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08/01/2008 03:40 PM
AFRICA'S LITERARY TREASURE TROVE

The Rush to Save Timbuktu's Crumbling Manuscripts

By Matthias Schulz and Anwen Roberts

Fabled Timbuktu, once the site of the world's southernmost Islamic university, harbors
thousands upon thousands of long-forgotten manuscripts. A dozen academic instutions
from around the world are now working frantically to save and evaluate the crumbling
documents.

Susan Vogel / Icarus Films

The Grand Mosque at Djenne, Mali. The area's rich cultural heritage is only being
slowly discovered.

Bundles of paper covered with ancient Arabic letters lie on tables and dusty leather stools. In the
sweltering heat, a man wearing blue Muslim robes flips through a worn folio, while others are
busy repairing yellowed pages.

An astonishing project is underway in Timbuktu, Mali, one of the world's poorest countries. On the
southern edge of the Sahara Desert, experts are opening an enchanted Aladdin's Cave, filled with
hundreds of thousands of ancient documents.

The Ahmed Baba Library alone contains more than 20,000 manuscripts, including works on herbal
medicine and mathematics, yellowed volumes of poetry, music and Islamic law. Some are adorned
with gilded letters, while others are written in the language of the Tuareg tribes. The contents
remain a mystery.

Manuscript hunters are now scouring the environs of Timbuktu, descending into dark, clay
basements and climbing up into attics. Twenty-four family-owned collections have already been
discovered in the area. Most of the works stem from the late Middle Ages, when Timbuktu was an
important crossroads for caravans. It was home to gold merchants and scholars, and it even
boasted a university with 20,000 students. The old saying "the treasures of wisdom are only to be
found in Timbuktu" summed up the ancient city's appeal.

But the legacy of the oasis, written with ink made from gallnuts, is beginning to fade. Roughly a
dozen academic institutions are now involved in saving and evaluating the documents. The French
are developing a database, while the United States has donated a device to digitize the damaged
documents. The Norwegian cities of Oslo and Bergen are training locals to become conservators.
Shamil Jeppie, a Cape Town historian charged with managing the multinational effort, recently
published a book, "The Meanings of Timbuktu," in which he describes the current status of the
project. European colonialists suppressed the "intellectual history of West Africa," Jeppie writes,
and now it is time to rediscover the site that some have referred to as an "African Oxford."

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Hunting for Mali's Hidden Documents

This is an astonishing assessment, given Timbuktu's status as a desert town in the middle of
nowhere. In 1825, a European managed to navigate the difficult route down to a bend in the
Niger River, south of the Sahara. By the time he reached the oasis, he had run out of water and
was barely alive. Shortly after entering the city he was murdered. Timbuktu was taboo --
off-limits to Christians.

Even today, Timbuktu is not an easy place to get to. From August to February, local riverboats
called pinnaces bob their way up the Niger River, landing at the port town of Kabara, 10
kilometers (6 miles) from Timbuktu. The landscape is dominated by sand dunes until shortly
before the city's suburbs. The desert wind known as the Harmattan is about as pleasant as a
dragon's breath.

And yet the old section of the city is blanketed in an odd, heavy
magic, filled with mosques topped by bulbous minarets and
wealthy citizens' opulent houses, cube-shaped buildings with
meter-thick walls made of baked clay.

According to an employee at the Ahmed Baba Library, Mali was

overrun by the French colonial army after 1880. "The French
didn't want us to have the manuscripts, and they tried to steal
them," says the library worker. The documents were hidden to
protect them.

Harlan Wallach/NUAMPS
Teams digitize rare works in the
new studio in Timbuktu.
year 1519.
But now the hunt is on. The house of Ismael Haidara, a historian
whose ancestors include the Visigoths and jungle kings from
southern Mali, has proven to be a treasure trove. Haidara, a
private citizen, horded more than 2,000 bundles of papers,
passed down through 11 generations of his family. "This is our
family history," he says, pointing to a leather slipcase from the

Albrecht Hofheinz, an Arabist from Oslo, estimates that there are up to 300,000 forgotten
manuscripts in Mali. Insect bites have discolored the pages, he says. "The paper disintegrates, is
destroyed by mold or eaten by termites." Time is of the essence. Some of the volumes are being
photographed using a digital photo studio provided by the University of Chicago. The first of the
documents are expected to be available on the Internet by the end of the year.

The contents of astronomical documents are already being analyzed. "So far 112 texts on
astronomy have been discovered," explains Petra Schmidl, a historian of science at the University
of Frankfurt am Main. They include calendar calculations, astrology and a depiction of the
Ptolemaic world system.

Researchers are now looking forward to studying the tattered archives that contain reports on
ancient oases and nomadic societies. The manuscripts also include lists of goods transported by
caravans. Will the documents finally shed some light on the mysterious caravan trade?

There are many questions on how the trade thrived in the desert. The world's largest desert
stretches 2,000 kilometers (1,242 miles) from north to south. How did the caravans make it
through? Archaeologists have not even scratched the surface at the caravans' destinations in
Ghana and the Ivory Coast.

But they have uncovered new finds in the Sahara, including traces of an ancient infrastructure.
Water storage facilities have been found in the middle of the vast desert, as well as places fed by
underground wells. Desert palaces once built by the Tuareg were unearthed in the Essouk oasis in
northern Mali.

It is now clear that the Arabs were the first to conquer the inhospitable arid zone. While Rome's
legions ventured no further than the edges of the desert, they penetrated far deeper into the
Sahara.

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There is evidence of a Moorish influence in Ghana by as early as 800 A.D. Vast gold deposits were
found in the Ghanaian rain forest. Their owners, the Soninke kings, ruled a realm that stretched
to the banks of the Senegal River.

Point of Departure for Desert Journeys

According to Arab accounts, the black rulers lived in tents guarded by large dogs wearing gold and
silver collars and manacles. According to Arab geographer al-Bakir, one of these kings
commanded an army of 200,000 soldiers.

The country provided cola nuts, ivory, cotton and semiprecious

stones. Local traders loaded their goods onto cargo boats and
transported them on the Niger to Timbuktu. The city was the
point of departure for journeys into the desert.

Camels stood at Timbuktu's water troughs. Its residents included

Arabs, light-skinned Berbers and dark-skinned members of the
Malinke tribe. The oasis smelled of lamb dung and fresh spices,
and muezzins called out from its minarets. Gold, a form of
payment, glistened everywhere -- as dust, nuggets and fist-sized
lumps.
Alyssa Banta In 1324, when Kankan Mussa, one of the kings of Mali, went on a
A private family library in the pilgrimage to Mecca, via Cairo, with his ostentatious entourage,
Tuareg village of Ber, 40 miles east he was so generous with the precious metal (he had brought
of Timbuktu.
along two tons of it) that gold prices on the Nile plunged. News of
the wealthy black monarch even reached faraway Europe. A
Catalan map of the world depicts him with thick lips and holding a
scepter.

Kankan was so impressed by the palaces of the Orient that he brought home an architect, who
created malleable mud-brick imitations of the Arab mosques in Timbuktu. The Djingerber Mosque,
with its sugarloaf-shaped towers, still stands in the city today.

There is an even larger mosque in nearby Djenne, part fairytale

castle and part termite hill. Each year after the rainy season,
when cracks have formed in the outside walls, hundreds of
workers participate in what has become a national pastime cum
religious service. Men climb up along wooden scaffolding in the
outside walls, praying as they climb, to apply fresh mud to the
structure.

For many years, such customs were all but unknown in Europe
(US ethnologist Susan Vogel filmed the annual mud plaster
ceremony last year for the first time). In the past, those traveling
to Timbuktu had to traverse seemingly endless volcanic plains and
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rocky plateaus -- at temperatures of up to 55 degrees Celsius
The historical trans-Saharan (131 degrees Fahrenheit). The area south of Murzuk, an oasis
trading routes.
notorious for its role in the slave trade, consists of a vast,
shimmering sand bowl measuring 90,000 square kilometers
(34,700 square miles, or about the size of Portugal).

Anyone who lost his way there was literally baked.

The Arabs only managed to complete the journey through the desert with the help of camels. A
camel can drink 200 liters of water at a time, and its kidneys retrieve large amounts of water after
urination. The Arabs also enlisted the help of the Tuareg tribes, which lived on ridges in the
central Sahara.

Even there, surrounded by hyper-arid sand pans, volcanic basalt chimneys and pinnacles, life was
possible. The Tuareg drilled deep wells, and they had their black slaves excavate long
underground canals with slight inclines to bring in ground water.

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Archaeologists have shown that an incredible system of underground canals up to 20,000

kilometers (12,422 miles) long once existed at Wadi al-Hayat in Libya. Thanks to such hydraulic
marvels, the desert blossomed and crops sprouted in the fields of the Tuareg. In Essouk, they ate
gazelles and dried perch, imported from the Niger River, 240 kilometers away. Murzuk, with its
large slave market, was surrounded by a massive wall with seven gates -- in the middle of the
Sahara.

A Source of African Pride

But nothing worked without the blue-robed Tuareg. They provided provisions for the caravans and
led them to the oases. At times, they turned to blackmail and looting, and Timbuktu was attacked
several times.

Researchers are anxious to discover more about the haggling between ethnic groups and how
they divided up the spoils. In the late Middle Ages, Cairo was sending 12,000 camels a year to
Mali. There were plenty of fortunes to be made.

The slave trade was especially lucrative. Guards carrying whips drove the slaves through the hot
desert. "Only the youngest and strongest survived the two-month desert trek, and they were
walking skeletons by the time they reached the Fezzan region, where they were fattened up,"
writes Austrian geographer Hans Weis.

The Koran also made its way into sub-Saharan Africa along these torturous routes. In its heyday,
Timbuktu had 180 Koran schools. "A large library was built, where the fundamental theological
and philosophical works were copied," explains Thomas Krings, an Africa expert at the University
of Freiburg in southwestern Germany. The many documents that were penned then are now
emerging in Mali as crumbling volumes. "Many people consider Timbuktu to be the end of the
world," says Mahamoudou Baba Hasseye, the owner of a valuable private collection, "but it was
an important center of Islamic scholarship."

Calligraphers once plied their trade in the desert. Some of the manuscripts uncovered in Timbuktu
contain gold lettering, and some are written in the unusual Songhai and Fulfulbe tribal languages.

These treasures are still a long way from being saved. The libraries are filled with bits and pieces
of paper, evidence of crumbling manuscripts. The government of South Africa promised to build a
library in Timbuktu years ago, but nothing ever came of it.

But at least there are many who have come to Timbuktu to help save its ancient manuscripts. The
project, which historian Petra Schmidl characterizes as being on the "extreme fringe of the Islamic
academic community," is a source of great pride for Africans.

"Africa has repeatedly been portrayed as culturally inferior," says Essop Pahad, South Africa's
Minister in the Presidency. "In Timbuktu, we are proving that the opposite is true."

Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan

URL:

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