Color Image Processing

Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Lecture #

Chapter # 6 from Book

 Topics for Today
• Color fundamentals
• Primary & secondary colors
• CIE Chromaticity diagram
• Color model (RGB)
• Pseudo-Color Processing
• Feature Detection
• Image Classification
 Color Fundamentals
Color is beneficial as

Human eye can distinguish between colors while it is very difficult for human eye
to distinguish between gray level. There are mainly two types of color image
processing.

1. Full Color Processing

In this process all the colors are used for processing,

2. Pseudo- Color Processing

In this type of processing, colors are quantized into few levels as desired and
it is beneficial for extraction of objects by grouping them in different levels.
Pseudo- Color Processing
 Color fundamentals
• How color is detected?
Light falls on an object and it is illuminated
and nature of light reflected from the object
determine its color.
Color Fundamentals
Color fundamentals
 Color fundamentals
• There are three primary colors that are Red
(R), Green (G) and Blue (B).
• There are 7 colors in the light spectrum then
why only 3 are used as primary colors?
 Color fundamentals
• Only three colors are used as primary colors
and cons cells in the eye are sensitive to these
colors.
• There are 6-7 Millons con cells their sensitivity
to the primary colors are explained as
• 65% are sensitive to RED.
• 33% are sensitive to GREEN.
• 2% are sensitive to BLUE.
So RED, GREEN and BLUE are used as primary
colors.
 Color fundamentals
• CIE (International commission on
illuminations) specifies the wave length of
RGB as
1. R=700 nano-meter
2. G=546.1 nano-meter
3. 435.8 nano-meter
Color fundamentals
Color Fundamentals
 Color Fundamentals
• Red + Blue =Magenta
• Green + Blue =Cyan
• Red +Green =Yellow

Magenta , Cyan and Yellow are secondary colors

of light while RGB are primary color of light.
Magenta, Cyan and yellow are primary colors of
pigment while RGB is secondary color of
pigment.
Color Fundamentals
 Color Fundamentals
Colors are distinguished in the basis of
• Brightness is a chromatic notion of intensity.
• Hue dominant wavelength in a mixture of
color.
• Saturation indicates the purity of color or
amount of light that mixed to create that
specific color for example
pink color=red + light
• (Red is fully saturated while pink is red with
addition of light)
Color Fundamentals
CIE Chromaticity Diagram
CIE Chromaticity Diagram
 Color Model

Ways of Describing color

•By using RGB (for display devices)

•By using Magenta, Cyan, Yellow
•HSI Color space (Hue-Saturation- Intensity)
RGB Model
RGB Model
RGB Model
RGB Safe Cube
RGB Image Creation
RGB to CMY Model Conversion
RGB Image Creation
Monochrome to Color conversion
or
Gray level to color conversion
Gray to Color Level Transformation
Monochrome to Pseudo Color conversion
or
Gray level to Pseudo Color conversion
 Full Color Image Processing
• In this case we process the actual colors in the
image. We process the color channels as vectors
vectors (Like R,G, B) and combine them
together at the end.
Vector Processing Examples
Spatial Mask for Color image
Color Transformation
Color Complement
Color Slicing
 Tone Correction
• A gray scale image can be dark, low contrast or
bright etc
• While in color images we have tone that are
divided into 3 major categories.
• Flat
• Light
• Dark
Transformations on RGB Channels are applied to
enhance the image.
Tone Correction
Tone Correction
Tone Correction
Image Smoothing
 Summary
• Other gray level transformations (Point-based)
can be applied to color images by selecting
the RGB planes and the objective for
enhancement must be to obtained a
balanced output image.
• Mask processing/ neighborhood processing
can also be applied on the color images
 Feature Detection
• In computer vision and image processing feature
detection includes methods for computing image information
and making local decisions at every image point whether there
is an image feature of a given type at that point or not. The
resulting features will be subsets of the image domain, often in
the form of isolated points, continuous curves or connected
regions
(Copied from Wikipedia)
 Type of Features
• Edge and corner detection
Canny, Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Laplcian, Hough transform
• Feature description
SIFT, SURF, HOG etc
 Image Classification
• Classification includes a broad range of decision-based
approaches to the identification of images.
• All classification algorithms are based on the assumption that
the image in question depicts one or more features and that
each of these features belongs to one of several distinct and
exclusive classes.
• The classes may be specified a priori by an analyst (as
in supervised classification) or automatically clustered (i.e. as
in unsupervised classification) into sets of prototype classes
 Supervised and Unsupervised
Classification
• In supervised classification, labelled data is given to the
classification algorithm and learning of classifier is done by
using labelled training data. Support Vector Machine (SVM)
and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are the examples of
supervised learning algorithm.
• In unsupervised classification, the classification algorithm use
to cluster the image features/data on the basis of similarity
and perform learning. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can
perform learning by using unsupervised learning.
 Pattern Recognition
• Pattern recognition is the process of finding things in an
image, for example, search for tanks in an aerial/satellite
military image or search for a cancerous cells in a medical
image or a garden surrounded by buildings or face recognition.
usually this will include specific logic about the pattern you
want to find.
• Pattern recognition is an important component of computer
vision and has various application such as in video analysis
speech recognition, text classification and image analysis.
 Image Classification Using SVM
• Steps required to perform classification
1. Image Dataset
2. Feature Detection
3. Clustering
4. Image Representation as Clusters
5. Supervised Classification using Training Samples
6. Decision by using Test Samples/Unknown samples