Waste water and supply engineering

University of engineering and

Technology Lahore

Waste water and supply

engineering
Sewerage System Design
Report

Submitted by:
Muhammad Bilal (2015-CIV-82)

1
 DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION:
Sewer system plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. Sewers are must for
the drainage of waste water. In order to have an effective sewage system the sewers should be
properly designed and more care should be taken in finding the invert levels otherwise whole
design may get wrong. Sewers are designed for the drainage of waste water coming from houses,
industries, streets, runoff etc to protect the environment and people from serious diseases, as
more than 50 diseases spread from sewage. So for a good living, the sewers should be properly
designed and the sewage should be treated properly before discharging it into the river.

Sewage
It is Liquid Waste or Waste Water produce as a result of water use.
Sewer
It is the pipe or conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes place undr
gravity (Atmospheric Pressure).
Sewerage
Sewerage is the system of collection of waste water and conveying it to a point of final disposal
with or without treatment.

Sources of waste water:

Following are the principal sources of waste water ore discharging it into the river.
 Domestic
 Industrial
 Storm water

 Domestic:
It is the waste water from houses, offices, other buildings, hotels and institutions. Design of Sew
 Industrial:
It is the liquid waste from the industrial places from their different industrial processes like dying,
paper matting, tanneries, chemical industries, etc. Design of Sewer System
 Storm Water:
It includes surface runoff generated from rainfall and the street wash.

Types of Sewer Systems:

1. Separate System:
It is the system in which storm water is carried separately from domestic and industrial waste
water. This system is preferred when
 There is an immediate need for collection of sanitary sewage but not for storm water
 When sanitary sewage needs treatment but the storm water does not.
 Separate system
2. Combined System
It is the type of system in which sewer carries both the sanitary and storm water. Combined
system is favored when:
 Combined sewage can be disposed off without treatment.
 Both sanitary and storm water need treatment.
 Streets are narrow and two separate sewers cannot be laid.

Combined system

3. Partially combined sewer system:

This system is the compromise between separate and combine system taking the
advantages of both systems. If some portion of storm or surface runoff is allowed to be carried
along with sanitary wastewater, the system is known as partially combined system .in Pakistan
all sewers are designed partially combined.
Types of Sewers:
 Sanitary sewers
 Storm sewer
 Combined sewer
 House sewer
 Lateral sewer
 Sub-Main sewer
 Outfall sewer

1. Sanitary Sewers:
It carries sanitary sewage i.e. waste water from municipality including Domestic and Industrial
wastewaters. Design

2. Storm Sewer:
It carries storm sewage including Surface Runoff and Street Wash.
3. Combined Sewer:
It carries domestic, industrial and storm sewage.
4. House Sewer:
It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system of building to common/municipal sewers.
5. Lateral sewer:
This sewer carries discharge from two or more house sewers.
6. Sub-Main Sewer:
This sewer carries discharge from two or more laterals. System
7. Main/ Trunk Sewer:
It receives discharge from two or more sub-mains.
8. Outfall Sewer:
It receives discharge from all collecting system and conveys it to the point of final disposal.

Components of sewerage system:

1. Collection system:
It includes network of sewer pipes, which collect waste water from the manholes and passed it to
the final disposal point.
2. Disposal works
3. Treatment works
Sewage flow
It is flow derived from the sanitary and industrial sewage that is the raw water from these
industries and houses, so it means it has direct relation with the amount of water consumed.
Generally 80 to 90 % of the water consumption is taken as sewage or waste water.
Variation in sewage flow
Like water supply, sewage flow varies from time to time. Since sewers must be able to
accommodate Maximum Rate of Flow, the variation in the sewage flow must be studied.
Generally Herman Formula is used to estimate the ratio of Maximum to Average Flow

P is population in thousands.
S
Infiltration
It is amount of water that enters into the sewers through poor joints, cracked pipes, walls and
covers of manholes. Design of Sewer System
It is nonexistent during dry weather but increases during rainy season.
Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses the following infiltration rates for the design
of sewer system.
Sewer Diameter Infiltration

225 mm to 600 mm 5 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

> 600 mm 10 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

Self-cleansing velocity adopted:
Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent the settlement of solid
matter in the sewer. Self-Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non settlement
of suspended matter in the sewer. Design of Sewer System
The following minimum velocities are generally employed:
Sanitary sewer = 0.6 m/sec
Storm sewer = 1.0 m/sec
Partially combined sewer = 0.7 m/sec
Maximum velocity:
The maximum velocities in the sewer pipes should not exceed more than 2.4 m/sec. This
max velocity in the sewer should not exceed this limit of 2.4 m/sec. It is to avoid the excessive
sewer abrasion and also to avoid steep slopes. Design of Sewer System
Minimum Sewer Size:
225mm is taken as the minimum sewer size. The reason being that, the choking does not
take place even with the bigger size particles, which are usually thrown into the sewer through
manholes. Design of Sewer System
Minimum Cover of Sewer:
1m is taken as the minimum cover over the sewers to avoid damage from live loads
coming on the sewer. D

REPORT DESCRIPTION:
The project is based on the design of partially combined sewerage system of a
community which is having approximately a flat terrain because the difference in the reduce
levels is very small. I have designed the sewage pumping station along with the hydraulic
statement and the required drawings plus some extra drawings. I am confident that my design
will work successfully and there will be not any problems.

BACKGROUND:
As world population neared one billion during the Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth
century, cities and villages became more crowded. Public health concerns dictated that new ways
had to be found to provide safe water supplies as well as provide means for safe disposal of
sanitary wastes. Growth in the numbers and in the size of cities and increasing use of water in
residential, commercial, and industrial enterprises led to increasing provision of public systems
for water supply and wastewater systems. Although some research suggests that private water
companies emerged during the Renaissance (Walker, 1968), private entrepreneurs initiated the
provision of water supply services on a large scale during the nineteenth century in both Europe
and the United States. By contrast, provision of sewers, along with streets and drainage facilities
generally fell to local government. To this day, private provision of water supplies is common in
many parts of the world, whereas wastewater treatment is seldom a responsibility of private
enterprise. An exception is when private developers provide the service in connection with the
construction of buildings and streets.

In this Report, we have a Municipal -housing society. In which we disposed waste water in the
Disposal station using pipelines, Manholes from houses, mosques, Roads and from open areas.
Design Criteria:
Design criteria have following parameters:
 Per Capita consumption
 Design period adopted
 Design sewage flow
 Peak factor criteria and values
 Design equation
 Self-cleansing velocity adopted
 Sewer sizes and materials
 Infiltration
1. Per capita Consumption:
As the per capita water consumption is the water consumed by person in one day and unit
for this are used as liter per capita per day. As per the Manual on Sewerage and Sewage
treatment (CPHEEO, GOI) 80% of the water supply may be expected to reach the sewers.
However, the sewers for major cities and towns should be designed for a mini. For this design
the maximum water consumption per day are taken as 322 LPCD. As the status of the society is
high therefore more water will be consumed by a person therefore more as society.
So, we assumed 322 litters/ capita/ day as per capita water consumption for the society.
2. Design period adopted:
The length of time up to which the sewerage system will serve without any modification
or addition, is referred to as the design period. The design period is based on the useful life of
structures, machinery and the equipment to be employed, the ease or difficulty of expanding or
increasing or addition of the facility. The design period for sewerage systems may be not less
than 20 years and not more than 30 years.
The design period adopted is 20 years.
3. Design sewage flow:
First of all calculate the average sewage flow on the basis of water consumption and the
population at the end of the design period. i.e at the full development of the area. Then the design
flow for sanitary sewer and partially combined sewers can by calculated by using the following
formulae.
 For Sanitary Sewer:
Qdesign = Peak sewage flow + infiltration
 For partially combined sewer:
Qdesign = 2xPeak sewage flow + infiltration
4. Peak factor criteria and values:
Like water supply, sewage flow varies from time to time. Since sewers must be able to
accommodate Maximum Rate of Flow, the variation in the sewage flow must be studied.
Generally Herman Formula is used to estimate the ratio of Maximum to Average Flow

P is population in thousands.
 Average Sewage Flow (m3 /day) Peak Factor

≤ 2500 4.0

2500 – 5000 3.4

5000 – 10000 3.1

10000 – 25000 2.7

25000 – 50000 2.5

50000 – 100000 2.3

100000 – 250000 2.15

250000 – 500000 2.08

> 500000 2.0

5. Design equation:
Manning’s Equation is used for sewers flowing under gravity.

Where
V = Velocity of flow in m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth (A/P) = D/4 when pipe is flowing full or half full
S = Slope of the sewer
n = Coefficient of roughness for pipes
6. Self-cleansing velocity adopted:
Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent the settlement of solid
matter in the sewer. Self-Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non settlement
of suspended matter in the sewer. Design of Sewer System
The following minimum velocities are generally employed:
Sanitary sewer = 0.6 m/sec
Storm sewer = 1.0 m/sec
Partially combined sewer = 0.7 m/sec
As we adopted partially combined system:
So the cleansing velocity taken is 0.7m/s.
7. Sewer size and materials:
Pipe used is RCC. (Reinforced cement Concrete)
Diameter of RCC pipes presents are 80mm, 100mm, 150mm, 200mm, 225mm,
250mm, 300mm, 350mm, 400mm,450mm, 500mm, 600mm,
700mm, 800mm, 900mm,1000mm, 1100mm, 1200mm, 1400mm, 1600 & 1800 mm.
 225mm and 375mm are taken as the minimum sewer size. The reason being that, the
choking does not take place even with the bigger size particles, which are usually thrown into the
sewer through manholes.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) Spun / Hume Pipes are generally used for water
drainage, sewerage, culverts and irrigation. RCC Pipes are very much preferred for such usage
because they are leak proof, are easily repairable and are non-reactive to sewerage toxins.
Concrete Pipes has been estimated to easily last around 100 years and as such they are fit and
forget solution which is why they are preferred over other materials for such usage.

8. Infiltration:
It is amount of water that enters into the sewers through poor joints, cracked pipes, walls
and covers of manholes. Design of Sewer System
 It is nonexistent during dry weather but increases during rainy season.
 Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses the following infiltration rates for the
design of sewer system.
Sewer Diameter Infiltration

225 mm to 600 mm 5 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

> 600 mm 10 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

Infiltration is 10% of the Qavg.

Design of sewage pump station:

Pumping stations are facilities including pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one
place to another. They are used for a variety of infrastructure systems, such as the supply of
water to canals, the drainage of low-lying land, and the removal of sewage to processing sites.
 Dry well
 Wet well
1. Dry well:
Dry well is used for installation of pumps.
2. Wet Well:
Wet well is used for receiving waste water.
Design consideration of wet well:
Average Design flow = Pd x water consumption x 0.8 / 1000
= 681511.32L/day
=681.51132m3/day
=0.4732m3/min
Peak sewage flow=Qmax
= 2258528.5L/day
=1.5684 m3/min

Minimum sewage flow:

Minimum sewerage flow=Average design flow/2
=0.4732/2
=0.2366 m3/min

Minimum cycle time:

Design of Sewer System
Minimum Cycle time must not be less than 5-minutes
For smaller pumps t min = 15 min
Volume = V = [P x t(min)]/4
Effective Volume = ( 1.5684 x 15 ) / 4 = 5.8815m3 Design of Sewer System
DIMENSIONS OF WET WELL
Volume= Area* Depth
Depth=3m
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
 =Π(D/2)²*d
V = Π(D/2)²*d
5.8815=3.14(D²/4) *3
D = 0.1677m
Pump must run for at least 2 minutes
Check the cycle time , should be greater than 2 minutes
t = V/(P-Qmin) = 5.8815 / (1.5685 – 0.2366)
=4.415min
So 4 minutes is greater than 2 minutes .

Cycle Time for Minimum and Average Flow

CYCLE TIME = t = (V/(P-Q))+(V/Q)
For Qmin = 5.8815 / (1.5685 – 0.2366) + 5.8815/0.2366 =
=4.415+ 24.85
= 29.265 min > 15min (OK)
For Qavg = 5.8815/ (1.5684 -0.473) + 5.8815/0.473
=5.396+ 12.43
=17.803 min > 15min

Sewer profile:
Invert Level:
The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as Invert Level at that Cross-
section. Design of Sewer System
Invert Level = NGSL/Road Level – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer – Dia. of Sewer

Sewer Joints:
 Bell & Spigot Joint
 Tongue &Groove Joint

Bell joint:
Tongue & Groove Joint:

Manholes:
These are provided for:
 Cleaning
 inspection
 house connection
At
 Change in Sewer direction
 Change in sewer diameter
 Change in slope
 One man hole to be provided for 2-4 plots
Sewage disposal station:
Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, which may be called a
"decentralized" system or even an "on-site" system (in septic tanks, bio filters or
aerobic treatment systems). Alternatively, sewage can be collected and transported by a network
of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant.
When are sewage disposal systems used?
Any home or building that is not connected to a municipal or city sewage system needs a
method for getting rid of human waste (feces and urine). All buildings not serviced by a
municipal (centralized) treatment plant need to have an onsite sewage disposal system that is
properly designed and filed with the local public health authority.
A typical sewage disposal system has 2 basic parts:
 Septic tank – which may also be accompanied by a treatment plant.
 Dispersal area - usually a series of underground pipes or chambers that evenly distribute
the partially treated liquid into the ground for final treatment.

COMMENTS
 This design is based on partially combined sewerage system thus is economic.
 All the necessary things are taken from the WASA tables and Minimum velocity is taken as
0.7 m/sec which is the self-cleansing velocity and velocity must not be more than 2.4 m/sec.
 Minimum diameter of sewer is taken as 225 mm and other diameters are rounded to the
locally available in the market according to WASA standards.
 Minimum rate of sewage flow is taken as 50% of average sewage flow.
 Minimum clear cover of 1-m is provided above the sewer in order to avoid from impact of
live loading.
 Flush tanks are provided where velocity is less than 0.7 m/s

RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Flush tanks should be flushed once in 24 hours to avoid sediment deposition.
 If the sewer is to be laid under the water table then crushed stone bedding should be used.
 Sewers should be joined in a manhole keeping the crowns at the same level.

Bill of quantity:
All the materials, labour and other means used to make this project have some cost which is
calculated here. Following is a list of all quantities with cost estimations.

Serial Rate per

Description Quantity Total Amount (Rs)
# Unit (Rs)
Pumping Machinery (Ace Sewage
1 3 1895006 5,685,018
Ejector Pump 1/2 hp 6420 gph APEL50)
2 RCC sewer pipes (225mm) 1200 2550 3,060,000
3 RCC sewer pipes (300mm) 250 3100 775,000
4 RCC sewer pipes (375mm) 225 3800 855,000
Laying, jointing and testing of pipe
5 1200 200 144,000
225mm
Laying, jointing and testing of pipe
6 250 270 67,500
300mm
Laying, jointing and testing of pipe
7 225 350 78,750
375mm
Construction of Wet well of dia 2.4
8 1 50,000 50,000
meter
- TOTAL - - 5,160,974