ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB

A Lab Report
For the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PUNJABI UNIVERSITY
PATIALA-147001

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mrs. Rajbir Kaur ROLL.

NO.:11502032,11502047
B.TECH.3 rdyr(3ECE34)
 PPM(Pulse Position Modulation)

Here the position of pulse is changed on the time axis in

accordance with the modulating signal such that the
draining edges of the pulse width modulation becomes the
rising edges of the pulse position modulation.
Here the information is stored in the position of pulses
while the width and amplitude of the pulse remains the
same.
 Where m(t) is a message signal (2KHz/1v p‐p)……

 PPM the amplitude and width of the pulses is kept constant but the position of
each pulse is varied accordance with the amplitudes of the sampled value of the
modulating signal.
 The position of the pulses is changed with respect to the position of reference
pulses.
 The PPM pulses can be derived from the PWM pulses. With the increase in the
modulating voltage the PPM pulse shift further with respect to reference.
 The vertical dotted lines drawn in Fig are treated as reference lines to measure
the shift in position of PPM pulses. The PPM pulses marked 1, 2 and 3 in fig go
away from their respective reference lines.
 This is corresponding to increase in the modulating signal amplitude. Then as
the modulating voltage decreases the PPM pulses 4,5,6,7 come progressively
closer to their reference lines.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Generation of ppm

 PPM signal can be generated with the help of PWM as shown in Fig7 below.

Fig7. PPM generation from PWM

 The PWM signal generated above is sent to an inverter which reverses the
polarity of the pulses.
 This is then followed by a differentiator which generates +ve spikes for PWM
signal going from High to Low and ‐ve spikes for Low to High transition. The
spikes generated are shown in the fourth waveform of Fig8.
 These spikes are then fed to the positive edge triggered pulse generator which
generates fixed width pulses when a +ve spike appears, coinciding with the
falling edge of the PWM signal.
 Thus PPM signal is generated at the output which is shown in the fifth waveform
of Fig8.where pulse position carry the message information.
Applications of PPM
PPM is used for numerous functions in modern everyday life. Satellite laser ranging
stations determine distances to satellites by measuring the time of flight of short laser
pulses. The laser repetition rates vary from 10Hz to 2 kHz. At many stations, software is
upgraded to modulate the, usually constant and steady, interval between laser pulses.
Using such a PPM scheme, people can successfully transmit text files via a great
distant back to a multi‐pixel photon counting module in a receiver telescope.
With such a setup at any SLR station, and a right detector, plus simple time tagging
electronics at low earth orbiting satellites, it is possible for any satellite laser ranging
station to transmit data to oany satellite, even during standard SLR tracking. As this
technique is easy to set up and does not affect routine SLR tracking, it can be applied to
upload data to satellites, using the more than 30 available satellite laser ranging
stations around the world, and with higher data rates than some of the conventional
uplinks.

Circuit diagram
Circuit Description
1. The circuit consists of two stages made designed from two 555 timer IC’s .In the
first stage 555 timer works in astable mode to generate a PWM wave ,the second
stage has a 555 timer that is configured to work in bi stable mode .
2. In first PWM generator stage , the output wave’s frequency is depends on values
of capacitor C1 and two resistors R1 and R2 . The modulating signal is fed to
control pin(Pin 5 ‐ CV) of 555 timer and circuit doesn’t need carrier signal to
operate .the width of PWM signal depends on the amplitude of modulating signal
as the amplitude of modulating signal changes ,the charging time of capacitor
C1 changes accordingly and so does the output wave’s(at Pin 3) width.
3. This PWM output is fed to next stage which converts this signal to ppm signal
.the two stages are directly coupled with each other ,output from pin 3 from first
stage is passed to pin 2(trigger pin) of second stage. Whenever a falling edge of
PWM signal arrives it triggers the 555 timer and IC generates a narrow pulse
whose width depends on value of R3 and C2.the output ppm wave is obtained at
pin 3 of second 555 timer and is observed with an oscilloscope .

MATLAB CODE:
clc; clear all; close all; fc=1000;
fs=10000;
fm=400;
t=0:1/fs:(2/fm‐1/fs);
mt=0.4*square(2*pi*fm*t)+0.5;
st=modulate(mt,fc,fs,'PPM');
dt=demod(st,fc,fs,'PPM'); figure
subplot(3,1,1); plot(mt);
title('message signal');
xlabel('timeperiod');
ylabel('amplitude');axis([0 50 0 1])
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(st);
title('modulated signal');
xlabel('timeperiod');
ylabel('amplitude'); axis([0 500 ‐0.2
1.2]) subplot(3,1,3);
plot(dt);
title('demodulated signal'); xlabel('timeperiod'); ylabel('amplitude'); axis([0 50 0 1]);

Matlab simulation results of above code