Image Enhancement in the Spatial

Domain

Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Lecture # 6
 Topics for Today
• Histogram Matching (Specification)
• Image Arithmetic Operations
• Image Logical Operations
• Quiz-1
 Histogram Matching (Specification)
• In image processing, histogram
matching or histogram specification is the
transformation of an image so that its histogram
matches a specified image histogram.
• The histogram equalization is a basic procedure that
allow to obtain a processed image with a specified
intensity distribution.
• Sometimes, the distribution of the intensities of a
scene is known to be not uniform and the possibility
of obtaining a processed image with a given
distribution is required.
When we Apply Histogram
specification/Matching
When we Apply Histogram
specification/Matching
 Histogram Matching
(Specification)
• Histogram specification always imposes a template
histogram on an image, but the technique works best
if the template histogram is already similar to the
actual one. For example, in situations where a large
number of images of the same kind are
being processed, it may be advantageous to make
the histograms the same. In this way, the same set of
image operations would have the same results. This
is almost always the case when processing images
from modern medical devices such as CT, MRI or PET.
Example for Histogram Matching
Original Image Target Image
Intensity No of PMF CDF
Intensity No of PMF CDF
levels pixels
levels pixels
0 - 0 0
0 790 0.192 0.192
1 - 0 0
1 1023 0.2497 0.4425
2 - 0 0
2 850 0.207 0.65
3 - 0.15 0.15
3 656 0.16 0.81
4 - 0.20 0.35
4 329 0.08 0.89
5 - 0.30 0.65
5 245 0.059 0.95 6 - 0.20 0.85
6 122 0.029 0.98 7 - 0.15 1
7 81 0.019 1
Example for Histogram Matching
Levels Original Target Mapped
Image Image intensity
CDF CDF level
0 0.192 0 3
1 0.4425 0 4
2 0.65 0 5
3 0.81 0.15 6
4 0.89 0.35 6
5 0.95 0.65 7
6 0.98 0.85 7
7 1 1 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7
0 0 0 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.10
7
Example for Histogram Matching
 Image Enhancement using Arithmetic and
Logical Operators

• Arithmetic/logic operations involving images

are performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis
between two or more images.
• When dealing with logic operations on gray-
scale images, pixel values are processed as
strings of binary numbers. For example,
performing the NOT operation on a black, 8-
bit pixel produces a white pixel that is similar
to image negative.
Logical Operators
Logical Operators
Logical Operators
Image Subtraction
Image Subtraction
Image Addition (Cameraman+rice)
Image Arithmetic