:
The circuit diagram of Cascode Amplifier is shown as in figure. This configuration has
combined advantages of CE and CB circuits. Q2 represents the CB Circuit and Q1 is
connected in the CE Configuration.
The output of CE Stage Q1 is connected to the input of CB Stage Q2. Hence this
configuration provides wide bandwidth and is therefore suitable for high frequency
amplifiers. The reason behind the increase in bandwidth is the reduction of Miller effect.
Cascode amplifier has following features :
i. Large input resistance.
ii. Large output resistance.
iii. Bandwidth is large.
iv. Voltage Gain is low compare to CE-CE Cascade.
In this above circuit Vcc, R1, R2, R3, Re are used to bias transistor Q1 and Q2 in active
region. RE is used to make Q-point stable against temperature for both the transistor.
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
FREQUENCY Vo GAIN=20log10(Vo/Vin)dB
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
EXPERIMENT NO. : 4
CO'S : CO2
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SR. NO. COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QTY
1 Power Supply DC Regulated Dual Power Supply(0-30V) 1
2 Signal Generator 0-2 MHz 1
3 CRO Dual Channel 1
4 Transistor BFW11 N-Channel JFET 2
5 Resistors 3.9kΩ 2
1MΩ 1
1.5kΩ 2
6 Capacitors 1μ f 3
10μ f 2
7 Breadboard - 1
8 Connecting wires Single Strand As required
9 BNC Probes - 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A typical CS-CS MOS coupled transistor amplifier is as shown in figure. The coupling takes
place through coupling capacitor and resistive load at the output of the first stage. Therefore
this is known as R-C Coupling.
Rs is the biasing resistor used sepaately for the two stages. Due to the use of coupling
capacitors the dc voltages will not be coupled from one stage to the other. Therefore the
quiescent point of the next stage will not be affected due to coupling from the first
stage.Thus, due to R-C Coupling the dc operating conditions in any stage remains unaffected.
The R-C coupled amplifier gives wideband frequency response without introduction of peaks
at any frequencies. Therefore, R-C coupling can be used for the AF Amplifiers.The frequency
response drops off (reduces in magnitude) at low frequencies due to the coupling capacitors
and at high frequencies it reduces due to the shunting effects of the internal capacitances of
the transistor and stray capacitances.
PROCEDURE:
i) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
ii) Connect Vcc and GND.
iii) Apply input 200 mV at 1KHz
iv) Vary the frequency using the frequency generator and check the output.
v) Plot the graph and also calculate the Gain.
OBSERVATIONS:
FREQUENCY Vo GAIN=20log10(Vo/Vin)dB
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
EXPERIMENT NO:5
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Multisim 11.0 Software.
THEORY:
The main goal of a MOSFET amplifier, or any amplifier for that matter, is to produce an
output signal that is a faithful reproduction of its input signal but amplified in magnitude.
This input signal could be a current or a voltage, but for a mosfet device to operate as an
amplifier it must be biased to operate within its saturation region.
There are two basic types of enhancement-mode MOSFETs, n-channel and p-channel and in
this mosfet amplifier tutorial we have looked at the n-channel enhancement MOSFET is often
referred to as an NMOS, as it can be operated with positive gate and drain voltages relative to
the source as opposed to the p-channel PMOS which is operated with negative gate and drain
voltages relative to the source.
The saturation region of a mosfet device is its constant-current region above its threshold
voltage, VTH. Once correctly biased in the saturation region the drain current, ID varies as a
result of the gate-to-source voltage, VGS and not by the drain-to-source voltage, VDS since the
drain current is called saturated.
In an enhancement-mode MOSFET, the electrostatic field created by the application of a gate
voltage enhances the conductivity of the channel, rather than deplete the channel as in the
case of a depletion-mode MOSFET.
The common source is the most commonly used MOSFET amplifier. The name “common
source” comes from the fact that when the source terminal is grounded, it becomes a common
terminal for both drain and source terminals.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM:
EXPERIMENT NO:6
AIM: To study R.C Phase shift Oscillator using NI Multisim software and compare
theoretical and practical values of frequency obtained.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Multisim 11.0 Software.
THEORY:
RC Oscillator (Resistance Capacitance Oscillator):
If the frequency selective positive feedback is made up of RC components the oscillator is
called as RC oscillator (Used for low frequency application). There are mainly two types:
1. RC Phase Shift Oscillator
2. Wien Bridge Oscillator
RC phase shift oscillator (Using BJT):
The circuit diagram of an RC phase shift oscillator is as shown in the figure 6.8.
Fig.6.8:
It consists of an common emitter amplifier biased in active region by using 𝑅1, 𝑅2 and 𝑅𝐸.
Usually Q point is selected at the center of the DC loadline. The output of the amplifier is
given to frequency selective feedback network, made up of RC components which attenuate
output signal and phase shifted by 1800.
The output of RC network is given to the input of the amplifier as shown. The RC network
used is phase lead network using a single RC section, a maximum of 90o phase shift can be
realized if RC elements are ideal. Therefore two RC sections can produce 1800 phase shift.
Since R and C are not ideal, 900 phase shift cannot be obtained by using single RC network.
Hence a minimum of three RC networks are used. Phase shift can be adjusted by adjusting
value of R and C. We can assume that each section introduces a phase shift of 600. So
feedback produces 60×3 i.e. 180 phase shift.
The amplifier introduces a phase shift of 1800. Since it is common emitter type, therefore
total loop phase shift = 3600 or ∠𝐴𝛽=0.
By adjusting the gain of the amplifier we can satisfy condition 𝐴𝛽≥1. Since the Barkhausen
criterion is satisfied, we get sustained oscillation at output of a constant amplitude and
frequency. The frequency of oscillation is given by
1
𝑓0 =
𝑅𝑐
2𝜋𝑅𝐶√6 + 4 𝑅
and the condition of oscillation is given sustained oscillation is h𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛≥44.5 i.e. the
transistor selected should have a current gain greater than 44.5, then only oscillations build
up.
The last RC section is connected as shown in figure with resistance R replaced by
potentiometer such that 𝑅′=𝑅−h𝑖𝑒. This is because the input impedance of transistor amplifier
is 𝑅𝑖=𝑅1∥𝑅2∥h𝑖𝑒≈h𝑖𝑒. The input impedance is very small. Hence if the last RC section is
connected directly to the base of transistor, it causes AC loading at the input.
In order to avoid AC loading at input, we use circuit configuration as used in figure so that
effective resistance remain equal to 𝑅−h𝑖𝑒+h𝑖𝑒=𝑅, thereby avoiding loading. Hence the total
phase shift remains equal to 3600 around closed loop.
PROCEDURE:
CONCLUSION:
CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM:
EXPERIMENT NO:7
AIM: To study Colpitts Oscillator using NI Multisim software and compare theoretical and
practical values of frequency obtained.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
It consists of a tank circuit which is an LC resonance sub circuit made of two series
capacitors connected in parallel to an inductor and frequency of oscillations can be
determined by using the values of these capacitors and inductor of the tank circuit.The
capacitors C1 & C2 forms potential divider and this tapped capacitance in the tank circuit can
be used as the source for feedback and this setup can be used to provide better frequency
stability.
Re resistor in the above circuit provides stabilization for circuit against variations in
temperature. The capacitor Ce connected in the circuit which is parallel to the Re, provides
low reactive path to the amplified AC signal acting as Bypass capacitor. The resistors R1 and
R2 form voltage divider for circuit and provides bias to the transistor. The circuit consists of
aRC Coupled Amplifier with common emitter configuration transistor. The coupling
capacitor Coutblocks DC by providing an AC path from the collector to the tank circuit.
Whenever power supply is switched on, the capacitors C1 and C2 shown in the above circuit
start charging and after the capacitors get fully charged, the capacitors starts discharging
through the inductor L1 in the circuit causing damped harmonic oscillations in the tank
circuit.
Thus, an AC voltage is produced across C1 & C2 by the oscillatory current in the tank circuit.
While these capacitors get fully discharged, the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitors
get transferred in the form of magnetic flux to the inductor and thus inductor gets charged.
Similarly, when the inductor starts discharging, the capacitors start charging again and this
process of energy charging and discharging capacitors and inductor continues causing the
generation of oscillations and the frequency of these oscillations can be determined by using
the resonant frequency of the tank circuit consisting of inductor and capacitors. This tank
circuit is considered as the energy reservoir or energy storage. This is because of frequent
energy charging and discharging of the inductor, capacitors that part of LC network forming
the tank circuit.
The continuous undamped oscillations can be obtained from the Barkhausen criterion. For
sustained oscillations, the total phase shift must be 3600 or 00. In the above circuit as two
capacitors C1 & C2 are center tapped and grounded, the voltage across capacitor C2
(feedback voltage) is 1800 with the voltage across capacitor C1 (output voltage). The
common emitter transistor produces 1800 phase shift between the input and output voltage.
Thus, from the Barkhausen criterion we can get undamped continuous oscillations.
The resonant frequency is given by
ƒr=1/(2П√(L1*C))
Where ƒr is the resonant frequency
C is the equivalent capacitance of series combination of C1 and C2 of the tank circuit
It is given as
C=(C1*C2)/((C1+C2))
L1 represents the self inductance of the coil.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Theoretical frequency obtained = ____________________Hz
Practical frequency obtained in simulation = ____________________Hz
CONCLUSION:
CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM:
EXPERIMENTNO:8
AIM: To study Crystal Oscillator using NI Multisim software and compare theoretical and
practical values of frequency obtained.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
THEORY:
RESULT:
Theoretical frequency obtained = ____________________Hz
Practical frequency obtained in simulation = ____________________Hz
CONCLUSION:
CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM: