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Test Method
10/99 ME 1.1671
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TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440 Contents
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 1 of 2
As you can see, there are no transients created by CMC, but a step change from
the steady state prefault signals to the steady state fault signals. To force currents
starting at 0 deg (possible for single phase and phase-phase faults, for three-phase
faults only in one phase), the fault inception angle has to be set
accordingly.
Shot with model constant source impedance, source impedance 9.105 Ohm
64.62°, fault at 6 Ohm, 0°
without dc offset with dc-offset
There is a phase jump between the prefault and fault voltage according to the
network model used.
If dc-offset is selected, the current starts at 0 independently from the fault inception
angle.
If the test is made with identical phase angles for source and fault impedance , no
phase jump in the voltage signals occur:
Fault at 6 Ohm, 64.62°
without dc-offset with dc-offset
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 3 of 23
3.3. What should the Omicron testing box do for tests in 2nd and 4th
quadrants
The fault current(s) have, if possible, to start with a zero phase shifting.
This is possible with the right selection of the fault inception angle. The preferred
solution is to use the dc-offset component forcing the currents to start at 0
magnitude (not 0 phase angle). This reflects the reality better, where the fault
inception angle can be any.
Permissive tolerance
Tolerance of impedances in % and absolute:
The accuracy for the first zone is 5% and 10% for the other zones.
You can set:
Z in % = 10%
Z in Ω = 5% of X3 if X3 ≥ X4
5% of X4 if X3≤ X4
with X3: reactance Zone 3 in the P44* menu
X4: reactance Zone 4 in the P44* menu
Tolerance of tripping times in % and absolute:
You can set:
t in % = 10%
t in sec = 30% of (t2 - t1) with a minimum value of 100 ms.
with t1: tripping time of Zone 1 in the P44* menu
t2: tripping time of Zone 2 in the P44* menu
Time reference fault inception
If you do not connect the starting output contact of the protection relay, you must
select “ fault inception ” as the time reference. So the CMC will display the time
between the fault inception and the protection trip.
Maximum permissible instantaneous tripping time in s
P441/P442 technical data (at 50 Hz):
The maximum tripping time with a Source Impedance Ratio of 30 is ≤ 30 ms.
The maximum tripping time with a Source Impedance Ratio of 40 is ≤ 40 ms.
You must set:
Maximal Tripping Time = 40 ms + T1 (if T1 ≠ 0 ms)
Test current
I test current = 2 x IN
with IN: rating current in the P44* menu
If the overcurrent back-up protection is enabled in the P44* menu, you can set:
I test current = 1.2 × I>2
with I>2: threshold overcurrent back-up protection
Test line angle
Phi Test = Phi Line
With Phi Line : line angle in the P44* menu
Connection of the voltage transformer
You must choose between „line“ and „busbar“.
If you select „busbar“, the voltages will be not switched off after the fault simulation.
Network model
The relay has four negative sequence impedance coefficients kZ1, kZ2, ZP, kZ3-4.
The measurement of impedance for phase-to-ground faults is based on kZ1 for a
fault in zone 1, on kZ2 for a fault in zone 2, etc. You can use them if you have an
application with cable/line between two sub-stations.
During the simulation with the CMC test equipment, you must set the same value
for all negative sequence impedances (kZ1 = kZ2 = ZP = kZ3-4).
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 5 of 23
CONVENTIONAL ALGORITHMS :
Simultaneously and in parallel to superimposed algorithms, conventional
algorithms are used for starting, direction detection, phase selection and distance
measurement.
Starting and distance measurement are based on the result of fault resistance and
fault distance calculations carried out simultaneously on all six loops. Unfiltered
quantities are used for U (voltage at relay location), V (voltage drop on line per unit
of length) and W (fault current image) for the first few samples after fault detection,
subsequently filtered quantities are used. The fault direction is defined on the basis
of the calculation of the phase shift between the stored voltage and the derivative
of a current. The current and the voltage used are those of the measuring loop(s)
defined by the phase selection. The directional characteristic for the
“ conventional algorithms ” is fixed by −30° and +150°.
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 6 of 23
and +270°± (dead zones between +87.5° and +92.5° AND between +267.5°
2.5°
and +272.5°).
Fault direction is detected according to the sign of the transition energy
characterising the fault. Transition energy is the energy created by the fault and is
given by:
S = ∫ U . I . dt
The sign of the energy is used for detection of fault direction as follows:
Considering the transition network for both forward and reverse faults, as all
sources are replaced by short circuits in the transition network, behind the relay
location the network consists of only passive impedances (resistive inductive or
capacitive the total reactance however cannot be capacitive as no line is
compensated over 100% in series capacitor applications). There, Zs
(source impedance) is always positive and so is:
∆ U = ∆ I . Zs
For forward faults ∆ I is in reverse direction to relay current polarisation.
The power taken through the relay is: P = - ∆ I ². Zs
The energy is: S = - ∫ ∆ I ². Zs. dt, which is always negative.
Similarly, for reverse fault:
∆ U = ∆ I. Zs is positive while ∆ I is in same direction as the relay current
polarisation, hence
P = ∆ I ². Zs and the energy (S = + ∫ ∆ I ². Zs. dt,) is always positive for reverse
fault.
Transient energy S is always imported on the relay side and its sign does not
depend on the inductive, capacitive or resistive nature of the network impedance’s,
therefore the directional detection is correctly applicable to all lines’ series
compensated or not. For a three phase network transition, energy is expressed as :
S = ∫ (∆UA . ∆IA + ∆UB . ∆IB + ∆UC . ∆IC ). dt
Which is computed digitally as :
ni
Z3
Z4 Tripping at T1
of the protection relay are taken into account. Each current threshold has a settable
time delay associated with it.
A typical P44* overcurrent back-up protection setting for the CMC OMICRON test
is following:
Threshold I>2 : threshold I>
Direction of I>2 : forward
Direction of I>1 : without direction
I>1, tI>1
I>2, tI>2
Z4
tZ4 Z3
tZ3
Zp
tZp
Z2
tZ2
Z1
tZ1
The overcurrent back-up protection will trip if the conventional algorithms are not
active (none of the six measuring loops converges within the distance characteristic)
or if a fuse failure has been detected but is yet unconfirmed. Therefore the time
selectivity can be respected.
For the simulation with CMC OMICRON, you must set:
Starting zone: yes
Direction back-up time:
Direction: Forward (direction of I>2)
Time t: tI>2
Time limit: Time t: tI>1 without direction (direction of I>)
V1 = Zd ( I1 +k0 IR ) + RFault J
For the tests, we have: IR = I1 = J
V1 = I1 [ Zd (1+k0) + RFault ]
V1
= Zd (1+k0) + RFault
I1
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
The P441/P442 measure :
V1 R
= Zd + Fault
I1 (1+k0) (1+k0)
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 11 of 23
Xph-gnd
RFault/(1+k0)
Zd
ZFault
Rph-gnd
The CMC OMICRON test equipment cannot simulate the fault resistance and add
it to the line resistance. This means that you must set the following values in the
CMC OMICRON test equipment:
RP44*
R OMICRON = (1+f )
R
Examples :
R01: negative sequence resistance for the first zone
X01: negative sequence reactance for the first zone
Rd: positive sequence resistance of the line
Xd: positive sequence reactance of the line
Phi: line angle
RP44*: fault resistance setting in EPAC relay
ZP44*: zone setting in EPAC relay
With :
R01 = R02 = R0P = R03-4 = 31.45 Ω
X01 = X02 = X0P = X03-4 = 126.138 Ω
Rd = 8.975 Ω
Xd = 35.998 Ω
Phid = 76°
Z1 P44* = 29.68 Ω (impedance for zone 1)
Z2 P44* = 44.52 Ω (impedance for zone 2)
ZP P44* = 55.65 Ω (impedance for zone P)
Z3 P44* = 74.19 Ω (impedance for zone 3)
Z4 P44* = 18.54 Ω (impedance for zone 4)
R1 Ph-Grd = 15 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone 1)
R2 Ph-Grd = 20 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone 2)
RP Ph-Grd = 25 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone P)
RLim Ph-Grd = 30 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zones 3 and 4)
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 12 of 23
(R01 - Rd)
fR = 3 x Rd = 0.835
(X01 - Xd)
fX = 3 x X = 0.835
d
!"!#$"%!&$'#()*+,-./-01/234#5*26.#7)*1*7.,18+.87#+,..830#5/1#9/3,#:
R1 Ph-Grd P44*
R1 OMICRON = (1+fR) = 8.17 Ω
X1 OMICRON = Z1 P44* x sin Phi = 28.80 Ω
!"!#$"%!&$'#()*+,-./-01/234#5*26.#7)*1*7.,18+.87#+,..830#5/1#9/3,#;
R2 P44*
R2 OMICRON = (1+f ) = 10.90 Ω
R
X2 OMICRON = Z2 P44* x sin Phi = 43.19 Ω
!"!#$"%!&$'#()*+,-./-01/234#5*26.#7)*1*7.,18+.87#+,..830#5/1#9/3,#<
R3 P44*
R3 OMICRON = (1+f ) = 13.62 Ω
R
X3 OMICRON = Z3 P44* x sin Phi = 53.99 Ω
!"!#$"%!&$'#()*+,-./-01/234#5*26.#7)*1*7.,18+.87#+,..830#5/1#9/3,#=
RLim P44*
R4 OMICRON = (1+f ) = 16.35 Ω
R
X4 OMICRON = Z4 P44* x sin Phi = 71.98 Ω
!"!#$"%!&$'#()*+,-./-01/234#5*26.#7)*1*7.,18+.87#+,..830#5/1#9/3,#>
RLim P44*
R5 OMICRON = = 16.35 Ω
(1+fR)
X5 OMICRON = Z1 P44* x sin Phi = 18.02 Ω
V1
= Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
I1
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
?,+.#/5#.),#1,+8+.*37,#()*+,-./-01/234#5*26.#5/1#@/3,#:#A
I1 =1A
Phi1 = 0°
V1
I1 = Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 13 of 23
Xph-gnd
ZFault=RFault=R1ph-gnd
Rph-gnd
with Zd = 0
V1
I1 = ZFault = RFault = R1 Ph-Grd
V1 = I1 x R1 Ph-Grd = 1 x 15 = 15 Volts
?,+.#/5#.),#1,*7.*37,#()*+,-./-01/234#5*26.#5/1#@/3,#:#A
I1 =1A
Phi1 = 90°
V1
I1 = ZFault = Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
Xph-gnd
RFault/(1+k0)
ZFault
Z1
Rph-gnd
V1
I1 = X1 . (1 + k0) + Z1 . cos Phid . (1 + k0) + RFault = X1 . (1 + k0)
Xph-gnd
ZFault=Z1
Rph-gnd
Xph-gnd
RFault/(1+k0)
Z1
ZFault
Rph-gnd
R1h-gnd/(1+k0)
Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan (Z .cos Phi + R
1 d Fault / (1+ k0))
V1
I1 = √ (29.68 x cos 76 x (1 + 0.835) + 15 )² + (29.68 x sin 76 x (1 +
0.835))²)
V1
I1 = 59.89 Ω
U12 = I1 . [ 2 . Zd + RFault ]
U12
= 2 . Zd + RFault
I1
with:
U12 : fault voltage phase-to-phase
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
The P441/P442 measure :
U12 R
= Zd + Fault
2 . I1 2
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 16 of 23
Xph-ph
RFault/2
Zd
ZFault
Rph-ph
The CMC OMICRON test equipment cannot simulate the fault resistance and add
it to the line resistance. That means, you must set the following values in the CMC
OMICRON test equipment:
RP44*
R OMICRON = 2
X OMICRON = ZP44* x sin Phi
Examples :
Rd: positive sequence resistance of the line
Xd: positive sequence reactance of the line
Phi: line angle
RP44*: fault resistance setting in the P441 or P442 relay
ZP44*: zone setting in the P441 or P442 relay
With :
Rd = 8.975 Ω
Xd = 35.998 Ω
Phid = 76°
Z1 P44* = 29.68 Ω (impedance for zone 1)
Z2 P44* = 44.52 Ω (impedance for zone 2)
ZP P44* = 55.65 Ω (impedance for zone 3)
Z3 P44* = 74.19 Ω (impedance for zone 4)
Z4 P44* = 18.54 Ω (impedance for zone 5)
R1 Ph-Ph = 10 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1)
R2 Ph-ph = 20 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase and phase-to-phase fault
for zone 2)
RP Ph-ph = 25 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase and phase-to-phase fault
for zone P)
RLim Ph-ph = 30 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase and phase-to-phase fault
for zones 3 and 4)
!"!#$"%!&$'#()*+,-./-()*+,#5*26.#7)*1*7.,18+.87#+,..830#5/1#9/3,#:
R1 Ph-Ph P44*
R1 OMICRON = 2 =5Ω
!"!#$"%!&$'#()*+,-./-()*+,#5*26.#7)*1*7.,18+.87#+,..830#5/1#9/3,#;
R2 Ph-ph P44*
R2 OMICRON = = 10 Ω
2
U12
= 2 . Zd + RFault
I1
with:
U12 : fault voltage phase-to-phase
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
?,+.#/5#.),#1,+8+.*37,#()*+,-./-()*+,#5*26.#5/1#@/3,#:#A
I1 = I2 =1A
Phi1 = 0°
U12
I1 = 2 . Zd + RFault
Xph-ph
ZFault=RFault=R1ph-ph
Rph-ph
with Zd = 0
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 18 of 23
U12
I1 = ZFault = RFault = R1 Ph-Ph
Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
ZFault
Z1
Rph-ph
Xph-ph
X1
ZFault=Z1
Rph-ph
U12
I1 = 2 . Z1
Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
Z1
ZFault
Rph-ph
R1Ph-ph/2
Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan
(Z1.cos Phid + RFault / 2)
Zd = Z1 and RFau(lt = R1 Ph-Ph
29.68 x sin 76
Phi1 = Arctan (29.68 x cos 76 + 10 / 2)
Phi1 = Arctan (2.36)
Phi1 = 67.07°
U12
= ZFault = 2 . Z1 + R1 Ph-Grd
I1
U12
= √ (2 . Z1. cos Phid + R1 Ph-Ph )² + (2 . Z1. sin Phid )²)
I1
U12
I1 = √ (2 x 29.68 x cos 76 + 10 )² + (2 x 29.68 x sin 76)²)
U12
= 62.53 Ω
I1
U12 = 1 x 62.53 = 62.53 Volts
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 20 of 23
RFault
V1 = I1 . [Zd+ ]
2
V1 R
= Zd + Fault
I1 2
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
The P441/P442 measure :
V1 R
= Zd + Fault
I1 2
V1 R
= Zd + Fault
I1 2
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
?,+.#/5#.),#1,+8+.*37,#()*+,-./-()*+,#5*26.#5/1#@/3,#:#A
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = 0°
V1 RFault
= Zd +
I1 2
Xph-ph
ZFault=RFault=R1ph-ph/2
Rph-ph
with Zd = 0
V1 R1 Ph-Ph
I1 = ZFault = RFault = 2
R1 Ph-Ph
V1 = V2 = V3 = I1 x 2 = 1 x 10/2 = 5 Volts
?,+.#/5#.),#1,*7.*37,#()*+,-./-()*+,#5*26.#5/1#@/3,#:#A
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = 90°
V1 RFault
= Zd +
I1 2
Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
ZFault
Z1
Rph-ph
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 22 of 23
Xph-ph
X1
ZFault=Z1
Rph-ph
Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
Z1
ZFault
Rph-ph
R1Ph-ph/2
Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan (Z .cos Phi + R
1 d Fault / 2)
TEST METHOD ME 1.1671
MiCOM P440
DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAYS Page 23 of 23
V1 R1 Ph-Ph
= √ (Z1. cos Phid + )² + (Z1. sin Phid )²)
I1 2
V1
I1 = √ (29.68 x cos 76 + 10/2 )² + (29.68 x sin 76)²)
V1
I1 = 31.26 Ω