Evaluating Performance-Based Test and Specifications For

Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
EVALUATING PERFORMANCE-BASED TEST AND May 1999
SPECIFICATIONS FOR SULFATE RESISTANCE IN CONCRETE Revised December 2000
7. Author(s) 6. Performing Organization Code
John B. Stephens and Ramón L. Carrasquillo 8. Performing Organization Report No.

Research Report 1706-3
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
Center for Transportation Research

The University of Texas at Austin
3208 Red River, Suite 200 11. Contract or Grant No.
Austin, TX 78705-2650
Project 0-1706
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Research Report (8/97-5/99)
Texas Department of Transportation
Research and Technology Transfer Section/Construction Division 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
P.O. Box 5080
Austin, TX 78763-5080
15. Supplementary Notes

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16. Abstract
This research project involved an experimental evaluation of the sulfate resistance of various concretes and mortars for
the purpose of establishing performance-based specifications for the durability of concrete against sulfate attack. The
research is the test program portion of a long-term project that aims to establish performance-based specifications for
durability for concrete mix designs for the Texas Department of Transportation. The test program described in this report
consisted of two phases. The first phase was an investigation of the potential use of the standardized test, ASTM C1012-
95, as a performance test. Plain portland cement mortars and mortars with cement-mineral admixture combinations were
tested using three ASTM C150 types of cement, two types of fly ash, and a ground granulated blast furnace slag. The
second phase involved evaluating experimentally the effect of permeability on the sulfate resistance of concrete for the
purpose of determining the proper approach for specifying permeability for sulfate resistance. Concrete permeability
was varied by testing different types of cement and cement-mineral admixture combinations, by using different water-to-
cementitious material ratios for each cement combination, and by using various curing procedures. In the first phase
mortar bars and in the second phase concrete cylinders were immersed in sulfate solution to simulate sulfate exposure.
17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

No restrictions. This document is available to the public through
Sulfate attack, sulfate resistance, portland cement
the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia
concrete
22161.
19. Security Classif. (of report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of pages 22. Price
Unclassified Unclassified
182
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

EVALUATING PERFORMANCE-BASED TEST AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR
SULFATE RESISTANCE IN CONCRETE
by
John B. Stephens and Ramón L. Carrasquillo
Research Report Number 1706-3
Research Project 0-1706

Optimization of Concrete Mix Designs for Durability
Conducted for the

TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
in cooperation with the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
by the
CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH
Bureau of Engineering Research
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
May 1999
Revised: December 2000
iv
DISCLAIMERS
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the
facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect
the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas
Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or
regulation.
There was no invention or discovery conceived or first actually reduced to practice in
the course of or under this contract, including any art, method, process, machine,
manufacture, design or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof,
or any variety of plant, which is or may be patentable under the patent laws of the United
States of America or any foreign country.
NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES
Ramón L. Carrasquillo, P.E. (Texas No. 63881)

Research Supervisor
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the support of TxDOT Project Director E. Lukefahr of the
Construction Division. Also appreciated is the support provided by the other members of the
project monitoring committee, which includes T. Ahmed (FHWA), L. Bobrowski (AUS), W.
Cox (BRG), J. Cravens (FHWA), J. Hunt (DAL), G. Lankes (CST), M. Ralls (BRG), and J.
Seiders (CST).
Research performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
v
vi
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction 1

1.1 Purpose of Work 1
1.2 Background 1
1.3 Project Description 2
1.4 Objectives 3
1.5 Scope 4
Chapter Two: Literature Review 7

2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Mechanism of Sulfate Attack 7
2.3 Factors Affecting Concrete Resistance to Sulfate Attack 10
2.3.1 Chemistry of Portland Cement 10
2.3.2 Concrete Permeability 12
2.3.3 Mineral Admixtures 14
2.4 Current Guidelines and Specifications for Sulfate Resistant Concrete 19
2.4.1 ACI and UBC Guidelines 19
2.4.2 Current Practice of the Texas Department of Transportation 21
2.5 Available Performance Tests for Evaluating Sulfate Resistance 22
2.5.1 ASTM C452-95 23
2.5.2 ASTM C1012-95 24
2.5.3 USBR 4908 25
2.6 Proposed Performance-Based Specifications for Sulfate Resistance 26
Chapter Three: Experimental Program 31

3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Phase 1 Testing Program 31
3.2.1 Materials 32
3.2.2 Mix Proportioning 34

vii
3.2.3 Mixing, Placement, and Curing Procedures 36
3.2.4 Testing Procedures 38
3.3 Phase 2 Testing Program 39
3.3.1 Materials 40
3.3.2 Mix Designs 42
3.3.3 Mixing, Placement, and Curing Procedures 44
3.3.4 Sulfate Exposure Testing Procedures 48
3.3.5 Permeability Testing Procedures 50
Chapter Four: Test Results 51

4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Phase 1 Test Results 51
4.2.1 Mix Results and Fresh Mortar Properties 51
4.2.2 Compressive Strength Results 52
4.2.3 Sulfate Expansion Results for Plain Portland Cement Mortars 56
4.2.4 Sulfate Expansion Results for Mortars with Mineral Admixtures 58
4.3 Phase 2 Test Results 66
4.3.1 Mix Results and Fresh Concrete Properties 67
4.3.2 Compressive Strength Results 68
4.3.3 28-Day Permeability Results 70
4.3.4 Initial Sulfate Expansion and Mass Change Results 72
Chapter Five: Discussion and Analysis 75

5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Discussion of Phase 1 Test Results 75
5.2.1 Effects of Cement Chemistry on Sulfate Resistance 75
5.2.2 Effects of Mineral Admixtures on Sulfate Resistance 79
5.2.3 Final Evaluation of ASTM C1012-95 86
5.2.4 Implications of Results Concerning Specifications 89

viii
5.3 Discussion of Phase 2 Test Results 91
5.3.1 Effects of Mix Properties and Curing Conditions on Compressive Strength 91
5.3.2 Effects of Mix Properties and Curing Conditions on Permeability 97
5.3.3 Implications of Results Concerning Specifications 103
Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations 107

6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Conclusions 107
6.2.1 Conclusions from Phase 1 Test Results 107
6.2.2 Conclusions from Phase 2 Test Results 108
6.3 Recommendations 110
6.3.1 Recommendations Based on Phase 1 Results 110
6.3.2 Recommendations Based on Phase 2 Results 111
References 113
Appendix A: Mix Proportions for Phase 1 Mortars 117
Appendix B: Mix Proportions for Phase 2 Concretes 121
Appendix C: Compressive Strength Results for Phase 1 Mortars 125
Appendix D: Sulfate Expansion Results for Phase 1 Mortars 129
Appendix E: Compressive Strength Results for Phase 2 Concretes 135
Appendix F: Initial Sulfate Expansion and Mass Change Results for Phase 2
Concretes 139
ix
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Evaluating Performance-Based Test and Specifications For

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Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.

7. Author(s) 6. Performing Organization Code

John B. Stephens and Ramón L. Carrasquillo 8. Performing Organization Report No.

Center for Transportation Research

15. Supplementary Notes

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

John B. Stephens and Ramón L. Carrasquillo

Research Report Number 1706-3

Research Project 0-1706

Conducted for the

NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES

Ramón L. Carrasquillo, P.E. (Texas No. 63881)

Chapter One: Introduction 1

Chapter Two: Literature Review 7

Chapter Three: Experimental Program 31

Chapter Four: Test Results 51

Chapter Five: Discussion and Analysis 75

Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations 107

Appendix A: Mix Proportions for Phase 1 Mortars 117

Appendix B: Mix Proportions for Phase 2 Concretes 121

Appendix C: Compressive Strength Results for Phase 1 Mortars 125

Appendix D: Sulfate Expansion Results for Phase 1 Mortars 129

Appendix E: Compressive Strength Results for Phase 2 Concretes 135

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