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Summary of thermodynamics
CHAPTERS 1-
1-3
•Thermodynamics :
•describes macroscopic properties of equilibrium systems
•Entirely empirical
•Built on 4 laws and simple mathematics
•Thermodynamic system – control volume which for a fixed mass is a control mass
•Definitions
•System: the part of the Universe that we choose to study
•Surroundings: the rest of the Universe
•Boundary: the surface dividing the system from the surroundings
•Systems can be:
•Open: mass and energy can transfer between the system and the surroundings
surroundings
•Closed: energy can transfer between the system and the surroundings,
surroundings, but NOT mass
•Isolated: Neither mass nor energy can transfer between the system
system and the surroundings
•Units
•Time(s),
Time(s), length(m),
length(m), mass(kg),
mass(kg), mole(mol,
mole(mol, kmol),
kmol), force(N)
force(N)
Pressure(Pa=1N/m2, 1bar = 0.1MPa, 1atm=101325Pa)
•Pressure(Pa=1N/m
•Temperature (K=273.15+C), specific volume(m3/kg, 1/density)
•Work, heat, and energy(J)
energy(J)
dE = dU + d(KE) d(PE) = δQ - δW
d(KE) + d(PE)
=Uliq + Uvap
U =U
u = uf + xufg = (1-
(1-x)uf + xug
H = U + PV
•Specific heats
⎛ ∂h ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞
CP = ⎜ ⎟ , Cv = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂T ⎠ v
Pv = RT
R = C p0 − Cv 0
•Control volume
dmcv
= ∑m i − ∑ m e
dt
dEcv 1 1
= Q cv − W cv + ∑ m i ( hi + Vi 2 + Z i ) − ∑ m
e ( he + Ve2 + Z e )
dt 2 2
•Joule Thomson expansion (coefficient): constant process
⎛ ∂H ⎞
dH = C p dT + ⎜ ⎟ dP = 0
⎝ ∂T ⎠ T
⎛ ∂H ⎞ ⎛ ∂H ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
C p dT = − ⎜ ⎟ dPH , ⎜ ⎟ = −C p ⎜ ⎟ We can measure this
⎝ ∂T ⎠ T ⎝ ∂T ⎠T ⎝ ∂P ⎠ H
⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∆T ⎞
µ JT ≡ ⎜ ⎟ = lim ⎜ ⎟ Joule-Thomson coefficient
⎝ ∂P ⎠ H ⎝ ∆P ⎠ H
•Processes
•Steady State: Nozzle, Turbine, Diffuser, Throttle, Pump etc.
•Transient: Tank problem
•Second law
•Puts restrictions on useful conversion of q to w
•Follows from observation of a directionality to natural or spontaneous processes
•Provides a set of principles for
- determining the direction of spontaneous change
- determining equilibrium state of system
T1(hot) T1(hot)
q>0 q>0
-w -w
q<0
IMPOSSIBLE T2(cold)
•Clausius:
Clausius: it is impossible for any system to operate in a cycle that takes
takes heat from a cold
reservoir and transfers it to a hot reservoir without at the same
same time converting same work into
heat
T1(hot)
q<0
IMPOSSIBLE -w OK
q>0
T2(cold)
⎛δQ ⎞
2
∫ dS = ∫1 ⎜⎝ T ⎟⎠ rev
•Reversible process (e.g. heat pumps – refrigerators )
•Carnot cycle: operates between the given high-
high-temperature and low-
low-temperature reservoirs and in
which every process is reversible
•Definitions of thermal efficiency and coefficient of performance (COP)
•In Carnot cycle: thermal efficiency is defined as only temperatures of both
both reservoirs
dScv ⎛ Q ⎞
− ∑ m i si + ∑ m
e se = ∑ ⎜ cv ⎟ + S gen
dt CV ⎝ T ⎠
•THIRD LAW : as T->OK, entropy change approaches to zero for all isothermal
processes in condensed phases