P o L I C e P A T R o L

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LEA 2
POLICE PATROL
What is Police?
Police is the agency of the government that is responsible for enforcing the law, maintaining peace and
order, and preventing and detecting crimes.
How did the term ‘POLICE’ evolved?
The term police was derived from a Roman word “politia” which means the condition of a State,
government, and administration. Politia originated from the Greek word ‘politeia” which means a group
of persons that governs a city. It was the French who translated the word politia to police to refer to a
law enforcer.
Fundamental Theories of Police Service
1. Continental Theory
Under the Continental Theory, policemen are regarded as servants of the higher
authorities. This theory prevails in the European countries like France, Italy and Spain,
where the governmental structure follows the centralized pattern.
2. Home Rule Theory
In this theory, policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely for the
efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the people. This theory is practiced
in the United States and in England where the governmental structure follows a
decentralized pattern.
Fundamental Concepts Concerning Police Service
The fundamental concepts concerning police service are the following:
1. Old Concept
This philosophy advocates that the yardstick of police competence is the increasing
number of arrest. The public look at policemen as more effective if the conduct numerous
arrest and were able to put behind bars what they have apprehended.
LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

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2. Modern Concept
This concept of police service regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal
justice system, an organ of crime prevention. Under this concept, the public look at
policemen as more effective in the absence of crime.
What is Patrol?
- Patrol may refer to the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to protect it to maintain
order.
- The action of going through or around a town, community, neighborhood, etc, at regular
intervals for purposes of security, inspection or observation.
- Patrol is the heart of the police operation.
- The backbone of a police organization.
How did the term ‘Patrol’ evolve?
The term originated directly or via the German word ‘patrolle’ that was derived from French
‘patrouiller’. Patrouiller means ‘to walk through mud in a military camp’ or ‘go through puddles’.
Patrol as the Backbone of Police Organization
Patrol tagged as the ‘backbone’ of the police organization. This often said statement is very true since
the patrol division is the only division in the police organization that cannot be possibly eliminated. This
is for the reason that the traditional police organization are usually small that they could not have or
cannot justify, separate division such as traffic, investigation, juvenile and other specialized areas. Their
size and caseload requires that all duties and functions shall be handled only by the Patrol Division. But
even in those departments which have specialized divisions, the Patrol Division is often the only one that
performs twenty four (24) hours duty.
The patrol division is an indispensable service that plays a leading role in the accomplishment of the
police purpose because of the following reasons:
1. It is the only form of police service that directly attempts to eliminate opportunity for
misconduct.
2. It also checks the development of desire for misconduct by destroying unwholesome stimuli,
and creating wholesome one.
3. It favorably influenced individual and group attitudes in its routine daily association with the
public.
Constant availability is important because time is the essence in most police work.
In addition to performing duties relating to incidents of misconducts, the complete coverage provided
by patrol activities makes it available for other activities such as:

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1. Patrol officer searches for and return lost persons and properties, and informs and assists
citizens.
2. Patrol officer serves as the eyes and the ears of the police organization by gathering information
useful to the police executives, to other branches of the unit, and to other government
agencies.
Primary Purpose of Patrol
1. The elimination of the actual opportunity or the belief in the opportunity for successful
misconduct is the basic purpose of police patrol.
2. A thief’s desire and capability to steal is not diminished by the presence of a patrol officer, but
the opportunity for successful thief is negated.
3. The apparent likelihood of arrest influences the desire to which the potential offender is
convinced that the opportunity for successful misconduct is absent.
4. Police patrol provides favorable influence more completely than any other methods of police
service.
5. An impression of omni-presence is frequently created by conspicuous patrol activities at every
hour and in all sections of the community.
6. Suitable patrol activities, succeeds like success, reputation for quick and certain apprehension is
spread by the press, radio and the word of mouth.
7. The potential offender is then persuaded without the necessity of personal experience that the
police patrol activities is invulnerable.
Goals and Objectives of Police Patrol
1. PREVENTION OF CRIME – a well turned-out foot on in a clean conspicuously marked car

represents a deterrent force that helps prevents crime before it starts. A patrolman
observes conditions which are conductive suspicious persons. He follows up with inquiry,
which further contributes to crime prevention.
2. ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS – A patrolman must know his duties and responsibilities and also
know the law. He also called on to make on the spot investigations and takes appropriate
enforcement action.
3. PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY – Citizens depend upon the patrol officer to protect
them and their property from crimes and disasters by riding the area of criminals and
requiring safe practices, especially to traffic.
4. PRESERVATION OF PEACE – A large portion of the patrolman’s time is spent in handling
drunk and disorderly persons, crimes of violence, and possessions of firearms, trespassing,
vagrancy and other offenses.
5. APPREHENSION OF CRIMINALS – Makes many arrest on the spot and without warning he
must know the techniques and mechanics of his own protection.
Functions of Patrol Force (PRASIP)

1. Prevention of crime.

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2. Repression/Suppression of criminal activity.

3. Apprehension of Criminals.
4. Search and Seizure.
5. Investigation.
6. Protection of life and property.
Lesson 2
Historical Development of Policing
Historians believed that law enforcement began unnoticed. It started in the protection of the interest of
families of the clans and tribes and finally ended up in nations or States. Early man felt the need to protect
his territory that formalized methods community protection become necessary. Ancient law enforcement
was believed to have started in the following origins;
The Sumerians
The earliest record of ancient people’s need to standardize rules and methods of enforcement to
control human behavior dates back to approximately 2300B.C, when the Sumerian Rulers LIPITHSTAR and
ESHUMMA set standards on what constituted an offense against the society most commonly known as
the Sumerian Code.
The Babylonians
During the time of Babylonian King Hammurabi, he established

rules for his kingdom that designated not only offenses but also
punishments. At around 2100B.C, the Code of King Hammurabi was
created. The principle of the code was that ‘The strong shall not injure
the weak.’ Hammurabi originated the legal principle of “LEX TALIONES”
meaning, ‘an eye for an eye, and tooth for a tooth.’
The Ancient Egypt
The early Egyptians established laws and courts and a

rudimentary rule of law. The first accounts of a developing court system originated in Egypt in
approximately 1500B.C. The court system presided by judges who were appointed by the pharaoh. They

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later organized marine patrols and custom houses to protect commerce. They were also the first to use
dog patrol.
The Ancient Greece
The Greeks had an impressive law enforcement called the Ephori. Each year at Sparta, a body of
Ephors were elected and given almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge, jury and executioner.
These five men also presided over the Senate and Assembly, assuring that their rules and decrees were
followed.
From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who lived from 427 to 347 B.C, was the idea that punishment
should serve the purpose rather than simple retaliation.
The Ancient Rome
The Romans had highly developed system of

administering justice. The 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) were the first
written laws of the Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures,
property ownership, building codes, marriage customs and
punishment for crimes. At the reign of Emperor Augustus, he
created the Praetorian Guards, which consisted of about 7000
men/soldiers to
protect the
palace and the
City of Rome,
together with
the Urban
Cohorts to patrol
the city. He also created the so-called Vigiles who were first assigned
as fire fighters and eventually given law enforcement responsibilities.
As the first civilian police force the Vigiles sometimes kept the peace
very ruthless, hence the word vigilantes, who were first assigned as fire
fighters and eventually given law enforcement responsibilities. As the
first civilian police force the Vigiles sometimes kept the peace very
ruthless, hence the word vigilantes.

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Another important event was the time of Justinian I, ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire (A.D 527
to 265) who collected all Roman Laws and put it into his Justinian Code which was later known as the
Corpus Juris Civillis which means Body of Law.
Developments during the Middle Ages to the Modern Period
The significant developments of police in England was divided according to time and they were
as follows:
A. Anglo-Saxon Period (years 600 – 1066)
a. Thanes Policing System

King Alfred the Great introduced a type of internal police force whereby landowners
(known as ‘Thanes’) throughout his kingdom were responsible to police their own
territory. The landowners are empowered to arrest offenders and deliver them before
the King. They were also empowered to settle civil litigations.
b. Frankpledge Policing System

This policing system was the progenitor of the Tithing System that required every freeman
of over twelve years old to join nine (9) of his neighbors to form a tithingmen*. The head
is the chief tithingman, elected from the ten families. Said tithingmen are tasked to
perform police works. Anyone who failed to join and perform this duty was severly fined.
*Tithingmen refers to the group formed by ten (10) male residents of a city tasked to perform police works.
c. Tun Policing System

Under this system, all male residents are required to guard the town, preserve peace and
order, to protect life and property from any harm and disturbances affecting the peace
and order. Tun is the forerunner of the word ‘town’.
d. Hue and Cry Policing System

This is a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a complainant/victim goes to the
middle of the street to shout for help. Once heard by male residents, they automatically

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assemble to apprehend the culprit. Once apprehended, trial is conducted giving the
culprit the chance to defend himself.
e. The Royal Judge

The Royal Judge is a person who conducts criminal investigation and gives appropriate
punishments to fit the crime committed.
f. Trial by Ordeal
A system of determining the guilt or innocence in the ancient times which was based on
painful test of skills. Suspects were required to put their hands in the boiling water. If not
hurt, the community considers him innocent and shall be acquitted but when hurt, it
indicates the guilt of the suspect and shall be provided with a punishment. This was in
accordance with the belief of the people before that God will protect the innocent one
from being hurt. Also known as Divine Intervention.
*Take note that there are numerous types and kinds of trial by ordeal. The given example above is one of
which.
B. Norman Period (years 1066 – 1284)
a. Shire – Reeve System

The Shire – Reeve System was observed during the time when William Norman became
the ruler of England. Kind Norman divided his kingdom into 55 military districts known as
Shire – Reeve. Where Shire was used to refer to a district and Reeve was used to refer to
the ruler of that district.
b. Court of the Tourn

The Court of the Tourn settles a range of cases, more often dealing with petty offenses
and civil matters. From the Court, 12 tIthingmen were selected to hear cases of much
serious nature.

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*It was from the Court of the Tourn that the concept of the 12 members of jury of today originated. A jury
is a body of persons temporarily selected from the citizens of a particular district, and invested with the
power to present of indict a person for a public offense, or to try a question of fact.
c. Court Leet
The Normans established the ‘Court Leet’, which looked after matters of purely local
interest and petty village nuisances. The head of the Court Leet was called the ‘Comes
Stable’ which means ‘Master of the House’. The Comes Stable was appointed by the King
however, the local officials may petition for his removal if he do not perform his job
properly. After a period of time, ‘Comes Stable’ became ‘Constable’ which is used today
to refer to members of the police force.
d. Leges Henri / Leges Henry

The Leges Henri was passed during the time of King Henry I. The features of this law are
as follows:
 All violations were classified as offenses against the King.
 The policemen were considered as public officials.
 The policemen and citizens were given the power to conduct arrest.
 A grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
e. Keepers of Peace
The Keepers of Peace was a proclamation issued by Kind Richard of England in 1195
requiring the appointment of knights to maintain peace and order at the place where the
King is residing. The knights were positioned on bridges and gates to check the people
entering and leaving the town or cities.
f. Magna Carta (Great Charter)

Laws were enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table and forced King
John of England to sign the same. It had the following declarations:
 No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal
judgment of his peers.

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 No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the
victim.
 There should be national and local governments as well as national and local
legislations.
3. Westminster Period (years 1285 – 1500)
a. Statute of Winchester
The Statute of Winchester was enacted introducing the system of Watch and Ward.
b. Statute of 1295
The Statute of 1295 introduced the closure of gates of London. This started the
observation of curfew hours.
c. Justice of Peace
Justice of Peace was the position given to respectable citizens. These persons were given
the right to conduct arrest and imprison offenders.
d. The Star Chamber of Court

The Star Chamber of court was established as a special court to try offenses committed
by offenders against the State.
4. Modern Period in England ( 17th – 19th Century)
a. Night Watchmen or Bellmen (1633)

King Charles II passed a law that provided for the employment of Night Watchmen or
Bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise. Watchmen or Bellmen were known as
Rattle watch because they carried rattled while on duty to inform the public of their
watchful presence.

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b. Bow Street Runners (1748)

Henry Fielding became the chief magistrate at Bow Street in London. He organized a
group of men known as Bow Street Runners (the catchers). He later formed Bow Street
Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads thereby securing travelers from
highway bandits.
c. William Pitt (1785)

William Pitt, in 1785, presented a bill to the British Parliament for the creation of a police
force in London. This proposal met with instant opposition. Pitt argued that this new force
would be responsible for the apprehension of criminals and crime prevention that would
be the formal continuation of the mandate of the Bow Street Runners. After considerable
opposition to the proposed police force in London and charges that it would be used to
strengthen the very centralist authoritarian government, William Pitt’s bill was
withdrawn.
d. Sir Robert Peel (1829)

Sir Robert Peel introduced the Metropolitan Act which was passed by the Parliament of
England. The enactment of said law led to the creation of the Metropolitan Police Force
of London, which was viewed as the world’s first organized uniformed police force. This
force was later on named as the Scotland Yard.
Being the originator and the first head of such police organization, Sir Robert Peel
has earned the title ‘Father of Modern Policing System’.
The important plan of Sir Robert Peel was the separation of policing and the judiciary. He
believed that the authority of the police shall be only up to the prosecution of crimes. The
trial of crimes must be left to the hands of another agency of the government which is the
judiciary.**
Nine (9) Principles of Sir Robert Peel for his Police Force
1. To prevent crimes and disorders, as an alternative to their repression by military force and by
severity of legal punishment;

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2. To recognize always that the power of the members of police to fulfill their function and duties
are dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behavior, and on their ability to
secure and maintain public respect;
3. To recognize always that to secure and maintain respect and approval of the public means also
the securing of the willing cooperation of the public in the task of securing observance of laws;
4. To recognize always that the extent to which the cooperation of the public can be secured
diminishes, proportionately, the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for
achieving police objectives.
5. To seek and preserve public favor, not by pandering to public opinion, but by constantly
demonstrating absolutely impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy and
without regard to the justice or injustices of the substance of individual laws; by readily offering
individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth or
social standing; by readily exercising courtesy and friendly good humor; and by readily offering
sacrifice in protecting and preserving life;
6. To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition
that the police are the public and that the public are the police; the police being only members of
the public who are paid to give fulltime attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen,
in the interests of community welfare and existence;
7. To use physical force only when the persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient to
obtain public cooperation to an extent necessary to secure observance of law or to restore order;
and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular
occasion for achieving a police objective;
Maximum Tolerance – defined as the highest degree of restraint that the police, military, and other
peace keeping authorities shall observe during a public assembly or in the dispersal of the same.
8. To recognize always the need for strict adherence to police executive functions and to refrain
from even seeming to usurp the powers of the judiciary or avenging individuals or the State, and
of authoritatively judging guilt and punishing the guilty; and
9. To recognize always that the test of police efficiency in the absence of crime and disorder, and
not the visible of police action in dealing with them.

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Lesson 3
Factors that Determine Patrol Deployment
1. Residents and transient population, particularly in the business sector, and the university and
tourist belt area. Some areas may double its population in the daytime because of the transients
while some may be virtually empty during working hours on weekdays.
2. Number and types of crimes and arrest.
3. Location of crimes and arrest.
4. Traffic collision statistics and patterns.
5. Location of frequent incident of hazard requiring concentrated police coverage such as sports
areas, stadiums, popular night sports, bars, theaters, transportation terminals, or other places
where people usually gather.
6. Disproportionate concentrations of population, such as widely separated single family residence
versus the heavy concentrated dwellings in the depress areas.
7. Socio – economic factors – people from high income groups tend to stay away from home more
often than the low income group which has preference or without any choice but to stay at
home.
8. Zoning plan of the city (relative location of business, industrial, residential and other types of
zoning).
POLICE DISCRETION
Discretion is the empty area in the middle of a ring consisting of policies and procedures. In the weaker
sense, we would define discretion as cases in which not only the rules don’t apply, but the officer makes
individualized judgements.
Discretion – Discretion may be defined as the opposite of routine and habitual obedience. It brings
knowledge, skill and insight to bear in unpredictable ways. Police are not soldiers who must blindly follow
orders. Police must be more than competent at applying the rules; they must adapt those rules to local
circumstances in a rule-bound way.
Discretion is not doing as you please. Discretion is bounded by norms – professional norms, community
norms, legal norms, moral norms.
Causes of Police Discretion
1. Offender Variables
Police take adult complaints more seriously than those made by juveniles. Arrest and force s more
likely to be used against African Americans. Citizens who show deference toward police are
treated more leniently. People in the middle to upper income brackets receive more and better
service from police. Gender and mental health status affect how police handle many incidents.
Police sympathize with and only lecture some offenders.

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2. Situation Variables
Police give serious (crime) matters more attention than minor matters. The presence of weapons
and acts of resistance often result in police overreaction. The type of property involved in a
property crime determines police response and investigatory effort. Activities initiated by police
are followed up more than activities initiated by citizen complaint. Visibility of vice is a major
factor in enforcement. Police tend to become much more bureaucratic when witnesses, and
audience or the media are present.
3. System Variables
Police tend to become lenient when the court and correctional systems are clogged. Police tend
to become strict when the city needs revenue. Size and structure of the department controls
individual discretion. Communities that have sufficient social service resources, like detox and
mental facilities, allow officers to use more non – arrest options. The way in which officers are
summoned plays a role in how they will act when they get there.
POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR POLICE DISCRETION

1. Restrictive Policies – These are big rule books that specify as many situations as possible and
contain severe restrictions on officer judgment.
2. Discouragement Policies – These contains that list of the most extreme and crucial situations
and officer will face.
3. Judgmental Policies – These tend to only give general guidance that is generic to all
circumstances. Ironically, it is the kind of policy that’s easiest to get terminated under the
officer’s point of view.

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CHAPTER 2
Patrol Operations
The patrol division of a police organization does not only serve as the backbone, the heart of police
operative but also the front liner or the face of the organization. In this regard, the patrol component
shall provide, but not limited to activities relating to:
1. Preventive control directed at the prevention of criminal acts, vehicle related violations and
accidents, the maintenance of public order, and the discovery of hazardous situations.
2. Inspectional services to determine the compliance with various statutes, including but not
limited to, liquor and gambling laws.
3. Crime prevention activities such as residential inspection, business inspections, community
presentations, etc.
4. Calls for service, both routine and emergency in nature.
5. Investigation of both criminal and non – criminal acts.
6. The arrest of criminal offenders.
7. Community relations activities such as citizen assists and individual citizen contacts of a positive
nature.
8. The sharing of information between the patrol component and other divisions within the
department, as well as outside and other governmental agencies.
9. The application of the community policing philosophy to establish a partnership with citizens to
improve their quality of life and provide a sense of safety and security to community members.
10. Traffic direction and control.
Patrol Information Sharing Procedures
The patrol component, to better enhance information sharing, will use several means to make such
information available to other divisions within the department, and vice versa.
 Officer’s Report
 Patrol Briefings
 Bulletin Boards
Basic Function/Objectives of Police Patrol
1. Preventive Enforcement
This falls under the term protection and involves the prevention of crime through noticeable presence of
uniformed policemen. Preventive enforcement as a criminological philosophy was first presented by Sir
Robert Peel when he suggested the formation of the Metropolitan Police to the Parliament of London.

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2. Selective Enforcement
Our present patrol division is extremely mobile it cannot completely cover all of the areas or beat
assigned to its patrol units. The only logical solution to the problem is selective enforcement. In other
words, go to either where the trouble is, or where trouble is likely to occur.
3. Traffic Enforcement
This refers to proper implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations along highways, roads, streets
to control mobility of vehicles and pedestrians.
4. Responding to Emergency Calls for Service
The patrol force being the backbone and front liner in the police service is usually the first at the scene,
such as in emergencies of fire, accidents, drowning, attempted suicides, mobs and riots, etc. This
requires special trainings in first aid, leadership, riot control etc.
Police officers are usually in contact with one another by radio especially in the patrol car. Radio calls
relating to accidents, crimes in progress and domestic disputes require quick responses. The patrol officer
is often the first to arrive on the scene. This part of the patrol officer’s job is essential to stopping crimes
in progress, catching criminals, keeping victims safe, calling for proper emergency help and resolving
conflicts.
5. Routine Calls for Service
Responding to complaint either through the phone, in person or in writing or any other means. The police
officer may simply need to talk to someone about complaint such as neighbors disturbing the peace.
The time that police officers spend handling calls for service is also considered part of patrol work. Officers
on patrol respond to calls, take reports, quell disturbances, and so forth. The combination of these two
sets of activities – patrolling and handling calls – occupy most of the time of patrol officers, who in turn
represent most of the personnel in the typical police department.
6. Courtesy Calls
7. General Information
8. Preservation of Evidence
The process of protecting the crime scene before a formal documentation and investigation is done.

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TO DOs in Preserving the Crime Scene
1. Arrive as soon as possible, record time of 9. Making Reports
arrival, whether condition and situation of
An essential function of the patrol officer is gathering
the crime scene and if possible take
and reporting information regarding criminal activities,
photographs of the scene and its immediate
vicinity. missing persons, recovered articles. He must transfer
2. Establish the police lines and exclude this information to a standardized report form.
unauthorized persons from the scene. Six (6) Essentials In A Well – Written Report
3. Avoid touching or stepping on anything
that may represent evidence. 1. WHO (Who is involved in the case?)
4. Look and protect adjacent areas to the
scene where firearms, footprints, dropped 2. WHAT (State the facts of the incident/case)
articles and bloodstains could be found. 3. WHERE (Identifies the location of the incident)
5. Look for the presence of bloodstains and
other body fluids. They are easily ignored and 4. WHEN (Time of occurrence or approximate time)
obliterated.
6. Turn over all initial information and 5. WHY (Provides an account of the motive for the
evidences gathered to the responding incident)
investigation unit/elements.
6. HOW (Gives an account of the event and how it
happened)
Police Patrol Hazards
Occupational Hazards
A career in law enforcement can be exciting, challenging, and rewarding for people who are oriented and
committed to public service. Yet it can be devastating for those who are not prepared for its rigors.
Thousands of dedicated, well- meaning people who thought that police work was the career for which
they were destined have discovered that the mental, physical, social and economic costs of maintaining
such career were too high.
Law enforcement is hazardous craft that requires strong, caring individuals who can deal consistently with
stressful situations. The impact of the dangers and stressors inherent in policing affects individual police
officers differently.
A. Physical Hazards
1. Violence – Danger is inherent part of the police work and this danger is reinforced by the element of
authority. Police are required to enforce laws and are always interacting with people in moment of crisis.
The police officer is either the victim of the violence or is forced to use violence to defend him or others.
2. Accidents – Law enforcement officers have about an equal potential to lose their lives due to accidents
as due to homicide. Automobile accidents, motorcycle accidents, aircraft crashes, being struck by a
vehicle, accidental shootings, falls and drowning tend to be the most common causes for accidental death
among officers.

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3. Contagious Diseases – During the latter half of the 20th century, police officers had relatively little fear
from contagious disease. Some of the common communicable diseases are gonorrhea, herpes, and
syphilis. During the 1980s police officers became aware of the threat that was not only highly
communicable but also lethal.
B. Psychological Hazards
Historically, many people believed that policing attracted person with propensity toward authoritarianism
and cynicism. Cynicism is the belief that all people are motivated by selfishness and evil. Unfortunately,
after years of seeing humanity at its worst, many police officers subscribe to it. Cynicism become an
emotional plank deeply entrenched in the ethos of the police world. For many reasons, police are
particularly vulnerable to cynicism.
1. Emotional Distress – The constant exposure to stressful stimuli makes policing one of the most difficult
of occupations. The threat of violent death and injury, the constant exposure to human tragedies, the
responsibility for others, the feeling of alienation and helplessness, the demands of shift work, the limited
career opportunities and the lack of input in administrative decision making all combine to create stress
for even the most stable and well-adjusted individual.
2. Mental Illness – If the distress is not dealt with appropriately, it may escalate into behavior that
threatens the welfare of the officers and other. The individual officer may come to suffer from relatively
mild emotional disturbances which require only counseling and reassurance.
3. Suicide – Preliminary studies appear to identify higher levels of suicide among police officers than
among other professionals or occupations.
4. Substance Abuse (Psychological Dependency) – Police administrators frequently report that alcohol is
a severe problem with officers and often report the existence of alcohol – related problems. The use and
abuse of alcohol among police officers is apparently one way of coping with the problems inherent in the
job.
C. Physiological Hazards
1. Substance Abuse (Chemical Dependency) – The impact of drugs and alcohol is even more devastating
physically. Social users of tobacco, alcohol or narcotics now find themselves in constant need of that
particular drug in order to get by.
2. Physical Health – A number of physical hazards exists for police officers. Stress, poor nutrition and lack
of exercise also contribute to poor physical health.
D. Social Hazards
1. Isolation from the Public – One of the difficult aspects of policing is the sense of isolation from the
community. Perhaps this is endemic to law enforcement given the nature of the job.

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2. Isolation from the Family – Many believe that the marital problems are endemic to law enforcement.
E. Economic Hazards
1. Salary Limitation – Despite education, trainings and professionalism, unless they rise to the top
administrative positions, become corrupt, or with the lottery, they will experience a lower – middle class
existence.
2. Career Limitation – Not all police officers can become the Chief of Police. Whether one’s career is
successful depends on how one defines success.
3. Liability Issues
Police Patrol Methods
Patrol methods are various means of getting from one place to another within a specified patrol
jurisdiction. Various methods of patrol are not intended to isolate the patrol officer from the people he
vowed to serve and protect. Patrol efforts made by the police may be in the form of any or combination
of the following:
1. BEAT PATROL
1.1. Foot Patrol
1.2. Bicycle Patrol
2. SECTOR PATROL
2.1. Automobile Patrol
2.2. Motorcycle Patrol
2.3. Aircraft Patrol
3. SPECIALIZED PATROL METHODS

3.1. Horse/Mounted Patrol
3.2. Marine Patrol
3.3. Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
3.4. Special Terrain Patrol

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CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF PATROL
Most patrols are assigned to a particular area called a ‘beat’ and they are referred to as beat patrol.
Police beat is the territory and time that a police officer patrols. A police beat is an area assigned for
patrol purposes.
Beat policing is based on traditional policing and utilizes the close relationship with the community
members within the assigned beat to strengthen efforts to make a safer community. Beat police
typically patrol on foot or bicycle which provides more interaction between police and community
members.
Patrols are assigned in shifts to properly cover a beat when it is needed. Shifts are usually determined by
the number of personnel available and the frequency of calls for police service.
Additionally, police officers commonly have to work overtime, and shift work is mandatory. And even off
duty, they must wear their gun and act as a police officer, if needed.
Advantages
1. More men in the field during peak hours.

2. Three days off.
3. Quicker response to calls.
4. More days off helps family relations.
5. Better for attending college or other extra-curricular endeavors.
6. Increased morale.
Disadvantages
1. Overtime makes shifts too long.

2. Overtime can foul up school attendance.
3. More men needed in shift.
4. Lack of sleep on court days.
5. Problems with radio dispatchers unless they are also on plan.
6. Officers seem to lose touch after three days off.
1 FOOT PATROL
- Most expensive type of patrol and most police department reduced their foot patrols to a minimum.
- The oldest form of patrol.
- It is used in highly congested areas.

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Advantages of Foot Patrol

1. You can be up close and personal with the public.
You can stop and chat with people, who aren’t being arrested. You find out a lot of great
information just stopping and talking with people. People will express concerns that they normally
wouldn’t if they had to stop an officer in the car, or call the station. Just by walking around and chatting
with people, you have such a great chance to network with people, and a lot of times it’s mutually
beneficial to the police work.
2. You can sneak around a lot better than an unmarked car.

Maybe, police can witness drug deals less than 15 feet away while on foot patrol or even witness
some serious felonies taking place in dark alleys that a car wouldn’t have seen, just by walking down. Our
foot patrol teams actually have more arrests than a car does. You can see a lot more walking by, than you
can going by as slow as 30MPH.
3. You can get places a lot faster than a car can sometimes.
We use foot patrol teams in our downtown district, and often times there is very heavy traffic
downtown. It’s a lot quicker to dispatch a foot patrol team to something happening downtown than it is
to dispatch a car. A car has to fight with traffic (even with lights and sirens on) and watch out for traffic
lights, pedestrians and a whole lot of things.
4. The visibility is a great deterrent to crime.
5. This is a more personal reason to me, but it’s a lot better for you physically.
6. The officer can actually get to know the physical layout of his beat better.
7. He can get to know people on his beat better and can develop criminal informants easier.
8. By the use of handheld radios, the officer can maintain communication with the police stations and
other mobile units.
Disadvantages of Foot Patrol

1. It is relatively expensive.
2. Limit police officer’s ability to pursue suspects in vehicles.
3. Limit police officer’s to respond rapidly for service in another area.
4. Low mobility resulting to limited coverage of the patrol area.
Types of Foot Patrol

a. Fixed Foot Patrol – It is usually used for traffic, surveillance, parade and special events.
b. Mobile Foot Patrol – It is used where there is considered foot movement such as patrolling business
and shopping centers, high crime areas, and in places where there are many or multiple family dwellings.

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Basic Techniques and Procedures of Foot Patrol

1. Do not establish a set of pattern of patrolling purposes.
2. Walk systematically on the beat while on patrol.
3. Do not smoke nor drink while on patrol during night or day shift.
4. Walk near the curb during daylight.
5. Walk near buildings during night patrol.
6. Do not immediately open the door when intending to get inside. Observe and evaluate first the
situation.
7. Check the interiors of building and rattle doorknobs to ensure that premises are secure.
8. Watch for persons loitering or hiding in doorways, either ingress or egress.
9. Use fire escapes to inspect building rooftops once in a while.
10. Be attentive or on alert for the sound of breaking glass or any unusual noise that may be caused by
criminal activity.
2 MOBILE PATROL
The patrol car is the most extensively used and the most effective means of transportation for police on
patrol. Equipped with state-of-the-art gear, patrol cars today provide a rapid, safe, and efficient means of
transportation under average operating conditions. Most experts on patrol operations agree that it is the
most cost-effective method of patrol.
Isaias Alma Jose was the first Chef of the Mobile Patrol of the Manila Police Department. On May 27, 1954,
the first automobile patrol was introduced by the Manila Police Department, through the initiative of
Honorable Arsenio H. Lacson, the first elected Mayor of Manila.
Features of a Mobile Patrol Car

1. Reflecting pressure-sensitive film covering rather than mere paint.
2. Vehicle – mounted TV – high resolution video camera with wide-angle lens.
3. MDT (Mobile Data Terminal) – computer that allow officers in patrol to access files from headquarters
and other law enforcement agencies.
4. HELP (High Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan) – heavy duty light that can provide 2 million candle power
of lighting.
Advantages of Automobile Patrol

1. The speed of the automobile allows them to service the whole area and do so effectively.
2. It is one of the means of the preventive enforcement.
3. It is very effective in deterring criminal activity by making people conscious of the presence of police
enforcement.
4. It offers the officer protection during inclement weather.
5. The patrol car allows the police officer to have when needed, and to transport one or more prisoners.
6. They can be used to carry police dogs on patrol and can be used as ambulances when the disaster
occurs.
7. They can also carry larger pieces evidence.
8. Can be used as barricades in roadblocks.

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9. Provide an element of surprise, especially when crime is in progress.

10. It has the greatest mobility and flexibility.
11. Greater efficiency in responding to emergency calls and other calls for services.
12. More economical as compared to foot patrol.
Disadvantages of Automobile Patrol

1. Restricted in the area they can access.
2. Communication with the citizenry is greatly reduced.
3. Limited citizen contact.
4. Little opportunity to develop sources of information.
5. Marked police vehicle hampers apprehension and surveillance operation.
Advantage of One Man Patrol Car Advantage of Two Man Patrol Car
1. Preventive enforcement is doubled by having 1. A two man patrol can provide the officer with
twice as many police cars on the street. a greater safety factor or by doubting the
2. An officer who is alone devotes his full firepower and physical protection.
attention to driving and beat observation rather 2. The mistakes that one-man makes may be
than conversing with his partner. caught by his partner and vice versa.
3. Personality clashes are reduced and/or 3. Two pairs of eyes are better than one.
avoided. 4. One man operate the radio while the other
4. Promotes self-reliance and self-confidence. drives.
5. Each officers could get rest and thus perform
more effectively since each does not have to
drive for full eight (8) hours of duty.
General Techniques and Procedures in Automobile Patrol

1. Thoroughly check the patrol car before leaving the garage.
2. Do not establish route patterns in patrolling the area of jurisdiction.
3. Do not develop a habit of using only the main roads in your area. Most criminal activity occurs at the
back streets, out of sight from the main thoroughfares.
4. Do not spend too much time in drive-inn or coffee spots.
5. Always take not the plate numbers of strange or suspicious vehicles.
6. Get out from the patrol car regularly or frequently to be visible and accessible to the public and develop
personal contact in the neighborhood.
7. Set a good example to other motorist.
8. Avoid driving too fast on general patrol conditions except during emergencies or in pursuing some
criminals/suspects.
9. When conducting solo patrol, maintain frequent contact with the dispatcher or other communication
personnel in the field or in the headquarters.
10. If you are patrolling with a partner, divide the observation area around your vehicle.
11. Frequently check the potential trouble spots in your patrol area.
12. Stop periodically among parked cars at the entrance of side streets to observe activity on the streets.
13. Regularly check parking lots for abandoned stolen vehicles.
14. Do not leave the key on the patrol car especially if the place is in a high crime or congested area.

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3 BICYCLE PATROL
Bicycle patrol is growing in popularity because of easy operation and its acceptance by the public
particularly children who view them as non-threatening form of patrol. Bicycles are now used in many
countries as a simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation to carry police officers throughout
their patrol district. Often, bicycles are used in parks and on beaches and have many of the same
advantages and disadvantages as motorcycles.
In 1939, the Manila Police Department introduce the bicycle patrol in the Philippines to augment the foot
patrol.
Advantages of Bicycle Patrol

1. It can cover areas that are not accessible by patrol cars or are too widespread to be patrolled by foot.
2. It has combined advantage of mobility and stealth because the bicycle can operate quietly and without
attracting attention.
3. It is found to be highly effective in combating theft, burglary, and vandalism in residential areas, parks
and shopping malls.
4. It is effectively used also by plain clothes patrol officers for surveillance in high crime areas.
5. It is inexpensive to operate.
6. Increased mobility and stealth since bicycles can be operated quietly and without attracting too much
attention.
Disadvantage of Bicycle Patrol

1. Limited speed.
4 Horse Patrol
One of the oldest type of patrol. It is used where the terrain is steep and rough.
Advantages of Horse Patrol

1. The chief advantage of horse patrol is its size and mobility. An officer mounter on horseback usually is
high enough to see over pedestrians and traffic.
2. A well-trained horse can quickly and easily move through dense crowd.
3. It is ideal for pedestrian traffic, amusement areas, parks and parades.
4. Horses are widely admired especially by children and adolescent and therefore attract favorable
attention for the police.
5. There is still a need for horse patrol where the terrain is steep and rough.
Disadvantages of Horse Patrol

1. The cost of stables and up-keep and their limited use in a city.
2. They are not much good at chasing criminals at automobiles.
3. They tire easily and require close physical attention.
Common Uses of Horse Patrol

The following ae the common uses of horse patrol today.
1. Park Patrol – in most parks if any size, there are trails that are too narrow and/or steep.

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2. Beach Patrol – in many areas containing large beaches, it has been found that the horse patrol is quiet
suitable.
3. Search Duty – chasing down escaped or wanted persons who have fled to mountainous areas or
hunters, children or farmers lost in these areas.
4. Parade and Crowd Control – height size of horse strong psychological advantage in dealing with the
unruly mobs.
5 Dog Patrol
The Egyptians were the first to use dogs in patrolling. In the US, dogs have been used in police since
1990. In April 1957, Baltimore was the only American police force that used trained dog handler teams in
patrol. As of April 1968, about 200 police agencies used a total of 500 man-dog teams in police patrol
work.
Police dogs are especially useful in high crime areas, in dangerous situations, in dealing with street
gangs, in dispersing a crowd, in taking fleeing suspects into custody in guarding suspects, in searching
alleys, parks, schools and other large buildings.
Advantages of Dogs or K-9 in Police Operations

1. Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs.
2. Provide protection for police patrol officers assigned to a high crime area.
3. Great value in crowd control, since:
a. Properly trained dogs are virtually fearless
b. Totally loyal to their handlers have significant psychological effect on would be troublemaker.
4. Extensively used in international airport to detect narcotics and bombs because of their keen sense of
smell. A dog is capable of recognizing a door 10 million times better than a human can.
5. Specially trained dogs are extremely effective in finding bodies – dead or alive, just buried or buried for
years.
6. Locating trapped people during emergencies.
7. Can be an asset to public relations efforts.
8. They are used in crowd control, in searching out concealed suspects, and verifying hidden narcotics.
They are also used for the detection of explosives.
9. They are used to locate prowlers, burglars hiding in large buildings or stores, and the control of the
unruly crowds and riots.
Disadvantages of using K9/Dog Patrol

1. Most police dogs work only with one handler.
2. K9, like most dogs, is territorial, and its handler and its K9 cruiser are part of its territory.
3. Dog’s training is expensive. Dog training usually takes 10-12 weeks.
4. Police department that initiates a K9 section is vulnerable to law suits.
Breeds of working dogs that are best suited for police works
 German shepherd
 Black Labrador Retriever
 Giant Schnauzers
 Rottweilers
 Doberman pinschers-

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 Bouviers
 Newfoundland
 Airedale Terriers
 Alaskan Malamutes
 Bloodhounds – these are tracking dogs. A large powerful dog with

dropping ears, sagging jowls, and keen sense of smell, formerly used for
tracking.
WOLVES (Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration System)

- The system of attaching a miniature camera and transmitter to search dog. This equipment make
man’s best friend, because the dog can now be the eyes and ears of his handler in situations where
saving life is paramount objective.

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6 AIRCRAFT PATROL / AIR PATROL
Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use of

aircraft, either helicopter or fixed wing. Today, it has
become necessary for the police to use aircraft in
performing both routine and specialized patrol activities.
The use of aircraft is not totally new. In 1925, the Los
Angeles Sherriff Department has already formed a
volunteer Reserve Aero Squadron. Full time Aero is still
an official unit in the police department today.
Only very large cities or states agencies could
afford this type of patrol. If the area to be serviced is
large enough, air patrol can actually be as economical as the automobile. The use of helicopter and light
aircraft are commonly used today.
Advantages of Aircraft Patrol

1. Improved response time to emergency calls for service.
2. Increased apprehension of offenders.
3. Increased prevention of crime.
4. Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through airborne information.
5. Increased ability in conducting roof searches for suspects.
6. Easier location of both lost and escaped persons.
7. More efficient rescue operations and emergency ambulance service.
8. A better system of floodlighting areas at night.
9. Information can be broadcast to large areas through airborne loud speakers.
10. Rapid emergency transportation of personnel.
11. Added security to patrol officers through back up offered by aerial patrol.
12. Possible use in firefighting.
13. It can be used to assist other public agencies.
Disadvantages of Aircraft Patrol

1. Very expensive or high cost of training of pilots/operators, buying fuel and special facilities for housing
and maintenance.
2. Public complaints about the noise and about being spied upon.
3. Forcibly grounded during bad weather.
4. Smog and light off or intermittent clouds effects visibility.
5. Presence of various hazards especially in congested areas, such as high wires and smog.
6. There is danger from high wires, trees and similar objects.
7. Criminals can hear the helicopter coming and surprise is lost.
8. Pilot fatigue and must work shorter periods of the time than the regular police shifts.
9. This type of service requires special skills and training.

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7 BOAT PATROL
Since man has usually founded and build cities next

to some river or body of water, it is conceivable that the
use of boats in enforcement of the law.
Duties and Functions of Boat Patrol

Water police are usually responsible for ensuring the
safety of water users, enforcing laws relating to water
traffic, preventing crime on vessels, banks and shores,
providing search and rescue services, and allowing the
police to reach locations not easily accessible from land. They may also be responsible for coastal security,
conversation law enforcement, immigration and smuggling patrols, and diving search operations.
8 MOTORCYCLE PATROL
Most police departments have their motorcycles marked with the same insignia as their patrol cars.
Motorcycle are beginning to be a favorite of patrol officers because of the ease and spend of moving
around. Motorcycle patrol has many of the same advantage as automobile patrol, especially in speed and
maneuverability. Motorcycles have greater access than automobiles to some areas and are better suited
to heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged terrain.
Disadvantages of Motorcycle Patrol

1. Relatively high cost to operate.
2. Limited use in bad weather.
3. Inability to carry additional equipment of officers.
4. The danger involved in riding them.
9 TELEVISION PATROL
It was first used in police work in West Germany purposely for traffic control. It involved a television
panel with a capacity of 30 television receiver situated in front of a control board manned by a single
operator. In the field, at the key points, television cameras were mounted in weatherproof housings.

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CHAPTER 4
PATROL METHODS, TACTICS, STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
SHIFTS
1. DAY SHIFT
- The day shift is primary a public relation shift. This is the time to chat with the people like merchants
and making friends mean making sources of information.
Sources of Information
a) Theater door men and cashier
b) Hotel clerks
c) Cab drivers
d) Bartenders
e) Shoe shine boys
f) News stand vendors
g) Balot vendors
h) Ice cream vendors
2. NIGHT SHIFT
- On the night shift, the beat man watches for the same things watched by prowl car patrol, but since
the foot patrol man is closer to, and in constant contact to the public, he gets to know the various
people on each shift.
PATTERNS
1. THE CLOCKWISE PATTERN
- A beat patrolman, irrespective of the size and the number of beats, is assigned two calls boxes for
reporting, every hour on the hour.
- The cycle of clockwise pattern should be completed and the boundary of the beats was patrolled
except in vehicle while performing his foot patrol functions.
2. THE ZIGZAG OR FREE WHEELING PATTERN

- The objective of the clockwise patrol pattern at the start of the 8 hours of duty is for the patrol officers
to survey the situation and the coordination of the boundaries of his area of responsibility for the next
forth-coming hour his technique will be zigzag or freewheeling pattern. Patrolling the street within the
perimeter of his beat is not at random, but with the definite target-location where he knows his presence
is necessary. This action is of course based on his study of the situation and condition of his beat.
3. THE COUNTER CLOCKWISE PATTERN

- This technique is the reverse of the clockwise pattern. It is done at the last hour of the 8 hour duty in
order to insure that nothing usually had happen in his area of responsibility.
4. THE STRAIGHTWAY OF THE CRISS-CROSS PATTERN

- The straightway pattern is patrolling the length of the street and therefore the easiest to observe the
movement of the patrol officer. Whereas, the crisscross is more or less similar to the zigzag pattern.

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STRATEGY OF THE HIGH AND LOW VISIBILITY

The general tendency in crime prevention strategy of high police visibility to ensure citizen feeling of
security for the low abiding but the reaction of the fear of the world – be violators. However, both
represent a mean of making the police patrol effort more productive.
High Visibility Patrol

 The theory underlying the high visibility patrol concepts is those creases the aura of police
omnipresence in the community can produce certain types of crime. This is effective
accomplishment by the walking beats is in the congested down town business area where crimes
are predominantly committed. Another high visibility is the saturation concepts wherein selected
high-risk crime robbery is residential area of the city is saturated by intensive patrol of clearly
marked police car equipped with 2-way radios.
 High visibility patrol is often use in high risk crime area which gives the community a sense of
safety. Types of high visibility patrol includes foot patrol, especially with a canine partner, marked
police car patrol and helicopter.
Low Visibility Patrol

 Low visibility patrol is a strategy wherein member of the force in plain clothes patrol areas on foot
or in unmarked police cars where street crimes become high-risk crimes.
 Low visibility patrol is used to apprehend criminals engaged in target of crimes. Many of the
specialized patrol operations would fall into this category. Types of low visibility patrol includes
unmarked police cars and bicycle.
 The decoy patrol concept has achieved a high degree of success against selected type of crime in
cities where police department resources are available to support the activities of continuing
basis.
 Otherwise, it is operated only on selective and temporary basis in small basis departments.
 It is usually performed by group of highly trained specialist rather than regular patrol officers. This
specialist may operate under the supervision of the patrol commander or may operate entirely
independent of the patrol force.
 Decoy officers are usually assigned to selected high-crime areas and are given instructions to
concentrate their activities against specific types of crimes.
 Decoy officers are not generally available for routine patrol assignments. Their most salient
characteristics are that it has its primary purpose the detection and interception of crime in
progress, which is a secondary objective.
 Team members are permitted to dress in a manner designed to help them with the neighborhood
where they are assigned.

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Directed Deterrent Patrol

An alternative to random routine patrol is directed patrol, on which officers are given specific
directions to follow when they are not responding to calls. The directed patrol assignments are given to
officers before they begin their tour and meant to replace uncommitted random patrol time with specific
duties that police commanders believe to be effective. Directed patrol assignments can be based on crime
analysis, specific problems or complaints received from the community.
Decoy Patrol
One of the primary purpose of police patrol is to prevent crime through the creation of sense of
omnipresence; potential criminals are deterred from crime both on streets and in areas where ordinary
police patrols cannot see developing crimes, such as inside of a store or the hallway of a housing project.
Additionally, we have seen that retroactive investigations of crimes with the intent to identify and arrest
perpetrators, is not very effective.
Decoy operations takes several forms. Among them is blending and decoy.
 Blending – is when officers are dressed in civilian clothes and try to blend into an area and patrol
it on foot or in unmarked police cars in an attempt to catch a criminal in the act of committing a
crime. Officers may target areas where a significant amount of crime occurs, or they may follow
particular people who appear to be potential victims or potential offenders. In order to blend,
officers assume the roles and dress of ordinary citizens – construction workers, shoppers, joggers,
bicyclists, physically disabled persons, and so on – so that officer will not be observed as officers
and may get close enough and intervene should a crime occur.
 Decoy – officers are dressed and as if play the role of potential victims – drunk, nurses, business
people, tourists, prostitutes, blind people or defenseless elderly people. The officers wait to be
the subject of a crime while a team of backup officers are ready to apprehend the violator on the
act of committing a crime.
Split Force Patrol

One of the problems with directed patrol, however, is that calls for service often interrupt the
performance of directed patrol assignments. Split force patrol offers a solution to this problem. One
portion of the patrol force is designated to handle all calls dispatched to patrol units. The remaining
portion of the officers working that tour given directed patrol assignments with the assurance that except
for serious emergencies, they will not be interrupted.
Approach Tactics of Police on Patrol

1. Check out actions.
2. Form a plan how to handle.
3. Ensure back on the way if needed.
4. Observe – Scan for weapons – Visual Frisk
5. Remember, suspect may NOT cooperate.
a. Stand bladed and balanced
b. Gun side away
c. 3-5 foot distance between you and suspect
d. NEVER turn your back
6. Maintain ability to Think Clearly and Act Rationally, not emotionally
‘FAIL TO PREPARE – PREPARE TO FAIL’

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CHAPTER 5
THE INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Components of IPS
A. Fixed Components – these include the following:
Police Station Headquarters
Police Community Precincts
Traffic Posts
Visibility Posts
Police Outposts
1. Station Desk
- This plays the most important role in the implementation of the police mission – to serve and
protect the community. Further, it serves as the 3C’s of the police force; Communication,
Coordinating and Center/Command post. Being the 3C’s of the police force, the Station Desk serves
as:
a. Never center of the IPS
b. Transmitter of the police station
c. Disaster station’s administrative nerve center
d. Disaster coordinating council
e. Showcase of the station’s efficient operational capabilities.
f. Monitoring assistance center during elections and other political events.
To insure the proper response to calls, the Police Station should equip the Station Desk with the
following communication equipment and facilities:
a. Mobile radio base set – at least 3 sets
b. Telephone line – landline and cellphone lines
c. Fax machine
d. On line computer system
e. Several television sets
f. Situation/Locator Map – also called ‘spot map’; serves as the key point in the police station desk.
- Capable of providing a visual IPS because it shows the AOR.
- Real time current situation.
- Real time status of the IPS.
The importance of situation/locator map is for on the spot assessment of the situation; and for on
the spot shifting of patrol forces to deal with a situation.
2. Police Community Precincts (PCP)

- Led by a police commissioned officer with a rank of Chief Inspector or Superintendent with a
minimum of 30 personnel including the PCP Commander divided in 3 shifts of 8-hours duty. More
often, it is headed by Senior Police Officers due to lack of commissioned officers.
B. Patrol Components – The patrol components of the IPS are:

Air Patrol
Line Beat Patrol
Mobile Patrol
Motorcycle Patrol

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Bicycle Patrol
Reaction unit Patrol
Detective Repressive Patrol
1. Police Beats
- These are consist of any contiguous or adjacent area defined by identifiable boundaries within the
AOR of the PCP where an officer can effectively patrol during his tour of duty. It is an area that can
be effectively patrolled on foot and police officers can respond to calls for police assistance within a
matter of minutes.
2. Mobile Patrol
- The SOPs are similar to the earlier discussions under the automobile patrol. In cases where a vehicle
is stopped, the following 10 Rules in Stopping Vehicles should be applied.
a. During daytime, select the widest portion of the road where to stop a motorist.
b. Signal the motorist to pull closer to the right side of the curb with the patrol car parked behind
the violator’s vehicle.
c. Observe flow of traffic coming from behind before opening the door and alighting from the
patrol car.
d. In issuing a citation, occupy the right side of the vehicle using the hood to accomplish the
citation.
e. At nighttime, select a well-lighted place to stop a motorist.
f. Never stand or do anything in front of a stopped vehicle with its engine running and its driver
still at the vehicle.
g. Never stand to do anything between the stopped vehicle and the patrol car if the driver of the
stopped vehicle is at the wheel.
h. Never stand on the way of the door of the stopped vehicle especially if he is ordering a
suspicious driver to get out of the vehicle.
i. Never allow a person being interrogated to stand on the firearm side.
j. Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the side where the
policeman’s firearm is tucked.
3. Detective Beat or Detective Beat System

- The Detective Beat is a contiguous area where a team of police investigators are assigned with a
specific task of conducting a follow-up investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals and other
requests with the end-in-view of full compliance and/or of the filling of a case.
The purpose of the Detective Beat System is to provide the police organizational and operational
framework in truly effecting mechanisms towards enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the
PNP’s investigation capability.
Nature of Detective Beat and Police Beat

1. Detective Beat is concerned with the crime solution angle while the Police Beat has the primary
role of crime prevention and control.
2. Detective Beat may be different from Police Beat but the former complements the latter in serving
and protecting the community.
3. Police Beat occupy a particular AOR while the detective Beat have the primary responsibility of 1st
response in all cases reported for investigation purposes.

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Preparation for Patrol

Preparation for patrol is covered from the time the officer leaves home, puts on his uniform on the
locker room, reads the necessary report in the squad room and checks out his vehicle procedure.
a. Prior to going out of patrol, you must arm yourself with both knowledge and equipment. As for
the knowledge to do your job, each day, there is usually some type of ‘roll call training’ which is
devoted to providing you with specific assignment such as your vehicle and partner (if any), break
meal and meal includes changes in law court decision affecting orders from new tactics.
b. Keep in touch with current events in your own community and world around you by ready the
newspapers, news magazine and watching television news program on the national networks and
cable news.
c. While preparing for field duty, you often receive orders to complete assignments begun.
Distinction between Crime Prevention and Crime Control

Crime Prevention is the reduction or the elimination of the desire and/or opportunity to commit a felony.
While crime control is the primary concern of the police, as the saying goes ‘control before the act
escalates into a serious proportions’. The fine line is; a. basically, first to prevent and b. ultimately, to
control.
Standard Operational Guideline for the Conduct of Patrol

1. Pre-Patrol (Pre-deployment Phase)
a. Fall – in – information in ranks
b. Roll – call – accounting of patrol elements by the patrol commanders
c. Inspection of uniforms, appearance and equipment by the patrol commanders
d. TI & E and dissemination of instructions/orders by patrol commanders
e. Reading of assignment of PBs by field duty officer
f. Issuance of equipment to patrol officers and Patrol Teams
g. Report to higher headquarters by Field Duty Officers
2. Deployment Phase
a. Report to Station Desk by the Patrollers
b. Patrollers make report plan and follow patrol procedures
c. Adopt the buddy – buddy system
d. Make situation report on an hourly basis or upon reaching the end of their line beat
e. Report and/or record in the Patrol Sheet Report, all unusual incidents
3. Post – Patrol (Post – Deployment Phase)

a. Regrouping and formation
b. Accounting
c. Inspection
d. Debriefing/submission of Daily Patrol Report
e. Recall of equipment issued
f. Dismissal by the Patrol Commanders
After which, the Patrol Commanders collects the DPR and submits it to the Headquarters for consolidation
and reference.

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C. Auxiliary Components
- In the Philippines, the police are the members of the PNP with two statutory characteristics;
a. National in scope
b. Civilian in character
What is the meaning of the acronym of COPS?

COPS refer to the Community Oriented Policing System. It is deploying policemen in police blocks to
provide police and public safety services. It also involves the breaking down of large and impersonal police
departments into small units to create a series of mini – police precincts which are responsive to smaller
communities.
Objectives of the PNPs New COPS on the Block

1. To enhance police visibility in order to reach out the community to serve the resident a policing
out.
2. To improve police community relation to again public acceptance, build mutual respect and trust
and promote cooperation.
3. To attend sustained and integrated police community participation in crime prevention and
suspension.
Police Blocks
This is the NCOB (New Cops on the Blocks) Center Command and Control of its activities and the police
base from with the citizen may seek assistance whether in the person by the radio or telephone.
House Visitation
It is a function of NCOB where the police officers on patrol visit every house and work place to offer crime
prevention advice and to organize the neighborhoods crime watch group.
Street Questioning Method

It is a method whereby policeman on patrol may intervene within the bounds of law suspicious
personalities at random in order to serve as a deterrent to those intended to commit a crime.
Concept of Team Policing

It is a grassroots approach undertaken to bring the people and the police together in a cooperative
situation in order to establish a harmonious relationship. Its distinguishing feature is the establishment of
neighborhood crime watch groups to encourage the people to report crime and to assume greater interest
and responsibility in crime prevention and suppression.
Purpose of Police Uniform

As with any other occupation, the police uniform is intended to separate policeman from everyone who
are not in the same line of work to avoid confusion and to assure others of his authority and his presence.
Essential Steps that must be taken by Police during a Disaster Response

1. Assess the nature and extend of the disaster or calamity.
2. Communicate information in the fastest means available.
3. Administer urgently needed first aid and rescue activities.
4. Establish a command post.
5. Contain the area.

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6. Maintain open emergency lanes/streets.

7. Evacuate survivors and people from danger area.
8. Provide public information services.
9. Establish coordination with other government agencies.
10. Provide access area for authorities.
11. Record the events.
Basic Principles/Foundation of COPS
1. Democracy
As enshrined in the Constitution, the Philippines is a democratic and republic state. As such ours is a
government of the people, by the people and for the people.
The government has two components, namely: Formal and Informal. The formal component refers
to the official government that is composed of officials and employees who are duly elected or appointed
by the duly constituted authorities. On the other hand, the Informal component is made up of the
citizenry, otherwise known as the private sector. The effectiveness and success of the government shall
greatly depend on the support and participation of the informal part. Ideally, the citizens should be just
like those described by John F. Kennedy, quoted ‘As not what your country can do for you, but ask what
you can do for your country’.
2. Criminal Justice System

It is the machinery used by Democratic Government to protect the society against crime and other
peace and order problems. It has two components, namely: Formal and Informal. The Formal component
consists of the Law Enforcement, Prosecution, Court and Correction. They are part and parcel of the
formal component of the government. While the informal component consist of the Community pillar.
3. Police/ Law Enforcement

The police has two components, namely: Formal and Informal components. The formal component
consists of the PNP uniformed personnel, National Bureau of Investigation, LTO, and other government
law enforcement agencies. They are all being paid by the government to render full time attention to
police duties, which are also the duties of every citizen. The Informal component is composed of the
citizenry and/or private sectors.
4. People’s Power
It has been said that the greatest source of power to wage war against crime and other threats to
society lies among the people.
Core Components of COPS
1. Full Service Policing

It signifies that under COPS, the police shall simultaneously perform crime prevention, crime
suppression, crime intervention, crime attrition and crime deterrence drives to secure the community
against crime and other threats.
2. Problem Solving
This core component is focused on the problem that serves as root causes or breeding grounds of
crime. This is where the participation and support of the citizenry local government units, NGOs academe

P a g e | 36
and the like in the community would be extremely valuable. The common problems that are being
encountered in most communities revolve around poverty, abuses/injustices, ignorance, soft state, fear,
loss of family values and many others.
This core component is complementary and supportive to FSP. The more problems are solved, the
lesser crime and volume work for Full Service Policing and vice versa.
3. Community Partnership
The main objective of Community Partnership is to motivate, catalyzed, organized and mobilize the
citizenry as many as possible, to perform their duties as part time and informal components of police.
To be able to establish and maximize community partnership, there should be mutual trust between
the police and the community. To gain the sympathy and build the trust of the community, the police
must treat the police with respect and sensitivity. The use of unnecessary force and arrogance, aloofness
or rudeness at any level of the agency will dampen the willingness of community members to ally
themselves with the police.
Elements of COPS
To complete and consolidate our grasp with COPS, the nine elements of COPS shall be enumerated and
concisely explained. They are also known as the nine Ps, as all the elements start with letter P.
1. Philosophy
- The philosophical foundation of COPS rests on belief that the present and future crime and other
peace and order problems require the police to provide Full Service Policing and Problem Solving
with the active participation and support of the community. The police should accept the fact that
the reactive traditional policing and isolationist type of professionalism are no longer adequate
and responsive to the contemporary challenges they are facing. An organization or agency wide
commitment should accompany this belief system which implies changes in mindset and
decentralization, flexibility with respect to policies and procedures. The commitment should also
back up the efforts to make COPS work and succeed.
2. Personalized
- COPS Officers/ practitioners should assimilate and familiarized themselves totally with their
operational environment in the community. They have to meet and establish person to person
contact with and gain the sympathy and trust of the community are the unseen key and
indispensable factors to the success of COPS.
3. Patrol
- COPS officers must work and patrol in their defined beat areas or mini area of responsibility,
preferably as often as possible. If it involves short distances, they should patrol on foot, if medium
distances, by bicycle, if long distances, by motorcycle. The goal is to establish person to person
contacts and gain the trust and confidence of the community to the police. This is the
vehicle/medium that will enable COPS officers to satisfy the personalized elements of COPS.
4. Permanent
- The underlying reason is so that they would have enough time, opportunity and continuity to
familiarize them and develops partnership with the residents in the community.

P a g e | 37
5. Place
- All area or AORs should be divided into distinct neighborhoods in urban areas and cluster of
barangays in rural areas. With this decentralized structure, the mini chief shall develop the sense
of ownership and concern for their respective mini-AOR. They will be able to tailor their responses
and resources more appropriately and rapidly to the needs and aspirations of their more
manageable clientele – the community. This will also expand the areas to be sanitized or
protected by the presence of the police.
6. Pro-active
- COPS shall have a proactive focus of pre-empting, preventing, suppressing and deterring crime. It
shall anticipate, or at least detect as early as possible, problem and crimes that are about to or
actually happening. The objective is to pre-empt or prevents their occurrence or at least
minimizes the damage, in case they happen.
7. Policing
- COPS shall provide a Full Service Policing to the community.
8. Problem Solving
- COPS expands the mission of the police to include solving problems, especially those abet or serve
as breeding grounds of crime.
9. Partnership
- COPS consider imperative and indispensable for the police to establish community partnership.
Types of Call Responses by the Police Patrol

A. Routine Call – under this category, the mobile car is required to observe all traffic laws and rules
and does not normally use its flashing lights and siren when on its way to the scene.
B. Urgent Call – this is similar to the routine call, which also requires the responding police car to
observe all traffic rules and does not use its flashing lights or siren. However, it proceeds directly
to its destination and does not stop unless the incident of far more serious nature occurs.
C. Emergency Call – in most cases, this category requires the use of the flashing light and fluctuating
siren although there are exceptions which include the attempt to surprise criminals in the act. It
is permissible in this case for the responding police car to violate traffic laws provided that
extreme care is exercised while driving at high speed.

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How did the term ‘POLICE’ evolved?

Fundamental Theories of Police Service

Fundamental Concepts Concerning Police Service

The fundamental concepts concerning police service are the following:

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

How did the term ‘Patrol’ evolve?

Patrol as the Backbone of Police Organization

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

Primary Purpose of Patrol

Goals and Objectives of Police Patrol

1. PREVENTION OF CRIME – a well turned-out foot on in a clean conspicuously marked car

Functions of Patrol Force (PRASIP)

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

2. Repression/Suppression of criminal activity.

Historical Development of Policing

During the time of Babylonian King Hammurabi, he established

The Ancient Egypt

The early Egyptians established laws and courts and a

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

The Ancient Greece

The Ancient Rome

The Romans had highly developed system of

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

Developments during the Middle Ages to the Modern Period

A. Anglo-Saxon Period (years 600 – 1066)

a. Thanes Policing System

b. Frankpledge Policing System

c. Tun Policing System

d. Hue and Cry Policing System

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

e. The Royal Judge

B. Norman Period (years 1066 – 1284)

a. Shire – Reeve System

b. Court of the Tourn

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

d. Leges Henri / Leges Henry

f. Magna Carta (Great Charter)

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

3. Westminster Period (years 1285 – 1500)

d. The Star Chamber of Court

4. Modern Period in England ( 17th – 19th Century)

a. Night Watchmen or Bellmen (1633)

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

b. Bow Street Runners (1748)

c. William Pitt (1785)

d. Sir Robert Peel (1829)

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

Causes of Police Discretion

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR POLICE DISCRETION

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

Patrol Information Sharing Procedures

Basic Function/Objectives of Police Patrol

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

4. Responding to Emergency Calls for Service

5. Routine Calls for Service

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

Police Patrol Hazards

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

LEA2 : Police Patrol | Compiled by: Franchezca Mae R. Taberdo. RC

Police Patrol Methods