ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTS m

TESTS FOR ACID RADICAL (ANION)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.A little of the salt is added to Brisk effervescence. (Colourless gas
dilute hydrochloric acid in a test evolved which turned lime water milky.) Presence of Carbonate
tube No Charactertistc change. Absebnce of Carbonate,
Sulphide, Sulphite and Nitrite
2. A little of the salt is rubbed with dilute Vinegar like smell is observed. Presence of Acetate.
sulphuric acid in a watch glass No characteristic smell Absence of Acetate.
3. A little of the salt is heated with A colourless fuming gas is evolved
concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube. which gave dense white fumes with
A glass rod dipped in ammonium ammonium hydroxide. Presence of Chloride
hydroxide is shown at the mouth of the No characteristic change Absence of chloride,
test tube. Bromide and Iodide.
4. A little of the salt is heated with
concentrated sulphuric acid and then a
paper ball is added Reddish brown gas is evolved Presence of nitrate
No characteristic change Absence of nitrate
5.A little of the salt is heated with
concentrated nitric acid. To this excess
ammonium molybdate solution is added A deep yellow precipitate is formed. Presence of Phosphate.
and cooled. No characteristic change. Absence of Phosphate
6. A little of the salt solution is added to A white precipitate insoluble in dilute
barium chloride solution. hydrochloric acid is formed Presence of sulphate.
No characteristic change Absence of sulphate.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CARBONATE
1. To a little of the salt solution, barium
chloride solution is added. White precipitate is formed Carbonate is confirmed
2. To the above precipitate, dilute
hydrochloric acid is added. Dissolved with brisk effervescence Carbonate is again confirmed.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ACETATE
1. To a little of the salt solution, neutral
ferric chloride solution is added. Deep red colour is observed Acetate is confirmed
2. A little of the salt is strongly heated in a Pleasant smelling inflammable vapours
dry test tube. are evolved. Acetate is again confirmed.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CHLORIDE
1. To a little of the salt solution, dilute
nitric acid and silver nitrate solution are White curdy precipitate, soluble in
added. excess ammonium hydroxide is formed Chloride is confirmed
2. To a little of the salt solution, White precipitate, soluble in hot water
lead nitrate solution is added. is formed. Chloride is again confirmed
CONFIRMATROY TESTS FOR NITRATE
1. Brown ring test: To a little of the salt
solution, equal volume of freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate solution is added. To this, Nitrate is confirmed
concentrated sulphuric acid is added along
the sides of the test tube. A brown ring is formed
2. A little of the salt solution is heated with
zinc dust and sodium hydroxide solution. Smell of ammonia Nitrate is again confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR SULPHATE
1. To a little of the salt solution, lead
acetate solution is added. White crystalline precipitate is formed Sulphate is confirmed
2. To the above precipitate, ammonium
acetate solution is added. Precipitate dissolved. Sulphate is again confirmed

1 Analysis of Simple Salts …….. JJJ, NVT CHEMISTRY, GVHSS Rajakumary, Idukki
 TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL (CATION)
1. Test for zero group: To a little of the salt No precipitate Presence of ammonium
solution, sodium carbonate solution is added. A precipitate is formed. Absence of zero group
2. Test for group I: To a little of the salt White precipitate is formed Presence of Lead
solution, dilute hydrochloric acid is added. No precipitate Absence of group 1
3. Test for group II: To a little of the salt
solution, dilute hydrochloric acid is added Black precipitate is formed Presence of Copper
and hydrogen sulphide gas is passed No precipitate Absence of group II
4. Test for group III:To a little of the salt
White gelatinous precipitate is formed Presence of aluminium
solution, ammonium chloride and excess
ammonium hydroxide are added. No precipitate Absence of group III
5. Test for group IV: To a little of the salt
solution, ammonium chloride and excess White precipitate is formed Presence of Zinc.
ammonium hydroxide are added and Flesh coloured precipitate is formed Presence of Manganese
hydrogen sulphide gas is passed. No Precipitate Absence of group IV
6. Test for group V: To a little of the salt
solution, ammonium chloride, ammonium
hydroxide, and excess ammonium White precipitate is formed Presence of Barium or Calcium
carbonate solution are added. No precipitate Absence of group V

7.Test for group VI: To a little of the salt

solution, ammonium chloride, ammonium
hydroxide and disodium hydrogen phosphate
solution are added. The inner side of the test
tube is scratched with a glass rod. White crystalline precipitate is formed. Presence of Magnesium

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR AMMONIUM

1. To a little of the salt solution, sodium
hydroxide solution is added and boiled in
a test tube. A glass rod dipped in A colourless pungent smelling gas is
concentrated hydrochloric acid is shown evolved, which gave dense white fumes
at the mouth of the test tube. with concentrated hydrochloric acid Ammonium is confirmed
2. To a little of the salt solution Nessler’s
reagent is added. Brown precipitate is formed Ammonium is again confirmed

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR LEAD

1. To a little of the salt solution, potassium Yellow precipitate is formed, which
iodide solution is added. dissolved in hot water and reappeared
as golden spangles on cooling. Lead is confirmed
2. To a little of the salt solution, acetic acid
and potassium chromate solution are added. Yellow precipitate is formed Lead is again confirmed

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR COPPER

1. To a little of the salt solution Blue precipitate is formed which
ammonium hydroxide solution is added dissolved in excess ammonium
drop by drop till in excess. hydroxide to give deep blue solution. Copper is confirmed
2. To a little of the salt solution, acetic acid and
potassium ferrocyanide solution are added. Chocolate brown precipitate is obtained. Copper is again confirmed

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ALUMINIUM

1. To a little of the salt solution, sodium White gelatinous precipitate is formed,
hydroxide solution is added drop by drop which dissolved in excess sodium
till in excess. hydroxide Aluminium is confirmed
2.Ash test: A little of the salt solution is
boiled with a few drops of concentrated
nitric acid and cobalt nitrate solution. A
filter paper dipped in it is burnt to ash. Blue tinted ash is formed Aluminium is again confirmed.

2 Analysis of Simple Salts …….. JJJ, NVT CHEMISTRY, GVHSS Rajakumary, Idukki
 CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ZINC
1. To a little of the salt solution, potassium
ferrocyanide solution is added. White precipitate is formed Zinc is confirmed
2.Ash test: A little of the salt solution is
boiled with a few drops of concentrated
nitric acid and cobalt nitrate solution. A
filter paper dipped in it is burnt to ash. Green tinted ash is formed Zinc is again confirmed.

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR MANGANESE

1. To a little of the salt solution, sodium White precipitate is formed, which
hydroxide solution is added in excess. turned brown on keeping. Manganese is confirmed

2. Permanganic acid test: A little of the

salt is boiled with concentrated nitric acid
and a pinch of lead dioxide. It is cooled
and allowed to stand The supernatent liquid got pink colour Manganese is again confirmed

TEST TO DISTINGUISH BARIUM AND CALCIUM

1. To a little of the salt solution, acetic acid Yellow precipitate is formed Barium is present
and potassium chromate solution are added. No yellow precipitate Barium is absent.

2. To a little of the salt solution,

ammonium hydroxide and ammonium
oxalate solution are added. White precipitate is formed Calcium is present

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BARIUM

Flame test: A little of the salt is made
into a paste with concentrated
hydrochloric acid. The paste is then
introduced into a Bunsen flame by
means of a charred splinter. Green coloured flame Barium is confirmed

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CALCIUM

Flame test: A little of the salt is made
into a paste with concentrated
hydrochloric acid. The paste is then
introduced into a Bunsen flame by
means of a charred splinter. Brick red flame Calcium is confirmed

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

1. To a little of the salt solution a few
drops of Magneson reagent and excess
sodium hydroxide solution are added Blue precipitate is formed Magnesium is confirmed
2. Ash test: A little of the salt solution is
boiled with a few drops of concentrated
nitric acid and cobalt nitrate solution. A
filter paper dipped in it is burnt to ash. Pink ash is formed Magnesium is again confirmed

REPORT :
The given salt contains
.......................................as anoin and
.......................................as cation.

3 Analysis of Simple Salts …….. JJJ, NVT CHEMISTRY, GVHSS Rajakumary, Idukki