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COMPARISON of AVT VERSUS OT

The overall objective of any chemistry regime is a maintain power plant operations at the best
possible level of availability, economy and efficiency. To attain this objective, chemical
control of the water and steam purity is directed to:
- prevention of corrosion in the boiler, steam, condensate and feedwater systems
- prevention of scale and deposit formation on heating surfaces
- maintain of a high level of steam purity

In the achievement of this philosophy, traditional treatment regimes have been based on the All
Volatile Treatment (AVT) incorporating ammonia hydroxide (NH4OH) to establish the
protective metal oxide layer, magnetite (Fe3O4), on water side surfaces, as the key to
prevention of corrosion.

In departure from this traditional chemical treatment regime, Oxygenated Treatment (OT)
methodology sees the application of a prescribed oxygen concentration in water cycles. This
facilitates the formation of the more passive oxide layer, hematite (Fe2O3), on waterside
surfaces, as the basis for corrosion protection.

The principle difference between All Volatile Treatment (AVT) and Oxygenated Treatment
(OT) feedwater treatment is in the morphology of the passivated of steel surfaces and the
increased corrosion protection afforded by OT in lower temperature regions.

Erwan Yulianto, AVT to OT Project


AVT
With AVT a magnetite layer protects the steel surface in contact with water. It consists of an
inner (topotatic) and outer (epitatic) layers. A dense topotatic layer of magnetic forms on the
steel surface and over this a more porous epitatic layer of magnetite. In the lower temperature
regions of the condensate or feedwater circuits, the outer epitactical layer of magnetite is very
thin and the Fe+2 ions are easily transported through the porous magnetite layer from the steel
surface, to the oxide/water phase boundary.

Feedwater pH under AVT condition (pH 8.8 – 9.2), contributes the conversion of the mass-
diffused Fe+2 ions to Fe(OH)+2, which transforms in lower temperature regions (relatively
slowly), to Fe3O4 according equation:

3 Fe(OH)2 Fe2O3 + H2 + 2 H2O

Erwan Yulianto, AVT to OT Project


OT
With OT treatment regimes FeOOH and hematite, Fe2O3, block the protective oxide covering
layer pores. This effectively inhibits the mass diffusion of the Fe+2 ions from the steel surface
through the pores of the epitactical layer to the oxide/water phase boundary. The few
remaining Fe+2 ions migrating through larger pores are oxidized either in the larger pores or at
the oxide/water phase boundary. The following oxidation reactions are assumed:

2 Fe(OH)2 + ½ O2 + 2 H+ 2 Fe (OH)+ + H2O


2 Fe(OH)2 + ½ O2 2 FeOOH + H2O
2 Fe(OH)2 + ½ O2 Fe2O3 + 2 H2O

As a result of the above oxide/water phase boundary reactions, the ferrous ion concentration in
feedwater is < 1.0 ppb under OT conditions. This relatively directly to a reduction in iron oxide
transport within condensate, feedwater or steam plants cycles.

Erwan Yulianto, AVT to OT Project


OVERVIEW of EPRI GUIDELINES for OT CONVERTION

A detailed “road map” provides step by step procedures for conversion of a unit to OT. Please
find in attached page.

The following phases are recommended by EPRI in retrofitting a unit for OT operations:

1. Oxygenated Treatment Conversion Review, performed to determine whether the unit is a


good candidate for OT. This review also determines which modifications may be necessary
to properly implement OT and thus achieve the benefits of OT’s reduced iron transport. A
decision to convert from AVT to OT can be made based on this review.
The general areas of the review are as follows:
- cycle materials review
- cycle design review
- plant chemistry operation reviews
- chemical feeding review
- instrumentation/analytical capability review

2. Oxygenated Treatment Conversion Modification Activities, any equipment


modifications require financial and planning support to perform any necessary physical
modifications. The extent of modifications is determined in the above phase and includes
the addition of oxygen feed equipment

3. Oxygenated Treatment Transition Activities, transition operation include:


- a chemical cleaning review (if deemed necessary)
- training
- documentation revision activities to revise station chemistry activities and control
strategies and walk down of revised equipment.

Erwan Yulianto, AVT to OT Project

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