INQUIRY – learning process that motivates you to
obtain knowledge
- Requires you to collect data and examine it
carefully
- Active learning process
- Problem-solving technique (includes cooperative
learning to get any knowledge from members of
society)
- Elevates your thinking power
TOP-LEVEL THINKING STRATEGIES
- Inferential
- Critical
- Integrative
- Creative
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES/FOUNDATION OF
INQUIRY (THEORIES)
 Theory on Connected Experiences for
Exploratory and Reflective Thinking
o John Dewey
o Experiential learning by doing
 Theory of Zone Proximal Development
o Lev Vygotsky
o Get help from more learned or
experienced people or from instructional
scaffolding (front-loading vocabulary,
carry out teaching strategies
o Distance between what students can do
alone and the next learning that can be
helped to achieve with complete
assistance.
 Theory of Constructivism or Discovery
Learning
o Jerome Bruner
o Learners discover answers through
reliance on schemata prior knowledge or
experience
BENEFITS OF INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING
 Elevates interpretative thinking
 Improves learning abilities
 Widens vocabulary
 Facilitates problem-solving acts
 Increases social awareness & cultural
knowledge
 Encourages cooperative learning
 Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
 Encourages higher-order thinking
 Hastens conceptual understaning
RESEARCH – process of executing various mental acts
of discovering and learning facts to prove accuracy of
claims in your topic
- Requires you to inquire
- Analogous to inquiry as both involve
investigation through questioning
- More complicated as it also carries out particular
order of research stages.
- Involves cooperative learning
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
 Accuracy – factual and exact data appropriately
documented
 Objectivity – deal with facts
 Timeliness – fresh, new, and interesting topic to
society
 Relevance – instrumental in improving society
 Clarity – succeed in expressing central point in
simple, direct, concise language
 Systematic – organized and orderly manner
 Ethical – advantageous/beneficial rather than
detrimental by respecting preferences on matters
of confidentiality, independence or freedom.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
 Learn to work independently
 Learn to work scientifically or systematically
 Have in-depth knowledge of something
 Elevate mental abilities
 Improve reading and writing skills
 Familiarize basic tools of research and
techniques of gathering data and presenting
findings
 Freeing yourself from influence of a textbook or
professor’s spoo-feeding
TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Based on Application of Research Method –
answering question or solving problem
 Based on Purpose
o Descriptive Research – verbal
portrayal of a person, thing, event,
group, situation
o Correlational Research – relationships
and connectedness between two factors
 Positive Correlation
 Negative
 Natural Observation
 Survey Research
 Archival Research
 o Explanatory – casual research, focuses
on reasons behind smth and
present/future effects
o Exploratory – formulative, exploring
certain topics
 Grounded Theory – qualitative
research makes you discover a new
theory to support your study
Action Research - different areas of knowledge e.g
sociology, psychology, medicine, health and science,
etc.
 Based on Types of Data Needed – reflects
whether you want to do a quantitative or
qualitative research
o Qualitative – non-numerical, human
experience
- people’s thoughts, feelings, beliefs,
views, lifestyle
o Quantitative – measurement of data,
numerical forms using percentage,
fractions, numbers
o Primary Data – direct observation
through contacts with people, objects,
artifacts, etc. These are new and original
from sensory experience
o Secondary Data – already written about
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
 Scientific/Positive Approach – discover and
measure information, control of variables, by
questionnaires, checklists, etc. Expressed
through numbers, suitable for Quantitative
research
 Naturalistic Approach – uses words, happens
in a natural setting
 Triangulation Approach – combination of two
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH – puts high value on
people’s point of view, usually taking place in soft
sciences like social science, humanities, education,
psychology, nursing, economics, and business-related
subjects
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 Human Understanding and Interpretation
 Active, Powerful, and Forceful
 Multiple Research Approaches and Methods
 Specificity to Generalization
 Contextualizations
 Diversified Data in Real-life Situations
 Abounds with Words and Visuals
 Internal Analysis
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Case Study – seeks answers why such thing
occurs in subject, involves a long-time study of a
person, group, etc.
 Ethnography – Greek ethnos (people, folk,
nation) and Grapho (to write)
o Study of certain cultural group, by
experiencing or living with them
 Phenomenology – Phenomenon, something
known through sensory experience, how people
fined their experiences meaningful
 Content and Discourse Analysis – content
analysis or examination of mode of
communication used by a person, group or org.
- Study of language structures used in medium to
discover effects of sociological, cultural,
institutional, and ideological factors on content
makes it discourse analysis
o Historical Analysis – examination of
varied sources of data to understand
connections of past events to present
time
o Grounded Theory – discovering a new
theory to underlie your study at time of
data collection
ADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Adopts a naturalistic approach to subject
matter which mean participants are involved
in real settings
 Promotes a full understanding of human
behavior or personality traits in natural
setting
 Instrumental for positive societal changes
 Engenders respect for people’s individuality
as it demands researcher’s careful and
attentive stand towards world views
 Way of understanding and interpreting
social interactions
 Increases researcher’s interest in the study as
it includes experience or background
knowledge in interpreting verbal and visual
data
 Offers multiple ways of acquiring and
examining knowledge about smth
DISADVANTAGES DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data  YIELDED – produce or generate; give way to
analysis arguments, demands, or pressure
 Hard to know the validity or reliability of data  ACTUAL – existing in fact/real; existing
 Open-ended questions yield data-overload that now/current; used to emphasize the important
requires long-time analysis aspect of something
 Time-consuming  ETHICAL – relating to moral principles;
 Involves several processes which results greatly morally good or correct
dependent on the researcher’s views or  INDISPENSABLE – absolutely necessary
interpretations  DICHOTOMY – division or contrast between
to things
HUMANISTIC CATEGORIES
 SYMBOLIC – significant; serving as a symbol
 Literature and Art Criticism – depend on their  DEDUCED – arrive at a conclusion by
interpretative and reflective thinking in reasoning; draw as a logical conclusion
evaluating object of study
 Philosophical Research – knowledge and
principles of being
 Historical Research – centers on events and
ideas that took place on man’s life at a certain
period.
HARD SCIENCES – Quantitative Research, high
degree pf accuracy is used

 Chemistry
 Physics
 Biology
 Astronomy
 Geology
SOFT SCIENCES

 Social Sciences
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Political Science
 Anthropology

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ARE NOT

EXCLUSIVE TO SOFT AND HARD SCIENCES. They
can go together in Triangulation Method