COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES: UNDERSTANDING AND ANALYZING TOOLS OF

TECHNOLOGY
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION
 Integration of animation, audio, graphics, text and full motion video through computer
hardware and software for education, entertainment and training

TYPES OF ORAL PRESENTATION

INDIVIDUAL
 a person who shares relevant information
GROUP
 at least three members who take turns in sharing relevant information
PANEL
 three to six members with a moderator; members are called panelists
WORKSHOP
 1 or 2 members who act as facilitators to give an experience of how a skill can be
employed
POSTER
 use of a poster in showing one’s work
DEMONSTRATION
 demonstrate how something is done or used
THREE STAGES:
A. PLANNING THE PRESENTATION
 Know your purpose
 Analyze your audience
 Make sense of your context
 Construct your presentation slides
CONSTRUCTION OF PRESENTATION SLIDES
 Make slides extremely concise and visually uncluttered
 If you need more text, use more slides
 Use images
 Always choose white or light-colored slide backgrounds
 Keep the glitz factor low
 Talk to the audience, not the screen

B. DELIVERING THE PRESENTATION

SOME RULES OF THUMB

USUALLY BETTER USUALLY WORSE

TALK READ

STAND SIT

MOVE STAND STILL

VARY THE PITCH OF YOUR VOICE SPEAK IN A MONOTONE

 SPEAK LOUDLY, FACING THE AUDIENCE MUMBLE, FACING DOWNWARD

MAKE EYE CONTACT STARE AT YOUR LAPTOP

FOCUS ON MAIN POINTS GET LOST IN DETAILS

USE OUTLINES, IMAGES, CHARTS HAVE NO VISUAL AIDS

FINISH WITHIN YOUR TIME LIMIT RUN OVERTIME

SUMMARIZE YOUR MAIN POINTS AT THE START WITHOUT AN OVERVIEW; TRAIL OFF
BEGINNING AND END WITHOUT A CONCLUSION

NOTICE YOUR AUDIENCE AND RESPOND IGNORE AUDIENCE BEHAVIOR

TO ITS NEEDS

EMULATE EXCELLENT SPEAKERS EMULATE YOUR ADVISOR, EVEN LOUSY

C. EVALUATING THE PRESENTATION

 How did I perform as a speaker? Did I fulfill the role effectively?
 How did I communicate my message to my audience? Did my presentation make any
visible impact on them?
 What should I continue to do effectively?
 What should I improve on for next time?
OBTAINING AND DISSEMINATING INFORMATION
THE ART OF INQUIRING AND SPREADING INFORMATION
HOW TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE QUERY?
 Define the communication context.
 Choose the appropriate kind of language for composing your inquiry.
 Make your message clear and concise.
 Thank the addressee promptly when you receive a response.

OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM AVAILABLE SOURCES

2 TYPES OF SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCE
-eye witnesses
-it pertains to the people who are actually present in the said event
SECONDARY SOURCE
-websites, books, television, radio programs

THINGS TO REMEMBER
 BE SURE THAT THE SOURCES YOU RELY ON ARE CREDIBLE AND ACCURATE.
 Reviewed and validated by experts
 Adequate number of relevant references
 Authors belong to a trustworthy organization
WIKIPEDIA (FAKE NEWS)
 FAST-CHECKING WEBSITES
 SNOPES.COM
 FACTCHECK.ORG
 POLITIFACT
 CHECK THAT THE INFORMATION YOU HAVE IS CURRENT
- If it is outdated, then the information you have may no longer be relevant or accurate.
 CONSIDER THE PERSPECTIVE OR WORLDVIEW OF YOUR SOURCES
ONE-SIDED STORY (BIAS)
 CITE AND ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES
 Baker, D.Let.al (2011). Effect of reading comprehension on passage fluency in spanish
and english for second-grade english learners. School Psychology Review, 40(3), 331-
351
 Cetinavci, R. et. al (2011). Language proficiency level of english language teacher
trainees in turkey. Volume 4, Issue 3, pp 26-54.
http://ijrte.eab.org.tr/media/volume1/issue4/3_ugurrecepcetinay.pdf
 CREDIBILITY AND INTEGRITY

NOTE: BEWARE OF CHAINS

DESIRABLE MESSAGES
“IF YOU PASS THIS MESSAGE, EXPECT A GOOD THING TO HAPPEN TO YOU IN THE NEXT 20
MINUTES.”
DIRE WARNINGS
“IF YOU DO NOT PASS THIS MESSAGE, YOU WILL ENCOUNTER MISFORTUNES NEXT WEEK.”
DISTURBING MESSAGES
“IF YOU DON’T PASS THIS, IT MEANS YOU DON’T CARE ABOUT PEOPLE WHO SUFFER FROM
DEPRESSION.”

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
 Let the public be aware on what happened, is happening and will happen.
PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS (PSA)
 inform people about a particular event, raise awareness, and/or promote campaign

4 C’S
CORRECT
COMPLETE
CONCISE
CLEAR

HOW TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION EFFECTIVELY?

 Define the communication context.
 Choose the appropriate kind of language that will be used.
 Write a clear and concise message, including the wh questions.
 Avoid jargon or technical language.
 EXPRESSING AN OPINION
Taking a Stand on an Issue

OPINION
-BELIEF
-JUDGEMENT
-WAY OF THINKING
-CULTURE
- IDEOLOGY
- RELIGION
- EXPERIENCE
NEGOTIATION AND COMPROMISE

DEBATE
 Newspaper may comment on current events through opinion or editorial sections.
• Columnists explain current issues and assert their arguments.
• Readers write letters to the editors to share similar or opposing views.

DONTs in FREEDOM OF SPEECH

 Fabricate information
 Promote discrimination or hatred
 Violate one’s right to privacy

ARGUMENTS WINS
- One that genuinely serves all of society’s interests.
- UNDERSTANDING + RESPECT = PEACE

CRITICAL THINKING
“Critical thinking is a desire to seek, patience to doubt, fondness to meditate, slowness to
assert, readiness to consider, carefulness to dispose and set in order; and hatred in every kind
of imposture.” - FRANCIS BACON

CRITICAL THINKER
 Questions ideas first before you accept them.
 Sees beyond the information that is given to you.
 Opens mind to different possibilities.
 Listens to what the others have to say.
 Examines and re-examines an issue’s various dimensions before making conclusions.
 Substantiates conclusions with valid and reliable proofs.
LOGIC
- Science of thinking methodically
RHETORIC
-Art of communicating persuasively
REASONING – essential ingredient in problem solving (Cavander and Kanahe, 2010)
TWO TYPES:
INDUCTIVE
- SPECIFIC-GENERAL
DEDUCTIVE
-GENERAL-SPECIFIC

3 TYPES OF RHETORICAL APPEALS (ARISTOTLE’S MODES OF PROOF)

LOGOS – logical appeal (facts, data, statistics and expert knowledge)
ETHOS – ethical appeal (present different s sides of the argument)
PATHOS – emotional appeal (use of emotions or figurative speech)

FALLACIES
 HASTY GENERALIZATION
- evidence is based on general or partial assumption
Example: Politicians are corrupt. (many, in general, tend to, considered)

 POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC (after this, therefore because of this)
- False causality (the 1 st event must be the cause of the 2 nd event)
EXAMPLE: “I ate peanuts for breakfast that’s why I got a perfect score in English .”

 NON-SEQUITUR (it does not follow)

- A conclusion that cannot be justified by the evidence given.
Example: Your favorite team won today. It means that they will be the champion
for the season.

 AD HOMINEM (against the person)

- Attacking a person’s character to win an argument.
Example: “You do not have the right to talk about divorce because you come
from a broken family.” “Yes, I agree but mostly to the fact that you are a useless
idiot.”

 AD MISERICORDIAM (appeal to pity)

- uses emotion to convince people to accept your stance.
Ex: You entered late in class. You approached the teacher by saying that you are
sick and you just forced yourself to enter. Also, there is a heavy traffic because of
an accident.

 DICTO SIMPLICITER
- An argument based on an unqualified generalization. It starts with a statement
that is true for some cases.
Example: Playing mobile games is good. Therefore, everyone should play mobile
games.
  FALSE ANALOGY
- Two ideas being compared are not really similar
Students must be allowed to look at their textbooks during an examination.
• Surgeons- x-rays
• Lawyers- briefs
• Carpenters- blueprints

 Appeal to Authority (Argumentum ad Verecundiam)

- Appeal to the testimony of an authority outside the authority’s special field of expertise
Example: Linus Pauling, winner of two Nobel Prizes, one for chemistry, another for peace,
stated his medication of daily Vitamin C delayed the onset of his cancer by 20 years.
Therefore, Vitamin C is effective in preventing cancer.
 Appeal to Authority (Argumentum ad Verecundiam)
- Appeal to the testimony of an authority outside the authority’s special field of
expertise
Example: Winning Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and for peace does not imply expertise
in the prevention of disease

NOTE: Arguments should always be valid.

Use language that is fair, Respectful and ethical.