NONCOMMINICABLE DISEASES:

Diseases of longer duration and slower progression none preventable , non contagious ,chronic
diseases.mainly they are four types, cardiovascular diseases(heart attack , hypertension, stroke),
cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic respiratory obstructive disease), and diabetes.

Cancer is the study of the distribution determinants and frequency of malignant disease in the
specification population.

Objective: defining causative factors, formulate preventive strategies, control the disease.

It told the cancer risk, outlines the basis for screening modalities for high-risk populations, determines
the efficacy of intervention studies..

They are three types descriptive analytical,clinical

DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY:

It lends information regarding the trend and frequency of disease in a given populations.it estimates the
cases in particular time interval and incidence mortality rates in the population.

As per the descriptive epidemiology analysis , currently the leading cancers lung, breast, prostate, colon
and rectim, ovary.

ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY: the goal of this study is to identify the factors that predispose individuals to
the development of disease and to quantitate risk.

Risk factors :
 Tobacco:smoke environmental tobacco
 Alchol
 Diet
 Occupational exposures
 Radiation
 Medicatioms
 Ingection
 Genetic susceptibility

CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: IT plays a major role in the development of cancer screening modalities and
preventive strategies.

Cancer prevention focuses on decreasing incidence state by lowering risk through lifestyle changes, and
behavioral changes.

Types of cancers: in human body cells are divided as the controlled manner and replace themselves
,cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation or multiplication, it multiply out of control.tumors are mass of
cells those are abnormal, two types of tumors are present one is benign and other is a malignancy, in
these benign is not cancerous and it doesn’t show malignancy means they don’t spread throughout the
body, and don’t create new tumors,malignant tumors crowd out healthy cells and interferes with the
normal functions of cells, and draw nutrients from body organs.they spread to other body parts via
lymph and blood
Nearly 100 in the human body broadly they are classified as carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, sarcoma.

CARCINOMA: the most commonly diagnosed cancers originate in the skin lung, breast, pancreas and
other organs and glands

SARCOMA : it arises in bone, muscle,t, blood vessels, cartilage, and soft connective tissues of the body.

LYMPHOMA: it usually arises from lymph and leukemia it’s cancer of blood these exist as a liquid form
that doesn’t form solid.

MELANOMA: it’s cancer of melanocytes which are the reason for pigment (colour)

RISK FACTORS: life style ,alcohol, tobacco,

Diet , energy consumption, malnutrition,deficiency vitamins A and B, C, Beta carotene, high animal fat
intake, aflatotoxins.

Physical inactive

Over weight

Medication, carcinogenesis substance : antineoplastic drugs (alkylating agents,

cyclophosphamide),immunosuppressive, estrogen, phenacetin containing analgesic

Occupational exposure : aromatic amines, arsenic, asbestos nickel, polycyclic hydrocarbons, vinyl
chloride, wood dust.

Radiation : ionization , ultraviolet radiations, radon by products, gamma radiations.

Infectious agents: bacteria and virus, parasite.helicobacteria, chloranchis sinesis,hepatitis A B

Virus,human papilloma virus,human immunodeficiency virus, human T lymphotropic virus.

 Breast Cancer
As per Global Health Estimates (WHO), breast cancer is the most prevailed cancer in women
worldwide, both in developed and developing nations as well.

Contributing factors for increased incidence rate of breast cancer in developing nations are:

• Increased life expectancy

• Increased urbanisation
• Adaption of Western life styles
• Mutations at BRCA1 and BRCA2 and p53
• Hormonal imbalance
• Factors influencing Reproduction and Reproductive Organs
• Stress
• Consumption of alcohol
• Obesity
• Physically inert life style

Imbalance in hormones is trivial in women that often influence the physiological states and may
in turn negatively effect their wellbeing through Socio-economical detriments accompanied by
those health detriments. These detrimental health conditions may frail young women who strive
hard to contribute their best to their families. Hindrance in their active participation in catering the
family needs may cause more psychological trauma in Young Cancer Survivals (YBCs) than in
other age groups. It may also lead to the following symptoms in YBCs: Poorer Quality of life,
Poor Emotional Wellbeing, Depression etc.

Hormones are chemicals produced by glands in endocrine system. Hormones deliver messages to
organs and tissues through bloodstream. Hormones also regulate metabolism, heart rate, sleep
cycles and reproductive cycles etc.

Types of breast cancer :

• PR positive
• ER-positive
• Her 2 positive
• Triple-negative means effects on BRAC2, BRAC1 (hereditary).