WiMAX

By:
Ankit Rakha
MSE, CS
JHU-'07
Tuesday, July 27, 2010
 What is WiMAX ??

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 Think about how you access the Internet
today….

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 3 options !!

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 • Broadband access

• Wi-Fi access

• Dial-up access

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 WiMAX or Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access,
is a wireless Internet service designed to cover wide
geographical areas serving large number of users at low cost.

WiMAX is the synonym given to the IEEE 802.16 standard

defining wide area wireless data networking .

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 Typical Network Ranges

Wide Area Network

WAN
IEEE 802.16e
IMT-2000(3G)
Metropolitan Area Network (Nationwide)
MAN
IEEE 802.16-2004
ETSI HiperMAN/WiMAX
(50 Km)

LAN
IEEE 802.11 (a,b,g)
(150 m)

Local Area Network PAN

IEEE 802.15
Bluetooth
(10m)
Personal Area Network

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 A WiMAX system consists of two parts :

• A Transmitter

A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area – as big as 3,000
sq. miles

• A Receiver

The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card or they could built
into a laptop as the way Wi-Fi access is today.

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 WiMAX

WiMAX

WiMAX

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 HOW DOES IT WORK ?

• WiMAX uses microwave radio technology to connect computers to the

internet in place of wired connections such as DSL or cable modems.

• It works very much like cell phone technology in that reasonable

proximity to a base station is required to establish a data link to the
Internet.

• Users within 3 to 5 miles of the base station will be able to establish a

link using NLOS technology with data rates as high as 75 Mbps.

• Users up to 30 miles away from the base staion with an antenna mounted
for LOS to the base station will be able to connect at data rates
approaching 280 Mbps.

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 Forms of Wireless Service

• NLOS (Non Line of Sight)

Wi-Fi sort of service

• LOS ( Line of Sight)

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 WiMAX

Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX

(IEEE 802.16-2004) (IEEE 802.16e)
Ex: ETSI HiperMAN Ex: WiBro

• Optimized for Fixed and • Optimized for Portable and

nomadic applications mobile applications in NLOS
in LOS and NLOS environment
environment
• Sub 6 GHz bands
• 10-66 GHz licensed
frequency bands (LOS)

• Licensed and license-

exempt sub 11 GHz bands
(LOS & NLOS)
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 Central Office,
Network Management,
VOIP Server etc.
Customer Premise Equipment

Traffic
Aggregation PtP Wireless
Backhaul
Wireless PMP Access

Base Station

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 IEEE 802.16
• Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System
MAC and PHY specifications for 10-66 GHZ (LOS)
• One PHY: Single Carrier
• Connection oriented, TDM/TDMA MAC, QOS, Privacy

IEEE 802.16 a
• Amendment to 802.16, MAC Modifications and additional PHY Specifications for
2-11 Ghz (NLOS)
• Three PHYs: OFDM, OFDMA, Single Carrier
• Additional MAC functions: OFDM and OFDMA PHY support, Mesh topology
support, ARQ

IEEE 802.16d
• Combines both IEEE 802.16 and 802.16a
• Some modifications to the MAC and PHY

IEEE 802.16e
• Amendment to 802.16-2004
•
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MAC modifications for limited mobility
 The different flavors of WiMAX

802.16 a 802.16 REVd 802.16 e

Fixed Outdoor Fixed Outdoor Limited Mobility

Applications Applications Applications

• E1/T1 service for • Indoor Broadband access • “Portable” Broadband

enterprises for residential users access for consumers
• Backhaul for ( High Speed Internet,
Hotspots VoIP,…) • Always Best Connected
• Limited residential
Broadband access

CPE CPE CPE

• External box • External box connected • PC Card

connected to PC with
Tuesday, July 27, 2010 to PC with built-in antenna
Tuesday, July 27, 2010
 System for 802.16 WiMAX

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 A TYPICAL WiMAX AND WiLAN DEPLOYMENT

Non-Line-of-sight, point-to-multipoint
Non-line-of-sight, Or point-to-point backhaul : 802.16a
Point-to-multipoint: 802.16a

802.11

Telco core network or

Private (fiber) network

Access Point Internet Backbone

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 WiMAX Point-To-Point
backhaul

WiMAX PTP
backhaul

ISP PoP

Wi-Fi Hotspots
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 Point to
Multipoint
application

WiMAX point-to-multipoint

Wire line or Wireless ISP PoP

backhaul

WiMAX Base Station

Homes with outdoor/indoor

WiMAX receiver

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 WiMAX as the backbone of meshed networks

WiMAX may enjoy a complementary relationship with Wi-Fi due to differences in the
reach of each of the networks . WiMAX connections can be used to provide backhau
connections to Wi-Fi hotspots over longer distances. WiMAX could also play a key
role in connecting Wi-Fi hotspots in a mesh-type network to quickly increase
coverage and capacity.

Wi-Fi

WiMAX

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Tuesday, July 27, 2010
 Factors affecting WiMAX performance
(throughput and range)
• Frequency Band on which it is operating

• Channel Bandwidth

• Duplexing Scheme (TDD or FDD)

• Modulation (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM) and Code Rate

• Antenna Types

• Whether LOS or NLOS

• Transmit Power

• Receiver Sensitivity
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Tuesday, July 27, 2010
 Standard Family Primary Radio Tech Downlink Uplink
Use (Mbps) (Mbps)

802.16 e WiMAX Mobile MIMO- 70 70 Quoted speeds only achievable at

Internet SOFDMA very short ranges, more

practically 10 Mbps at 10 km.

HIPERMAN HIPERMA Mobile OFDM 56.9 56.9
N Internet

WiBro WiBro Mobile OFDMA 50 50

Internet Mobile range (900 m)

iBurst iBurst802. Mobile HC-SDMA 64 64

20 Internet 3-12 km

UMTS W-CDMA HSDPA + HSUPA UMTS/ Mobile CDMA/ .384 .384 HSDPA downlink widely deployed.
3GSM Phone FDD Roadmap shows HSDPA up to 28.8
3.6 5.76
Mbps downstream in the future.
Currently, users can expect
typical download speeds of 1-2
Mbps but around 200 kbps uplink
speeds.
UMTS-TDD UMTS/ Mobile CDMA/ 16 16 Reported speeds according to
3GSM Internet TDD IPWireless using 16QAM
modulation similar to HSDPA
+HSUPA
LTE UMTS UMTS/ General 4G OFDMA/ >100 >50
4GSM MIMO/ Still in development
SCFDMA
HSOPA
!xRTT CDMA Mobile CDMA 0.144 0.144
2000 Phone Obsoleted by EV-DO

EV-DO 1x Rev.0 CDMA Mobile CDMA/ 2.45 0.15 Rev B note: N is the number of
2000 Internet FDD 1.25 MHz chunks of spectrum
EV-DO 1x Rev.A 3.1 1.8
used . Not yet deployed.
EV-DO Rev.B 4.9xN 1.8xN
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 Relationship with other Wireless Technologies

3G Mobile-Fi Wi-Fi WiMAX

Max. Speed 2 Mbps 16 Mbps 54 Mbps 100 Mbps

Coverage Several Miles Several Miles 300 feet 50 miles

Airwave Licensed Licensed Unlicensed Either

Advantages Range, Speed, Speed, Price Speed, Range

Mobility Mobility

Disadvantage Slow, High Price Short Range Interference

s Expensive issues

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 Security Issue
• Every WiMAX traffic is encrypted using DES (Data Encryption Standard) or
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for securing its transmission over the air.

• The encryption keys are distributed from the BS to the SSs using PKM ( Privacy
Key Management) protocol to ensure that only authorized SSs can receive the keys.

• Every WiMAX user device is authenticated using a digital certificate or SIM

( Subscriber Identity Module).

This way, WiMAX keeps user traffic from eavesdropping and protects operator or
service provider from becoming a victim of bandwidth theft by unauthorized users.

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 USES

1) Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other

parts of the internet.

2) Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last

km broadband access.

3) Providing a high-speed mobile data and telecommunications

services (4G).

4) Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as a

part of business continuity plan.

5) Providing Nomadic connectivity.

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 What are the Advantages ?
• A Single WiMAX main Station can serve hundreds of users.
• Endpoints install within days instead of the weeks required for wired
connections.
• Data rates as high as 280 Mbps and distances of 30 miles are possible.
• Users can operate mobile within 3-5 miles of a base station at
data rates up to 75 Mbps.
• No FCC radio licensing is required.
• Less expensive than DSL or coaxial cable.

What are the disadvantages ?

• Line-of-Sight is required for long distance (5-30 mile) connections.

• Heavy rains can disrupt the service.
• Other wireless electronics in the vicinity can interfere with the WiMAX
connection and cause a reduction in data throughput or even a total disconnect.

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 Advantages over Wi-Fi

The WiMAX specification provides symmetrical bandwidth over many kilometers

and range with stronger encryption and typically less interference. Wi-Fi is short
range has WEP or WPA encryption and suffers from interference as in
metropolitan areas there are many users.

The fastest Wi-Fi connection can transmit up to 54 Megabits per second under
optimal conditions. WiMAX can handle up to 70 Megabits per second.

The biggest difference isn’t speed; its distance. WiMAX outdistances Wi-Fi by
miles.

Analysis
WiMAX is not competing other, it is wireless cable replacement technology, which
competes with wired operators.

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 Future developments and IEEE 802.20

MBWA is a technology developed by IEEE 802.20. It is the future technology

standard for true wireless broadband or 4G and so far iBurst is the only
pre-selected solution with over a dozen commercial deployments worldwide.

Tuesday, July 27, 2010