Volumetric Titrations

Arsel A. Pau Riwu

email: ariantoriwu@gmail.com

Jurusan/Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia

Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan
Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang
 PENDAHULUAN

Volumetric Titration methods (volumetric analysis) are based on determining the

quantity of a reagent of known concentration that is required to react completely with
the analyte.
A standard solution is a reagent of known concentration. Standard solutions are used
in titrations and in many other chemical analyses.
The equivalence point is the point in a titration when the amount of added standard
reagent is equivalent to the amount of analyte.
The end point is the point in a titration when a physical change occurs that is ssociated
with the condition of chemical equivalence.
In volumetric methods, the titration error, Et, is given by Et = Vep - Veq
Describe the preparation of 2.000 L of 0.0500 M AgNO3 (169.87 g/mol) from the
primary-standard-grade solid.
A standard 0.0100 M solution of Na+ is required to calibrate an ion-selective electrode
method to determine sodium. Describe how 500 mL of this solution can be prepared
from primary standard Na CO (105.99 g/mL).
 PENDAHULUAN

Back-titration is a process in which the excess of a standard solution used to consume

an analyte is determined by titration with a second standard solution.
 PENDAHULUAN

A 50.00-mL portion of an HCl solution required 29.71 mL of 0.01963 M Ba(OH)2 to

reach an end point with bromocresol green indicator. Calculate the molar concentration
of the HCl.
 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

The standard reagents

used in acid/base titrations
are always strong acids or
strong bases, most
commonly HCl, HClO4,
H2SO4, NaOH, and KOH.
Weak acids and bases are
never used as standard
reagents because they react
incompletely with analytes.
An acid/base indicator is a
weak organic acid or a
weak organic base whose
undissociated form differs
in color from its conjugate H3O+
base or its conjugate acid
form.
 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

TITRATION OF STRONG ACIDS AND BASES

Titrating a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration curves for HCl with NaOH. Curve A: 50.00 mL of
0.0500 M HCl with 0.1000 M NaOH. Curve B: 50.00 mL of
0.000500 M HCl with 0.00100 M NaOH.
 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

TITRATION OF STRONG ACIDS AND BASES

Titrating a Strong Base with a Strong Acid

Titration curves
for NaOH with
HCl. Curve A:
50.00 mL of
0.0500 M
NaOH with
0.1000 M HCl.
Curve B: 50.00
mL of 0.00500
M NaOH with
0.0100 M HCl.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

TITRATION CURVES FOR WEAK ACIDS

Four distinctly different types of calculations are needed to compute values for a
weak acid (or a weak base) titration curve:

1. At the beginning, the solution contains only a weak acid or a weak base, and
the pH is calculated from the concentration of that solute and its dissociation
constant.
2. After various increments of titrant have been added (up to, but not including, the
equivalence point), the solution consists of a series of buffers. The pH of each
buffer can be calculated from the analytical concentrations of the conjugate base
or acid and the concentrations of the weak acid or base that remains.
3. At the equivalence point, the solution contains only the conjugate of the weak
acid or base being titrated (that is, a salt), and the pH is calculated from the
concentration of this product (hidrolysis).
4. Beyond the equivalence point, the excess of strong acid or base titrant
suppresses the acidic or basic character of the reaction product to such an
extent that the pH is governed largely by the concentration of the excess titrant.
Curve for the titration of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide. Curve A:
0.1000 M acid with 0.1000 M base. Curve B: 0.001000 M acid with
0.001000 M base.
The effect of acid strength (dissociation constant) on titration curves.
Each curve represents the titration of 50.00 mL of 0.1000 M weak acid
with 0.1000 M strong base.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

TITRATION CURVES FOR WEAK BASES

The effect of
base strength
(Kb) on
titration curves.
Each curve
represents the
titration of
50.00 mL of
0.1000 M weak
base with
0.1000 M HCl.
 COMPLEX ACID/BASE SYSTEMS

Complex systems as solutions made up of (1) two acids or two bases of different strengths, (2)
an acid or a base that has two or more acidic or basic functional groups, or (3) an amphiprotic
substance, which is capable of acting as both an acid and a base.

MIXTURES OF STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS OR STRONG AND WEAK BASES

Calculate the pH of a mixture that is 25 mL of 0.1200 M in hydrochloric acid and 0.0800 M in

the weak acid HA (Ka 1 x 10-4) during its titration with 0.1000 M KOH. Compute results for
additions of the following volumes of base: (a) 0.00 mL and (b) 5.00 mL.
 COMPLEX ACID/BASE SYSTEMS

MIXTURES OF STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS OR STRONG AND WEAK BASES

The molar hydronium ion concentration in this mixture is equal to the concentration of
strong acid plus the concentration of hydronium ions that results from dissociation
of weak acid and H2O. In the presence of the two acids, however, we can be certain
that the concentration of hydronium ions from the dissociation of water is extremely
small. We, therefore, need to take into account only the other two sources of protons.
 COMPLEX ACID/BASE SYSTEMS

MIXTURES OF STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS OR STRONG AND WEAK BASES

The molar hydronium ion concentration in this mixture is equal to the concentration of
strong acid plus the concentration of hydronium ions that results from dissociation
of weak acid and H2O. In the presence of the two acids, however, we can be certain
that the concentration of hydronium ions from the dissociation of water is extremely
small. We, therefore, need to take into account only the other two sources of protons.
Curves for the titration of strong/weak acid mixtures with 0.1000 M NaOH.
Each titration curve is for 25.00 mL of a solution that is 0.1200 M in HCl and
0.0800 M in the weak acid HA.
 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

POLYFUNCTIONAL ACIDS AND BASES

The Phosphoric Acid System

 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

POLYFUNCTIONAL ACIDS AND BASES

The Carbon Dioxide/Carbonic Acid System

Calculate the pH of a solution that is 0.02500 M CO2.

PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

CALCULATION OF THE pH OF SOLUTIONS OF NaHA

How to calculate the pH of solutions of salts that have both acidic and basic
properties, that is, salts that are amphiprotic. Such salts are formed during
neutralization titrations of polyfunctional acids and bases.
Diprotic Acid Calculations
 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS

POLYFUNCTIONAL ACIDS AND BASES

Asam H2B 0.1 M sebanyak 50 mL dititrasi dengan NaOH 0.1 M. Diketahui tetapan
disosiasi Ka1 = 1 x 10-3, Ka2 = 1 x 10-7, hitunglah pH pada penambahan NaOH
sebanyak:

(1) 0 mL
(2) 10 mL
(3) 25 mL
(4) 50 mL
(5) 60 mL
(6) 100 mL
Triprotic Acid Calculations
 COMPLEXATION AND PRECIPITATION REACTIONS AND TITRATIONS

The Precipitation Titration Curve

 COMPLEXATION AND PRECIPITATION REACTIONS AND TITRATIONS

Calculate the silver ion concentration in terms of pAg during the titration of 50.00 mL
of 0.05000 M NaCl with 0.1000 M AgNO3 after the addition of the following volumes
of reagent: (a) in the preequivalence point region at 10.00 mL, (b) at the equivalence
point (25.00 mL), (c) after the equivalence point at 26.00 mL. For AgCl, Ksp = 1.82 x
10-10.
 COMPLEXATION AND PRECIPITATION REACTIONS AND TITRATIONS
End-point detection for precipitation titrations
REDOX TITRATION
 REDOX TITRATION
Berfore Equivalence-Point Potentials
 REDOX TITRATION
Equivalence-Point Potentials
REDOX TITRATION
REDOX TITRATION
Danke Gud
Vielen Dank