Assignment 1

Communication Theory - 1 (EC5.203 - Spring 2020)

January 20, 2020

Deadline: 23/01/2020 - 11:30 AM

Submission Format:

• For analytical problems, write on A4 sheets and submit manually. For simulation code (if
any) submit single .zip file with roll-number as filename containing .m files.

Questions

1. Consider the signal x(t) defined as x(t) = e−at for t ≥ 0 and 0 otherwise. What is the
bandwidth required to transmit 95% of the signal?
Hint: It will be a function of ’a’.
2. Evaluate the FT of the signal x(t) defined as

(
sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π
x(t) =
0, otherwise

Hint: Try to express x(t) as difference of two signals to obtain the interval in which x(t) is
defined.
3. Let x(t) and y(t) be two periodic signals with period T0 , and let xn and yn denote the
Fourier series coefficients of these two signals.
(a) Show that
Z α+T0 ∞
1 X
x(t) y ∗ (t) dt = xn yn∗
T0 α n=−∞

This relation is known as Parseval’s relation for Fourier series. Show that Rayleigh’s
relation for periodic signals is a special case of this relation.
Rayleigh’s Relation:

∞
X
| xn |2
n=−∞

(b) Show that for all periodic physical signals that have finite power, the coefficients of the
Fourier series expansion xn tend to zero as n → ∞.
(c) Use Parseval’s relation in part (a) to prove the following identity.

1 1 1 π4
1+ 4
+ 4 + ... + 4
=
3 5 (2n + 1) 96

Hint: Find Fourier series expansion of f (x) = x2 , x ∈ [−π, π] and then use Parseval’s
identity.

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4. Determine the Fourier transform of each of the following signals.
(a) sinc3 t
(b) t sinc t
(c) t e−αt cos(βt)

5. Using the properties of the Fourier transform, evaluate the following integrals
R∞
(a) −∞ sinc5 (t) dt
R∞
(b) 0
e−αt sinc(t) dt
R∞
(c) 0
e−αt sinc2 (t) dt
R∞
(d) 0
e−αt cos(βt) dt
6. Given a passband signal is expressed in it’s rectangular form as

x(t) = xc (t) cos 2πf0 t − xs (t) sin 2πf0 t

prove that

xc (t) = x(t) cos 2πf0 t + x̂(t) sin 2πf0 t

xs (t) = x̂(t) cos 2πf0 t − x(t) sin 2πf0 t

7. A lowpass signal x(t) has a Fourier transform shown in figure (a) below. This signal is ap-
plied to the system shown in figure (b) below. The blocks marked by H represent Hilbert
transform blocks and it is assumed that W << f0 . Determine the signals xi (t) for 1 ≤ i ≤ 7,
and plot Xi (f ) for 1 ≤ i ≤ 7.

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 8. We have seen that the Hilbert transform introduces a 90 shift in the components of a signal
and the transfer function of a quadrature filter can be written as

−j π
e 2 , f > 0

H(f ) = 0, f =0
 j π2

e , f <0
We can generalize this concept to a new transform that introduces a phase shift of θ in the
frequency components of a signal, by introducing

−jθ
e , f > 0

Hθ (f ) = 0, f =0

 jθ
e , f <0
and denote the result of this transform by xθ (t); i.e., Xθ (f ) = X(f )Hθ (f ), where Hθ (f )
denotes the Fourier transform of xθ (f ). Throughout this problem assume that the signal
x(t) does not contain any DC components.
(a) Find hθ(t), the impulse response of the filter representing the transform described above.
(b) Show that xθ (t) is a linear combination of x(t) and its Hilbert transform.
(c) Show that if x(t) is an energy-type signal, xθ (t) will also be an energy-type signal and
its energy content will be equal to the energy content of x(t).
9. Let m(t) = sinc2 (t) and let x(t) = m(t) cos 2πf0 t− m̂(t) sin 2πf0 t represent a bandpass signal.
(a) Find the pre-envelope, z(t), and the lowpass equivalent signal to x(t).
(b) Determine and plot the Fourier transform of the signal x(t). What is the bandwidth of
x(t) ?
(c) Repeat for x(t) = m(t) cos 2πf0 t + m̂(t) sin 2πf0 t.
10. Consider the following two passband signals:

up (t) = sinc(2t) cos(100πt)

and
π
up (t) = sinc(t) sin(101πt + )
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(a) Find the complex envelopes u(t) and v(t) for up and vp respectively, with respect to the
frequency reference fc = 50 Hz.
(b) What is the bandwidth of up (t)? What is the bandwidth if vp (t)?
(c) Find the inner product hup , vp i , using the result in (a).
(d) Find the convolution yp (t) = (up ∗ vp )(t), using the result in (a).
11. The passband signal u(t) = I[−1;1] (t) cos(100πt) is passed through the passband filter h(t) =
I[0;3] (t) sin(100πt). Find an explicit time-domain expression for the filter output.
12. Consider a passband signal of the form
up (t) = a(t) cos(200πt)
where a(t) = sinc(2t), and where the unit of time is in microseconds.

(a) What is the frequency band occupied by up (t)?

(b) The signal up (t) cos(199πt) is passed through a lowpass filter to obtain an output b(t).
Give an explicit expression for b(t), and sketch B(f ) (if B(f ) is complex-valued, sketch
its real and imaginary parts separately).
(c) The signal up (t) sin(199π)t is passed through a lowpass filter to obtain an output c(t).
Give an explicit expression for c(t), and sketch C(f ) (if C(f ) is complex-valued, sketch
its real and imaginary parts separately).
(d) Can you reconstruct a(t) from simple real-valued operations performed on b(t) and c(t)?
If so, sketch a block diagram for the operations required. If not, say why not.