Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
0.1
we assume that the structures and parameters of the model to
0
be definitely known, and there are no doubts about their 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t = 1,..., T
S
0.7
0.6
From (4) we know the smaller the ∆l (t ) , the closer the 0.5
L
µ
0.4
L forecast (t ) and Lactual (t ) will be (higher membership
0.3
or negative values. In this regard, the membership function for Fig.3. Membership function for load demand µ L~
load demand, depicted in Fig. 3, is defined as follow:
1
1
µ L~ (t ) = (5)
1 + β × ( ∆AVE
l (t ) 2
) 0.8
Lactual (t ) − L forecast (t )
S
µ
∆l = × 100% (7)
L forecast (t ) 0.4
0.2
~
C. Membership function for spinning reserve S Fig.4. Membership function for required spinning reserve µ S~
In order to improve the reliability and to ensure secure ~
operation during outage events, the spinning reserve should be D. Membership function for minimum up and down time M
considered. The membership function for required spinning The manufacturer of turbine and generator defines minimum
reserve, depicted in Fig. 4, is defined as: up and down time constraints. Because the temperature and
pressure changes gradually in the power plant, especially in
1 R (t ) > Rreq (t ) thermal cycles. So, once the unit is committed, it should not be
µ S~ (t ) = (8)
turned off immediately (minimum up time). And once the unit
exp(200 × ∆R) others
is decommitted, there is a minimum time before it can be
R (t ) − Rreq (t ) (9)
∆R = recommitted. The membership function for minimum up time
Rreq (t ) is defined as:
1 Ton ≥ Min _ up
µ up (t , j , i ) = (10)
exp(γ × ∆M ) other
TABLE III
UNITS SCHEDULE IN CASE 1, ANN
Data Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Fig.7. Unit commitment based on ANN 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
In our study, an expert system is used to refine the final 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
ANN solution, since there are empirical knowledge based on
8 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
human operators’ experience ideas which could be considered 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
at the final commitment stage. For example, the ANN solution 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
may suggest a sequence of ON, OFF and ON in three adjacent 11 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
hours. However, the continuous operation of the unit during 12 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
13 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
those three hours may reduce the total operation cost or let the 14 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
result be more practical. 15 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
16 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Case1: ANN Method 17 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
In this case, ANN consists of 24 neurons in the input layer 18 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
and 24*(8-2)=144 neurons in output layer have been used 19 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
since units 1&2 are base load units. To minimize the
21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
dimensions of ANN, these units are not included in the output 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
layer because their schedules are already known. However, 23 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
units 1&2 will be considered in economic dispatch. The 24 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
transfer function, which is used, in this case is sigmoid
function. Decoding is based on binary code. The results for TABLE IV
UNITS SCHEDULE IN CASE 2, ANN
this case are shown in Table III with the total cost given in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Table V. 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
The main problem with this method is that as the number of 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
units increase, the dimension of ANN will also increase and 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
the training of ANN will be more difficult with additional time
5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
and computer memory. 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Case 2: ANN Method With Gray Code
8 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
In this case, the output of ANN is categorized into T 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
neurons. Each neuron is the state of N units in a certain time 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
which is represented as a decimal number instead of N binary 11 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
12 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
combination. So ANN consists of 24 neurons in the input layer 13 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
and 24 neurons in the output layer. The dimension of ANN in 14 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
this case does not depend on the number of units. Therefore 15 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
the training time will be decreased which would not require an 16 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
17 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
extensive computer memory. Because of the outputs
18 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
specification, the ANN transfer function used in this case is a 19 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
linear function. 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
The major problem with this method is the perceived error 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
in the results. A small error in the ANN output during the
23 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
confession from decimal to binary would cause a serious error 24 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
in the results. Consider the following example:
TABLE V X. APPENDIX
THE TOTAL COST
Total Cost ($) TABLE VI
FDP 334240.650 $ GENERATING UNITS INFORMATION
ANN, Case 1 335872.156 $
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ANN, Case 2 335728.062 $
A .00199 .00163 .00140 .00202 .00261 .00578 .00962 .0156
Here, Gray code is used instead of binary code, because the B 7.612 10.962 11.453 16.423 22.040 17.28 13.507 37.77
two sequential numbers would only have a one bit C 313.91 177.96 160.43 198.90 246.08 216.77 81.826 118.9
discrepancy. In this method the output is decimal but the MAX GEN 400 350 300 250 180 80 40 20
MIN GEN 120 100 80 60 45 25 10 4
conversion is based on the Gray code. Similar to case 2 the
STARTUP
transfer function which is used in this case is a linear function. 800 700 500 300 200 80 50 20
COST ($)
The results of this method are shown in Table IV with cost SHUTDOWN
100 100 70 60 50 20 20 10
given in Table V. COST $
MIN UP TIME 8 8 6 4 4 3 1 1
MIN DOWN
VIII. CONCLUSION TIME (H)
5 5 4 3 3 2 1 1
In this paper two cases based on ANN and one case based
on FDP has been proposed and applied to unit commitment.
The first case is based on ANN using binary code and result XI. BIOGRAPHIES
shows cost and units schedule are reasonable. But there is a
problem with ANN dimension and training time. Hossein Daneshi was born on Jan. 21,
The second case is based on ANN usind decimal and Gray 1975 in Iran. He received his MS in electrical
engineering from university of Tehran in 2001.
code. Result shows that the ANN dimension and training time His employment experience included the railway
have been reduced. research center, Ghods Niroo consulting
The third case is based on FDP. The result shows that the engineers(GNCE) . He is currently working in a
execution time is more than ANN, because in ANN the consulting engineers company in power system
(GNCE) on thermal power plant projects. His
training is off-line. But the cost and units schedule are much research interests include the operation, control
more better. and planning of electric power systems and the
application of artificial intelligent to power
system.
IX. REFERENCES
Papers from Conference Proceedings (Published): Mohammad Shahidehpour is a
[1] H.Daneshi, M.Shahidehpour, S.Afsharnia, “Application Of Neural professor in the Electrical and Computer
Network In Unit Commitment By Gray Code”, IEEE/PES T&D Asia Engineering Department at Illinois Institute of
Pacific Conference, 6-10 October 2002, Japan Technology where he has served in various
[2] H.Daneshi, S.Afsharnia, “Fuzzy Dynamic Programming Application To academic and administrative positions since
Unit Commitment”, The 9th Iranian Conference on Electrical 1983 including the Dean of the Graduate
Engineering, May 2001 College and Associate VP for Research. His
[3] H.Daneshi, S.Afsharnia, S.M.Shahidehpour, ”Neural Network research activities involve the operation,
Application to Unit Commitment”, 16th International Power System control and planning of electric power systems.
Conference, 2001, Iran He is a Fellow member of IEEE.
[4] Sobajic D., Pao Y.H, “Artifitial Neural Network Based Dynamic
Security Assesment For Electric Power Systems”, IEEE Winter Meeting,
1988 Saeed Afsharnia was born in 1963 in Tabriz, Iran. He received his B.S.
and M.S. degree in electrical engineering from university of Amirkabir, Iran
in 1987 and 1990 respectively and his Ph.D. degree from INPL, France in
Periodicals: 1995. He is presently an assistant professor in the Department of electrical
[5] Su, C.C., Y.Y.Hsu, “Fuzzy Dynamic Programming: An Application To and computer engineering at university of Tehran, Iran. His research interests
Unit Commitment”, IEEE Trans. On Power System, Vol.6, No:3, are the control of electric motor drive and power system operation and
Aug.1991, p.p. 1231-1237 control.
[6] Z.Ouyang, S.M.Shahidehpour, “ A Hybrid ANN Dynamic Programming
Approach To Unit Commitment”, IEEE Transactions On Power
Systems, Vol.7, No.1, February 1992
[7] Z.Ouyang, S.M.Shahidehpour, “An Intelligent Dynamic Programming
For Unit Commitment Application”, IEEE Transactions On Power
Systems, paper#90 SM 468-9 PWRS, 1990
[8] S.K.Tong, S.M.Shahidehpour, Z.Ouyang, “A Heuristic Short Term Unit
Commitment”, IEEE Transactions On Power Systems, Vol.6, No.3,
August 1991
Books:
[9] Wood, A.J., Wollenberg, B.F., “Power Generation Operating Control”,
John Wiley&Sons, New York, 1984