Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Lahore
City Campus (KSK)
2) Amanullah 2017-ME-318
Fy = 𝜌 . Q. (V – V. cos α) N
Impulse Momentum Principle
It states that the algebraic sum of all the external forces acting on the control volume of the
fluid is equal to the rate of change of momentum.
Mathematical:
According to the newton’s 2nd law of motion
Where, Σ𝐹 is the net force, m is the mass of object and 𝑎 is the acceleration or rate of change
of velocity.
Where
Where, M is the mass flow rate, 𝜌 is the density of fluid and “Q” is the discharge.
So,
Negative sign shows the direction of the impulse force which is opposite to the force of jet.
• Nozzle
• Valve
• Glass Chamber
• Vertical Rod with collar on upper part
• Deflector
• Weights
• Pointer
Vertical rod
Leveler
Pointer
Deflector
Glass
Chamber
Nozzle
Valve
Supply hole
Adjustable screw
4. Place the load of 100 gm and gradually open the valve till the collar reaches its
original position.
5. Note down the time to collect the known volume of water.
6. Repeat the previous steps for 100 gm load increment till the valve is completely
open.
7. Switch off pump, open drain.
Flat Plate
V2 V2
V
Table 1 Observations and Calculations
Fexp Vs Fth
3.5
2.94 2.94 2.94
3
2.5
1.96 1.96 1.96
Fth (KN)
1.5
0.998 0.998 0.998
1
0.5
0
1.8 1.56 1.45 2.1 1.9 1.7 4.4 4.8 4.3
Fexp (KN)
12
9.4 9.8
10 8.8
0
0.998 0.998 0.998 1.96 1.96 1.96 2.94 2.94 2.94
Fexp (kN)
1.8 Results:
1) Relationship between Fexp & Fth for 90° deflector is a step-vise line.
𝟏
= √ ((𝟏. 𝟖 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕)𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟐. 𝟏 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟗 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟕 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟒 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟖 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟑 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕) 𝟐 )
𝟖
𝑺. 𝑫𝑭𝒕𝒉= 1.40
1.10 Conclusion:
• Graph shows that as the experimental force is increased the velocity of the fluid is
also increased.
• At 90°, angle of deflector, experimental force and theoretical force shows a step
vise ascending line behavior.
• Percentage error shows that by performing practical, some mistakes occurred.