JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT e-ISSN 2477-6025

INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM VOL. 5 NO. 2 YEAR 2017 DOI 10.21776

DETERMINATION OF STANDARD TIME IN PACKAGING

PROCESSING USING STOPWATCH TIME STUDY TO FIND
OUTPUT STANDARD

Rio Prasetyo Lukodono1), Siti Kholisotul Ulfa2)

1), 2)
Department of Industrial Engineering
Universitas Brawijaya Malang

Abstract Time is one of the factors to assess a worker's performance in utilizing the available resources.
Operator in his work requires efficient time to improve work productivity. One of factory in produce a shrimp
feed in Surabaya has a large production level. In the production process, the packaging department in this
company still uses human resources in their production process and the company define the standard of
production without using standard time. This paper investigates the opportunity a logical analysis in
determining the standard time in this company. The determination of the standard time in the packaging
process requires comprehensive analysis. Objects observed are four operators in the packaging department
that carried out the activities of filling bag the shrimp feed with 40 replication for each data. The work
measurement was conducted by direct method using Stopwatch Time Study (STS) with snap-back method. The
results of this study indicate the standard time value of the four lines packaging is not much different or
almost the same. Sequentially the standard time workers line 1 to line 4 is 7.325 seconds, 7.240 seconds,
7.225 seconds, and 7.065 seconds. Allowance used for workers is 8%. However, the existing production rate
of company is higher than the production rate of work measurement calculation. This is due to the difference
of definition in employee allowance rate and performance rating.

Keywords: Output Standard , Productivity, Standard time, Stopwatch time study

1. Introduction smoothness of flow processing.

Industrial competition make the company
will always grow and provide the difference in
the form of competitive advantage. To have a
competitive advantage the company will seek to
optimize their inputs consisting of machinery,
labor, energy, capital, information to produce a
product. One of the characteristics of a
company that has a competitive advantage is a
company that is able to respond to customer
demand quickly. Timeliness is one factor in
generating competitive advantage in addition to
unique products, customer value, and financial
value[1]. Company must be able to improve
production activities in order to supporting the
company's efforts in meeting the needs. one
way that companies can do to improve
productivity is through work measurement [2].
Production is related to time in every company.
Company must balanced the processing time in
order to ensure the
* Corresponding author. Email : rio_pl@ub.ac.id
Published online at http://Jemis.ub.ac.id
Copyright ©2017 JTI UB Publishing. All Rights Reserved
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Paper Accepted : January, 30th 2018
Paper Published : March, 8th 2018
Conversely, if the process time is not balanced,
then the production process is not optimal and
cause the bottle neck problem. Company
engaged in the manufacture of shrimp feed is
one of the processes still use human in
department of packaging. But in the process the
company has not set the standard time in
accordance with the rules that can later be used
in the calculation of standard output. Work
measurement will make the job easier due to
standard work elements and timings that
eliminate waste and inconsistency [3], [4]. In
addition, through work measurement can also
improve efficiency in the use of equipment that
can support efficiency in the man machine
interactions [5].
Standard time is calculated using normal time
that considering allowance based on worker
conditions. Normal time itself is the time
required by a qualified operator to complete his
work under normal conditions [6]. In
performing work measurement an observer
should consider the factors that affect the
performance of a operator, such as control
factor or noise factor [7].
87
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT e-ISSN 2477-6025
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM VOL. 5 NO. 2 YEAR 2017 DOI 10.21776

The determination of this standard time is very is within the upper control limits and
important for production especially for lower control limits. The formula used in
production which still uses manual process the calculation of data uniformity is as
(human labor) as main factor. Anything that follows [6].
supports the workforce should be considered 𝑈𝐿𝑆, 𝐿𝑆𝐿 = 𝑥̅ ± 3𝜎 (1)
including performance rating and allowance. Explanation:
Performance rating is an activity used to assess 𝑥̅ : average of processing time
or evaluate the speed of an operator's work [8]. 𝜎 : deviation standard of data
Performance rating is done by comparing the d. Testing adequacy of Data
assessment with the ability of existing standards Testing adequacy of data is done on result
that is the standard of the worker's ability under of a set activity time with the aim whether
normal conditions. While allowance is the data collection has been sufficiently
allocation of time given to the operator for the representative of the population. To
fatigue, personal needs, and other reasons perform this test use 5% accuracy and
beyond the control of the operator [6]. By 95% confidence [9].
setting the standard time, the company can e. Determination of performance rating
realize the target. The determination of the performance
The purpose of this research is to rating is to observe the activities
calculate the standard time on 4 line packaging undertaken by the operator based on the
of shrimp feed product, to determine the Westing House rating system which
allowance that can be given during work, and consists of four elements [6]:
determine the comparative analysis of output 1) Effort
from company with standard output calculation. 2) Ability
This research was conducted by observing the 4 3) Consistency
operators in each line packaging in process of 4) Condition
filling shrimp feeding bag. The data taken in 40 f. Determination of allowance
replication consisting of 3 elements of work. The determination of allowance in this
The timing of work standard is to use direct study is based on four considerations:
measurement which is stopwatch time study 1) Personal needs of the operator
with snap back method. Measurement 2) Fatigue
performance rating using Westing House 3) Avoidable delay
System Rating. Assuming Confidence Level of 4) Unavoidable delay
95% and Degree of Accuracy of 5%, and g. Determination of Standard time
normal distribution of data. Standard time is calculate based on the
normal time that calculated by
2. Research Methods performance rating and allowance. This
This study was conducted by measuring standard time is useful for companies in
working time by sequence such as activity time determining [6]:
measurement, uniformity test, adequacy test, 1) Manpower planning
determination of performance rating,
2) Estimated costs for wages of
allowance, standard time, and standard output.
employees
a. Measurement of activity time
3) Production scheduling and budgeting
b. This measurement is to identify the
4) Planning a bonus reward system and
average time of shrimp feed filling
incentives for outstanding employees
activity. This time measurement is done by
or workers
using stopwatch time study with snap back
5) Identification of output that can be
method. The result will be tested for
produced by a worker.
uniformity and adequacy. When not
meeting the uniformity and adequacy it The standard time is calculated by
will be retrieval data. equation 2[6].
c. Testing Uniformity of data 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑛 𝑥
100%
(2)
100%−%𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
A set of data we can call uniform when it
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Paper Accepted : January, 30th 2018
Paper Published : March, 8th 2018 88
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT e-ISSN 2477-6025
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM VOL. 5 NO. 2 YEAR 2017 DOI 10.21776

After obtaining the standard time, we can 4. Stationery

calculate the standard output (unit) with 5. Calculator
equation 3 [6]. Then separate of work into several elements of
1 work. Below is the elements in the packaging
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 = (3)
𝑊𝑠
process.
3. Result and Discussion Table 1. Element of work at Packaging Processing
In this section, explained about data No Work Element Symbol
collection, data processing, and data 1 Loading shrimp feed bag into A
interpretation. The following is a description of machine
the results and discussion related to the standard 2 Fill the bag with shrimp feed B
time and standard output of shrimp feed untill full
companies. 3 Set the bag for sewing process C

3.1 Data Collection Time data (second) taken from packaging

Prior to data collection, the equipment departemen we can see at table 2. To analyze
required for a working measurement activity the conformity of time given to the target set by
with stopwatch include: the company that we can see at table 3, we need
1. Stopwatch amount of data and hours of employee out
2. Time study board source as a comparative calculation.
3. Time study form
Tabel 2 Data of Packaging Process at Line 1-4

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Paper Published : March, 8th 2018 89
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INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM VOL. 5 NO. 2 YEAR 2017 DOI 10.21776

Table 3. The Amount of Data dan Feed Processing

Time
Line Amount Amount Work hour
of of Unit
Pallet
1 8 560 07.00-08.00
unit 09.00-10.00
2 8 560 13.00-14.00
unit
3 7 490 07.00-08.00
unit 09.00-10.00 Figure 1. Graph Test Uniformity Test Elements A
Line 1
4 8 560 07.00-08.00
unit 09.00-10.00 Table 5. Homogenity Test of Packaging Line 1
Work SD USL LSL Information
Table 4. The Amount of Data and Total Production Element
Time A 1,272 2,074 0,98 Uniform
Line Total Amount Work Hour B 1,608 5,232 2,9798 Uniform
Pallet of Unit C 0,192 1,446 0,678 Uniform
1 24 1680 180 Minutes
Unit Table 6. Homogenity Test of Packaging Line 2
2 24 1680 180 Minutes Work SD USL LSL Information
Unit Element
3 14 980 120 Minutes A 0,273 2,216 1,122 Uniform
Unit B 0,51 4,732 2,693 Uniform
4 16 1120 120 Minutes C 0,301 1,881 0,679 Uniform
Unit
Table 7. Homogenity Test of Packaging Line 3
3.2 Data Processing Work SD USL LSL Information
In data processing we test data in Element
uniformity and adequacy. A 0,268 2,115 1,079 Uniform
3.2.1 Uniformity Test at Packaging B 0,306 4,113 2,887 Uniform
The following is a uniformity test of data C 0,320 2,041 0,759 Uniform
for each work element's data:
Table 8. Homogenity Test of Packaging Line 4
For example the uniforminty fof data from line
Work SD USL LSL Information
1. Element
Average processing time at work element A A 0,234 1,984 1,045 Uniform
with interval confidency 95%, k = 2 B 0,319 4,111 2,833 Uniform
∑𝑋 1,8+1,2+1,1+1,9+1,3+⋯+1,6
𝑋̅ = 𝑖 = C 0,278 1,818 0,707 Uniform
𝑛 40
= 1,53 second
∑(𝑋𝑖 −𝑋̅)
3.2.2 Adequate Test Packaging Data
𝜎= √ = 0,272 From the test, indicates that the data is
𝑛−1
𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̅ + 𝑘𝜎 = 1,53 + 2(0,272) = 2,074 sufficient with indication the number of
samples (N) = 40 is greater than the number of
𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝑋̅ − 𝑘𝜎 =1,53 - 2(0,272) = 0,986
samples that should be taken (N ') = 13. With
same calculation Table 9 show us about the
From the graph at figure 1 explains that the data
result of adequate test for other line.
value of each element A lies between the upper
limit data control value and the lower control
3.2.3 Allowance Values for Packaging
limit. So the data value is not the outlier (in
control). With the same calculation obtained Operator
Measurement allowance of this case
the following results at table 5 until table 8.
study involves time chatting with a coworker
and cleaning the hands of feed dust, as well as
the effect of waiting time for forklift arrival
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from operator moving pallet to storage. b. Normal Time

𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑘𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑥 P = 1,53 x 1,02
= 1,561 second
Table 9. Result of Adequate Test for Line 1, 2, 3, 4 c. Standard Time
Line Element N N’ Information 100%
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 𝑊𝑛 𝑥
A 40 13 Enough 100%−%𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
100%
1 B 40 9 Enough = 1,561 𝑥 = 1,696 second
100%−8%
C 37 13 Enough
With the same calculation obtained
A 39 11 Enough
results for cycle time, normal time, and standart
2 B 40 8 Enough
C 40 22 Enough
time at Table 12 until 15.
A 40 11 Enough
Table 12 Cycle Time, Normal Time, and Standard
3 B 40 3 Enough
Time at Line 1
C 40 21 Enough
Work Cycle Normal Standard
A 40 10 Enough
Element Time Time Time
4 B 40 4 Enough
A 1,530 1,561 1,696
C 40 19 Enough
B 4,015 4,095 4,451
C 1,062 1,083 1,177
Table 10. Allowance Time of Worker
Total 6,607 6,739 7,325
operator Time (second) Total
Line 1 54+117 231 Table 13 Cycle Time, Normal Time, and Standard
Line 2 47+216 263 Time at Line 2
Line 3 41+131 172 Work Cycle Normal Standard
Line 4 24+173 197 Element Time Time Time
A 1,669 1,669 1,814
Table 11. Allowance Percentage of Worker B 3,713 3,713 4,035
Operator Work Allowance Percentage C 1,280 1,280 1,391
Hour time Allowance Total 6,662 6,662 7,240
Line 1 3600 231 6,42%
Line 2 3600 263 7,31% Table 14 Cycle Time, Normal Time, and Standard
Line 3 3600 172 4,78% Time at Line 3
Line 4 3600 197 5,47% Work Cycle Normal Standard
Adjustment Allowance Allowance Element Time Time Time
Line 1 8% A 1,617 1,649 1,793
Line 2 8% B 3,5 3,570 3,880
Line 3 8% C 1,400 1,428 1,552
Line 4 8% Total 6,517 6,647 7,225

From the table 10 and 11 shows the Table 15 Cycle Time, Normal Time, and Standard
allowance on each worker by rounding up. The Time at Line 4
result of allowance is used in the next Work Cycle Normal Standard
calculation. Element Time Time Time
A 1,515 1,575 1,713
3.2.4 Calculation of Cycle Time, Normal B 3,473 3,611 3,925
Time, Standard Time, Standard C 1,263 1,313 1,427
Output at Packaging Process Total 6,250 6,500 7,065
Calculating of cycle time, normal time,
and standard time we considering the value of Result of standard time in at line 1-4 use to
the predetermined peformance rating and calculate output standard using equation 3.
allowance. Below is the example. line 1: 1. Output standard for line 1
Element 1: 1
a. Cycle time 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝛴𝑋𝑖 1,8+1,2+1,1+1,9+1,3+⋯+1,6 1
𝑊𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = = unit/second = 0,137 unit/second
𝑁 40 7,325
= 1,53 second = 8,191 unit/minutes ≈ 9 unit/minutes
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2. Output standard for line 2 work measurement. This is because the

1 company does not take into account the
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 = allowance and performance rating for workers.
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
1
= unit/second = 0,138 unit/second
7,240 Table 16. Comparison Between Output Target with
= 8,287 unit/minutes ≈ 9 unit/minutes Output Standard for Work Measurement
Line Output Standard Output Standard
3. Output standard for line 3 form Company From Work
1 Measurement
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 = Calculation
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
1 10 9
=
1
unit/second = 0,138 unit/second 2 10 9
7,225 3 9 9
= 8,303 unit/minutes ≈ 9 unit/minutes 4 10 9

4. Output standard for line 3 Allowance given to workers is different,

1 because every worker has different needs.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 =
1
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 However, in order to keep balance between
= unit/second = 0,142 unit/second workers, 8 percent allowance can be used for all
7,065
= 8,492 unit/minutes ≈ 9 unit/minutes workers in every working hours. Calculations
by the authors can be used as a reference or
3.3 Data Interpretation standard of the productivity of each worker.
The company in calculating the Thus, workers are expected to increase
productivity of workers in the packaging only productivity over time to be able to exceed
by dividing the number of production units with output targets. In addition, from the company at
total working hours. least also helps increase the productivity of
these workers, for example help improve the
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡) layout of facilities for storage. So with the
Productivity = (4)
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠(𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡) arrangement of the location of a good
warehouse to worker in finding the place
Based on the company's production data can be needed in storage.
calculated as follows:
4. Conclusions
Line 1 : Based on data analysis shows that the
Final Output = 560 unit : 60 minutes value of availability rate is 88.82%,
= 9,333 unit/minutes performance rate 93.70%, and quality rate
≈ 10 unit/minutes 98.20%; then the OEE values obtained 81.73%.
Line 2 : The dominant factor of losses is high downtime
Final Output akhir = 560 unit : 60 menit due to mechanical motor breakdown that is
= 9,333 unit/menit 24% or 1160 minutes, and duration of setup
≈ 10 unit/minutes time is 19.4% or 935 minutes.
Line 3 : Types of activities that are at the root of
Final Output = 490 unit : 60 minutes the problem include: no lubrication periodically,
= 8,167 unit/minutes delaying clean up the dirt on the machine,
≈ 9 unit/minutes heating furnace is too long at the time of
Line 4 : machine setup, material storage (animal
Final Output = 560 unit : 60 menit compost) and fuel (coal) in the open space. The
= 9,333 unit/menit solutions offered to PT.SBK as a step to
≈ 10 unit/menit increase machine performance improvements
are by: revise the machine maintenance
Based on Table 16. Shows the results of schedule to be more frequently, improving more
calculation of productivity of the company is practical hygiene procedures and adding aids,
greater than the results of the calculation of the making a special storage place closed for
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JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
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materials and fuel, as well as conducting
training to employees at all levels.
4. Conclusion
From result of observation of work
measurement by using stopwatch method of
Time Study at 4 line packaging can be
concluded as follows: Standard time is a
reasonable time required by a normal worker to
complete his work done in the best working
system of the day. From the calculation results
obtained standard time required in completing
the target company of 4 line packaging is not
much different / almost the same. Sequentially
the standard time workers line 1 to line 4 is
7.325 seconds, 7.240 seconds, 7.225 seconds,
and 7.065 seconds. Thus, have a level of ability
or productivity that is not much different.
Allowance is special times needed for personal
needs, rest breaks, and other reasons out of
control. The sharing of this case study
allowance is to chat with co-workers, clean
hands of feed dust, and influence the waiting
time for forklifts from carriers that move pallets
to storage. Determination of allowance can be
adjusted for each worker needs and according
to the calculation of data obtained there are
some allowance that is 6.42%, 7.31%, 4.78%,
and 5.47% for each line. Thus, the allowance
that can be used is 8% taken from the largest
allowance rounding result because it has been
in accordance with the consideration of time
and output target. In addition, with the use of
the largest allowance has been able to represent
a small allowance. Comparison of company
output with standard timing output on 4 line
packaging, ie the output produced by the
company is higher than the calculation output.
Ouput company with calculation output there is
difference difference, sequentially from line 1
to line 4 workers that is 1 unit / minute, 1 unit /
minute, 0 unit / minute, and 1 unit / minute in
reaching production target. This is due to the
influence of employee allowance and
performance rating.
Suggestions that can be given are: The
addition of a forklift to reduce the waiting time
on moving the pallet to the warehouse or by
changing the warehouse layout to facilitate the
searching or placement of the finished feed.
Companies may use standard time to make
judgments in determining hours of work or
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Paper Accepted : January, 30th 2018
Paper Published : March, 8th 2018
e-ISSN 2477-6025
DOI 10.21776
incentives for workers.
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