Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
• Genes that are required for growth under a specific condition are
termed essential, and those that are not required are termed
nonessential
Viral genomes à mutations spontaneously à creating new virus strains
Mutations in other genes may produce antiviral drug resistance or alter the antigenicity or pathogenicity
of the virus
This is because of the poor fidelity of the viral polymerase and the rapid rate of genome replication
RNA viruses do not have a genetic error-checking mechanism à the rates of mutation for RNA viruses
are usually greater than for DNA viruses
Interactions among viruses
1. Recombination
• production of progeny virus àcarries traits not found together in either
parent
• classic mechanism : the nucleic acid strands break à part of genome of
one parent is joined to part of the genome of the second parent
• viruses with segmented genomes (eg, influenza virus) à the formation of
recombinants à caused by reassortment of individual genome fragments
in multiply infected cells rather than by an actual crossover event
Interactions among viruses
2. Complementation
• In cells infected with two viruses, one or both of which may be defective
• replication of one or both under conditions would not ordinarily occur
• The basis for complementation à one virus provides a gene product in
which the second is defective, allowing the second virus to grow
• The genotypes of the two viruses remain unchanged
Interactions among viruses
3. Phenotypic Mixing
• The association of a genotype with a heterologous phenotype
• the genome of one virus becomes randomly incorporated within capsid
proteins specified by a different virus or a capsid consisting of
components of both viruses
• Extreme condition called à “phenotypic masking” or “transcapsidation”
• The nucleocapsid of one virus becomes encased within an envelope
specified by another à a phenomenon designated “pseudotype
formation”
Interactions among viruses
4. Interference
• The effect of infection of one cell with two viruses à leads to an inhibition of
multiplication of one of the viruses
• Mechanism :
• One virus may inhibit the ability of the second to adsorb to the cell à by blocking its
receptors or by destroying its receptors
• One virus may compete with the second for components of the replication apparatus
(eg, polymerase, translation initiation factor)
• The first virus may cause the infected cell to produce an inhibitor (interferon) that
prevents replication of the second virus
Phatomechanism
Recombination Reassortment
Spontaneous Induced
Mutant Genotype
consequence in either a protein coding sequence or in
a control sequence à a transcriptional promoter, a
two basic categories of
replication origin, or a packaging sequence mutation :
Base
Base substitution
deletion/insertion
Base substitution
Mutant Phenotype
Lethal Conditional-Lethal
the most useful mutants are those a condition must be found where
that inhibit virus replication by the mutation in question is not
inactivating a virus gene lethal—hence
Conditional-Lethal Classes
• Host range
• Non-sense
• Temperature sensitivity
• Drug resistance and dependence
• Plaque morphology
• Neutralization escape
Mutant Viruses
Reversion Leakiness