Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division Office of Parañaque City
PARAŇAQUE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-MARCELO GREEN
SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER

VOLCANO- an opening in the Earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases, and ashes are erupted.

BASIC PARTS OF A VOLCANO

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1. Fissure Vents- are flat, linear cracks through lava emerges.

2. Conduit- is a pipe that magma travels through to reach the earth’s surface.
3. A crater is a bowl-shaped indent where vent is located. It is a funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as
a result of explosive eruptions
4. Vent- an opening from which lava flows.
5. Flank- is the side of a volcano or mountain.
6. Magma Chamber- is the place where the magma is stored before a volcano erupts

Types of Volcano according to morphology/structure/formation:

 composite cone/stratovolcano – formed from alternate solidification of lava and cinders characterized by large and
symmetrical slope.
 cinder cone/scoria cone – characterized by narrow base and steep slope
 shield cone - formed by accumulation of lava resulting in a broad, slightly domed structure that resembles a
warrior’s shield.

Types of Volcano according to activity:

 active volcano- a volcano that has erupted within the last 600 years and are documented by man or those that
erupted 10,000 years ago based on analyses of datable materials.
 Inactive/dormant/sleeping volcano– a volcano that has no record of eruption
 extinct volcano- has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a
comparable time scale of the future.

REFERENCE: file:///C:/GRADE%209%20SY%202019-2020/science_9_lm_draft_4.29.2014_1.pdf, google.com

  ash – fragments of rocks; fine-grained lava
 caldera – a volcanic crater that formed when a part of the wall of the crater collapses following an explosive
eruption cinder– loose fragments of solidified lava
 geothermal – heat coming from inside the Earth
 lava – magma that has been ejected out of a volcano
 magma – molten rock inside the Earth
 silica – a compound of silicon and oxygen (SiO2)
 slope – degree of slant; inclination
 summit – peak or highest point
 viscosity – the resistance to flow
 Pacific Ring of Fire- major volcanic belt formed by the many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean.
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Types of Magma:
Basalt- Forming Magma- contains less silica
Rhyolite- Forming Magma- contains more silica

Magma inside the volcano has high temperature. As the magma is continuously heated, it goes up. As it rises, gas bubbles
are developed. The gas bubbles are trapped and expand causing the molten material to swell also, resulting in a gradual
increase in pressure within the volcano. When the pressure exceeds the strength of the overlying rock, fracturing occurs.
The resulting breaks lead to a further drop in confining pressure, which in turn causes even more gas bubbles to form. Lava
may appear to be the primary material ejected from a volcano, but this is not always the case. Aside from lava, broken
rocks, lava bombs, fine ash and dust are also ejected. A volcano usually has a summit, slope, and base. At the summit,
there is an opening which may either be a crater or a caldera. A crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the top of a volcano
while a caldera is formed when a part of the wall collapses following an explosive eruption. The viscosity of magma
decreases with temperature. The higher the temperature of magma is, the lower is its viscosity. As lava flows, it cools and
begins to harden, its ability to flow decreases and eventually it stops. Magmas with high silica content are more viscous than
those with low silica content. The magma that contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far before solidifying.

Types of volcanic eruptions

Volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classified as wet or dry depending on the magma’s water content.
Volcanoes are described according to the style of eruption as follows:

a. Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It is
shortlived, characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a larger eruption.

b. Phreatomagmatic – is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a result, a large
column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastics called base surges are observed.

REFERENCE: file:///C:/GRADE%209%20SY%202019-2020/science_9_lm_draft_4.29.2014_1.pdf, google.com

 c. Strombolian - a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like the Irazu Volcano in
Costa Rica.

d. Vulcanian – characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall
tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.

e. Plinian – excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics, just like our Pinatubo Volcano in
Zambales.

 Energy from the volcano

Since our country is a home to more than a hundred volcanoes, energy has been tapped from them. Actually, the
Philippines ranks second in the world’s production of geothermal energy. According to the Department of Energy, 14.4% of
the country’s total power generation is produced from geothermal energy. The production of electricity from geothermal
energy is cheaper than the electricity production using natural gas, coal, and hydropower.

 What is geothermal energy?

The Earth is believed to be extremely hot from within. This heat from the Earth’s interior is a source of energy called
geothermal energy. The heat of the Earth warms up water which is trapped in rock formations beneath its surface.

 How is geothermal energy generated?

Geothermal energy is generated in two ways: geothermal power plants and geothermal heat pumps.They differ in the depth
of heat source to produce energy.
In geothermal power plants, the heat from deep inside the Earth is used to produce steam to generate electricity compared
with geothermal heat pumps that use the heat coming from close to the Earth’s surface to heat water orprovide heat for
buildings. In the Philippines, geothermal power plants are used to generate electricity in Tiwi (Albay), Kidapawan (North
Cotabato), Calaca (Laguna), Tongonan (Leyte), Bago City (Negros Occidental), Valencia (Negros Oriental), and Bacon
(Sorsogon). The figure 14 below shows the Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant in Laguna. Power plants are built in an area
where it is particularly hot just below the surface such as near a group of geysers, hot springs, or volcanic activity.

The chart below to show how the heat from the Earth is tapped as source of electricity in a power plant.

A flowchart that describes how energy is transformed to generate electricity in a geothermal power plant:
thermal energy from inside the Earth →mechanical energy in a turbine →mechanical energy of a generator →electrical energy
REFERENCE: file:///C:/GRADE%209%20SY%202019-2020/science_9_lm_draft_4.29.2014_1.pdf, google.com
The following steps are followed to generate electricity in a geothermal power plant:
1. Wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes the water to turn into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process again.

 Signs of an impending volcanic eruption

According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), the government agency tasked with
monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the country, the following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to
erupt. These may vary from one volcano to another.

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors;
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained ash;
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater;
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion;
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area which not attributable to heavy rains;
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes;
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g., Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g., Taal) near the
volcano;
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano;
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano; and,
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras

Climate- is an overall condition of the atmosphere in a specific area over a long period of time.

Most of the sun’s rays strike vertically in places near the equator. This makes the temperature higher in these areas,
resulting in warm climate. Places that are not always vertically hit by the sun’s rays experience cold climate. As the latitude
increases, the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays strike the surface. Therefore, when the area is farther from the
equator, the air temperature is lower. When the place is closer to the equator, the air temperature
is higher. The air temperature decreases as the altitude increases. The climate of the place is influenced by the surrounding
bodies of water. Soil absorbs heat faster than water. At the same time, soil releases heat faster compared to water. These
slow absorption and release of heat by the body of water greatly affect the climate. Places that are near the oceans have
moderate climate as the body of water regulates the temperature. Even as both soil and water absorb the same amount of
heat, the temperature of water rises more slowly than that of soil. Because soil heats up faster than water, air temperature
above the sea is lower than above ground during day time. Warm air thus moves out from land to sea, slowing down the
rise of air temperature above land. Thus, places without a body of water nearby tend to have higher air temperature during
day time.

At night, soil cools down faster than water, so the air temperature above ground is lower than that above the sea. Warm air
then flows from sea to land, so the drop in air temperature above ground is moderated. Places that are far from the bodies
of water have extreme climates, as there are no immediate bodies of water that will help to circulate the movement of cold
and warm air. The reason why temperature of water rises or falls more slowly than soil is that water has higher heat
capacity. Because of this, water also absorbs more heat in warm days and slowly releases it in cold days. That is why
during summer, areas that are near a body of water will have moderate temperature because water absorbs more heat.
Similarly during winter, surrounding water slowly releases heat causing the cooling effect to become lesser than normal in
the nearby landmass.

Topography is another factor that affects the climate of a certain place. One of the topographic features of an area is
mountain. Mountainous areas greatly affect the amount of precipitation in a certain region. The area in which the wind blows
is called the windward side. Here, the wind is blocked by the mountain, forcing it to move upward. As it moves up, the water
vapor condenses and forms clouds. This will result in precipitation on the windward side. The air moves down towards the
opposite region called leeward side. The cold air mass starts to absorb heat and becomes warm and dry. As a result, the
area near the leeward side becomes dry and has less precipitation. The dry region on the leeward side is called rain
shadow. Vegetation in this region includes desert plants and grassland.

REFERENCE: file:///C:/GRADE%209%20SY%202019-2020/science_9_lm_draft_4.29.2014_1.pdf, google.com

Mountain is an example of topographical features of the land. As you noticed, the picture shows the two sides of the
mountain. One side is facing the wind and has low temperature. Clouds are forming here due to the condensation of water
vapor. This formation of clouds develops to become rain. On the other side of the mountain, there is no cloud formation. The
temperature is high and precipitation does not happen. This results in the formation of a dry and warm region.

It is clear that the amount of heat received by the places near the equator is greater compared to those that are far from the
equator. Hence, countries that are found near the equator have tropical climate. In contrast, countries that are somewhat
farther from the equator have temperate climate. Regions with high altitude have colder temperatures
than those in low-lying areas. Areas near bodies of water may have more moderate climate. Places that are far from bodies
of water usually experience extremely cold or extremely warm climate.

In the northern hemisphere, the current flows in a clockwise direction. On the other hand, in the southern hemisphere, the
current flows in counterclockwise direction. These clockwise and counterclockwise of ocean currents are caused by the
Coriolis Effect. Ocean currents that flow away from the equator carries warm water. The air above the warm water has
higher temperature. When ocean currents that bring cold water move towards a coastal region, the temperature of that area
decreases as warmer air from the land flows to the sea resulting in a cold climate. When warm ocean currents that take
along warm water go to a land mass, the temperature of that place increases as warmer air above the water flows inland,
resulting in a warm climate.

Ocean currents have also an important role in changing the climate of a certain area. They affect the temperature of the
nearby land mass. Warm currents that move from the equator towards the poles carry warm water. On the other hand, cold
currents that travel from the poles towards the equator carry cold water. When ocean current carries cold water, the air
above it becomes colder. When this ocean current moves toward the coastal region, the temperature of that area becomes
lower.

REFERENCE: file:///C:/GRADE%209%20SY%202019-2020/science_9_lm_draft_4.29.2014_1.pdf, google.com