Biodiesel

Currently most research into efficient algal-oil production is being done in the private
sector, but predictions from small scale production experiments bear out that using algae
to produce biodiesel may be the only viable method by which to produce enough
automotive fuel to replace current world diesel usage.[12]

Microalgae have much faster growth rates than terrestrial crops. The per unit area yield of
oil from algae is estimated to be from between 5,000 to 20,000 US gallons per acre per
year (4,700 to 18,000 m3/km2·a);[citation needed] this is 7 to 30 times greater than the next best
crop, Chinese tallow (700 US gal/acre·a or 650 m3/km2·a).[13]

Studies show that algae can produce up to 60% of their biomass in the form of oil.
Because the cells grow in aqueous suspension where they have more efficient access to
water, CO2 and dissolved nutrients, microalgae are capable of producing large amounts of
biomass and usable oil in either high rate algal ponds or photobioreactors. This oil can
then be turned into biodiesel which could be sold for use in automobiles. The more
efficient this process becomes the larger the profit that is turned by the company.
Regional production of microalgae and processing into biofuels will provide economic
benefits to rural communities.[14]

Algae cultivation

Algae can produce up to 300 times more oil per acre than conventional crops, such as
rapeseed, palms, soybeans, or jatropha. As Algae has a harvesting cycle of 1–10 days, it
permits several harvests in a very short time frame, a differing strategy to yearly crops
(Chisti 2007). Algae can also be grown on land that is not suitable for other established
crops, for instance, arid land, land with excessively saline soil, and drought-stricken land.
This minimizes the issue of taking away pieces of land from the cultivation of food crops
(Schenk et al. 2008). Algae can grow 20 to 30 times faster than food crops.[22]

[edit] Photobioreactors

Most companies pursuing algae as a source of biofuels are pumping nutrient-laden water
through plastic tubes (called "bioreactors" ) that are exposed to sunlight (and so called
photobioreactors or PBR).

Running a PBR is more difficult than an open pond, and more costly.

Algae can also grow on marginal lands, such as in desert areas where the groundwater is
saline, rather than utilize fresh water.[23]

The difficulties in efficient biodiesel production from algae lie in finding an algal strain
with a high lipid content and fast growth rate that isn't too difficult to harvest, and a cost-
effective cultivation system (i.e., type of photobioreactor) that is best suited to that strain.
There is also a need to provide concentrated CO2 to turbocharge the production.
[edit] Closed loop system

Another obstacle preventing widespread mass production of algae for biofuel production
has been the equipment and structures needed to begin growing algae in large quantities.
Maximum use of existing agriculture processes and hardware is the goal.[24]

In a closed system (not exposed to open air) there is not the problem of contamination by
other organisms blown in by the air. The problem for a closed system is finding a cheap
source of sterile CO2. Several experimenters have found the CO2 from a smokestack
works well for growing algae.[25][26] To be economical, some experts think that algae
farming for biofuels will have to be done next to power plants, where they can also help
soak up the pollution.[23]

[edit] Open pond

Open-pond systems for the most part have been given up for the cultivation of algae with
high-oil content.[27] Many believe that a major flaw of the Aquatic Species Program was
the decision to focus their efforts exclusively on open-ponds; this makes the entire effort
dependent upon the hardiness of the strain chosen, requiring it to be unnecessarily
resilient in order to withstand wide swings in temperature and pH, and competition from
invasive algae and bacteria. Open systems using a monoculture are also vulnerable to
viral infection. The energy that a high-oil strain invests into the production of oil is
energy that is not invested into the production of proteins or carbohydrates, usually
resulting in the species being less hardy, or having a slower growth rate. Algal species
with a lower oil content, not having to divert their energies away from growth, have an
easier time in the harsher conditions of an open system.

Some open sewage ponds trial production has been done in Marlborough, New Zealand.
[28]

[edit] Algae types

Main article: SERI microalgae culture collection

Research into algae for the mass-production of oil is mainly focused on microalgae;
organisms capable of photosynthesis that are less than 0.4 mm in diameter, including the
diatoms and cyanobacteria; as opposed to macroalgae, such as seaweed. The preference
towards microalgae is due largely to its less complex structure, fast growth rate, and high
oil content (for some species). Some commercial interests into large scale algal-
cultivation systems are looking to tie in to existing infrastructures, such as coal power
plants or sewage treatment facilities. This approach not only provides the raw materials
for the system, such as CO2 and nutrients; it changes those wastes into resources.
However, some research is being done into using seaweeds for biofuels, probably due to
the high availability of this resource.[29][30]

The following species listed are currently being studied for their suitability as a mass-oil
producing crop, across various locations worldwide[31][32][33]:
 • Botryococcus braunii
• Chlorella
• Dunaliella tertiolecta
• Gracilaria
• Pleurochrysis carterae (also called CCMP647)[34] .
• Sargassum, with 10 times the output volume of Gracilaria.[35]

[edit] Specific research

Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation of New Zealand announced that it has produced its first
sample of homegrown bio-diesel fuel with algae sourced from local sewerage ponds. A
small quantity of laboratory produced oil was mixed with 95% regular diesel.

A feasibility study using marine microalgae in a photobioreactor is being done by The

International Research Consortium on Continental Margins at the International
University Bremen.[36]

The Department of Environmental Science at Ateneo de Manila University in the

Philippines, is working on producing biofuel from a local species of algae.[37]

NBB’s Feedstock Development program is addressing production of algae on the horizon

to expand available material for biodiesel in a sustainable manner[38].

[edit] Nutrients
Main article: Algal nutrient solutions

Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), are important for plant
growth and are essential parts of fertilizer. Silica and iron, as well as several trace
elements, may also be considered important marine nutrients as the lack of one can limit
the growth of, or productivity in, an area.[39]

One company, Green Star Products, announced their development of a micronutrient

formula to increase the growth rate of algae. According to the company, its formula can
increase the daily growth rate by 34% and can double the amount of algae produced in
one growth cycle.[40]

[edit] Wastewater

Main article: Wastewater treatment facility

A possible nutrient source is waste water from the treatment of sewage, agricultural, or
flood plain run-off, all currently major pollutants and health risks. However, this waste
water cannot feed algae directly and must first be processed by bacteria, through
anaerobic digestion. If waste water is not processed before it reaches the algae, it will
contaminate the algae in the reactor, and at the very least, kill much of the desired algae
strain. In biogas facilities, organic waste is often converted to a mixture of carbon
dioxide, methane, and organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer that comes out of the digester
is liquid, and nearly suitable for algae growth, but it must first be cleaned and sterilized.

The utilization of wastewater and ocean water instead of freshwater is strongly advocated
due to the continuing depletion of freshwater resources. However, heavy metals, trace
metals, and other contaminants in wastewater can decrease the ability of cells to produce
lipids biosynthetically and also impact various other workings in the machinery of cells.
The same is true for ocean water, but the contaminants are found in different
concentrations. Thus, agricultural-grade fertilizer is the preferred source of nutrients, but
heavy metals are again a problem, especially for strains of algae that are susceptible to
these metals. In open pond systems the use of strains of algae that can deal with high
concentrations of heavy metals could prevent other organisms from infesting these
systems (Schenk et al. 2008).

[edit] Investment and economic viability

There is always uncertainty about the success of new products and investors have to
consider carefully the proper energy sources in which to invest. A drop in fossil fuel oil
prices might make consumers and therefore investors lose interest in renewable energy.
Algal fuel companies are learning that investors have different expectations about returns
and length of investments. AlgaePro Systems found in its talks with investors that while
one wants at least 5 times the returns on their investment, others would only be willing to
invest in a profitable operation over the long term. Every investor has its own unique
stipulations that are obstacles to further algae fuel development. Additional concerns
consider the potential environmental impact of Algal fuel development, as well as
secondary impacts on wildlife such as bears and fish.

Whereas technical problems, such as harvesting, are being addressed successfully by the
industry, the high up-front investment of algae-to-biofuels facilities is seen by many as a
major obstacle to the success of this technology. Only few studies on the economic
viability are publicly available, and must often rely on the little data (often only
engineering estimates) available in the public domain. Dmitrov[41] examined the
GreenFuels photobioreactor and estimated that algae oil would only be competitive at an
oil price of $800 per barrel. A study by Alabi at al.[42] examined raceways,
photobioreactors and anaerobic fermenters to make biofuels from algae and found that
photobioreactors are too expensive to make biofuels. Raceways might be cost-effective in
warm climates with very low labor costs, and fermenters may become cost-effective
subsequent to significant process improvements. The group found that capital cost, labor
cost and operational costs (fertilizer, electricity, etc.) by themselves are too high for algae
biofuels to be cost-competitive with conventional fuels. Similar results were found by
others[43][44][45], suggesting that unless new, cheaper ways of harnessing algae for biofuels
production are found, their great technical potential may never become economically
accessible.

[edit] Algae fuel by country

See also: List of algal fuel producers
[edit] Europe

See also: Algae fuel in the United Kingdom

Universities in the United Kingdom which are working on producing oil from algae
include:University of Glasgow, University of Brighton, Cambridge University,
University College London, Imperial College London, Cranfield University.

The Ukraine plans to produce biofuel using a special type of algae[46].

The CSIC´s Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (Microalgae Biotechnology

Group, in Sevilla, Spain[47] is researching the algal fuels.

[edit] United States

Main article: Algae fuel in the United States

The Aquatic Species Program, launched in 1978, was a research program funded by the
United States Department of Energy (DoE) which was tasked with investigating the use
of algae for the production of energy. The program initially focused efforts on the
production of hydrogen, shifting primary research to studying oil production in 1982.
From 1982 until its end in 1996, the majority of the program research was focused on the
production of transportation fuels, notably biodiesel, from algae. In 1995, as part of
overall efforts to lower budget demands, the DoE decided to end the program. Research
stopped in 1996 and staff began compiling their research for publication.

US universities which are working on producing oil from algae include: University of
Texas at Austin,[48] University of Maine, University of Kansas, and Old Dominion
University[49].

At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Harbor Branch Oceanographic
Institution the wastewater from domestic and industrial sources contain rich organic
compounds that are being used to accelerate the growth of algae.[11] The Department of
Biological and Agricultural Engineering at University of Georgia is exploring microalgal
biomass production using industrial wastewater.[50] Algaewheel, based in Indianapolis,
Indiana, presented a proposal to build a facility in Cedar Lake, Indiana that uses algae to
treat municipal wastewater, using the sludge byproduct to produce biofuel.[51][52]

Sapphire Energy (San Diego) has produced green crude from algae.

Solazyme (South San Francisco, California) has produced a fuel suitable for powering jet
aircraft from algae.

[edit] Other
The Algal Biomass Organization (ABO) is formed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes,
A2BE Carbon Capture Corporation[53], National Renewable Energy Labs, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, Benemann Associates[54], Mont Vista Capital[55] and
Montana State University.

Global air carriers Air New Zealand, Continental, Virgin Atlantic Airways, and biofuel
technology developer UOP, a Honeywell company, will be the first wave of aviation-
related members, together with Boeing, to join Algal Biomass Organization.[56]

The National Algae Association (NAA) is a non-profit organization of algae researchers,

algae production companies and the investment community who share the goal of
commercializing algae oil as an alternative feedstock for the biofuels markets. The NAA
gives its members a forum to efficiently evaluate various algae technologies for potential
early stage company opportunities.

Pond Biofuels Inc.[57] in Canada has grown algae directly off of a cement plant
smokestack emissions.[5

Algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so
efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day.
As part of the photosynthesis process algae produce oil and can generate 15 times more oil per acre than other
plants used for biofuels, such as corn and switchgrass. Algae can grow in salt water, freshwater or even
contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for food production

Biofuel: A Short Review

Ethanol, as in beer and wine, is an alcohol modified to utilize it as a fuel and making it
undrinkable. Ethanol is produced by fermentation through a method similar to beer
brewing of any biomass containing carbohydrates. At the present time, ethanol is derived
from starches and sugars however there have been constant research to allow it to be
produced from fibrous substance which consists the bulk of most plant matter - the
cellulose and hemicellulose. Ethanol is widely used as a blending agent with gasoline to
boost octane and at the same time reducing carbon monoxide and other toxic smog-
causing emissions.

In contrast to other renewable energy resources, biomass, an organic material, can be

converted directly into burnable fuels, termed as “biofuels,” to assist in meeting
transportation fuel demands. The two most widely used types of biofuels are ethanol and
biodiesel.

On the other hand, biodiesel is produced by the combination of alcohol which is usually
alcohol with vegetable or animal oil/fats, or recycled cooking grease. In order to lessen
harmful vehicle emissions, it can be utilized on its pure form or as an additive (normally
20%) as a renewable substitute fuel for diesel engines.

Biodiesel and ethanol are both clean, grow-your-own fuels which can be produced on-site
in local villages or communities from locally available, renewable resources, for the most
phase using equipment that a local workshop can make and maintain. This can make
biofuels an economical option to fossil fuels and can aid in strengthening local
communities both socially and economically.

Cleaner burning energy sources lessen the toxic pollutant emissions produced by burning
gasoline, and it cuts down on the dumping of used oil. Another gain is that many
alternative fuels can be generated, while oil is a non-renewable resource. Demand varies,
and there is always the possibility of discovering new reserves. In the contrary, fact
remains that the supply may well run out one day. Present estimates predict that world oil
production will reach its peak some time in the next 10 to 15 years. It thus makes sense to
search for new alternatives before that day arrives. In addition, a much-hyped reason is
that lessening dependence on oil will, in turn, reduce dependence on unreliable foreign
oil.

Biofuel is made from agricultural crops developed in the different parts of the United
States and other countries as well. Increased utilization of biofuel can generate new
markets for American products. A number of jobs can also be produces especially in rural
communities. As a result, it can keep the money circulating all the way through the
domestic economy. Moreover, it promotes American energy independence just by
generating a percentage of our fuel at home.

More importantly, biofuel is capable of improving the performance of your engine.

Biofuel is a “quality” fuel that cleans your fuel system, increasing octane and lessening
harmful emissions, all of which help to lengthen the life of your vehicle. As an alternative
to this “traditional” diesel fuel, biofuel is expected to yield significant energy security and
environmental advantage to its consumers.

Tags: agricultural, alcohol, alternative, biodiesel, biofuel, clean, energy, environment,

Ethanol, quality, renewable, traditional

No Comments »

Jan 21 2008

Posted by admin under Biofuels, Ethanol

Biofuel and Its New Developments

Among the most promising replacement for nonrenewable fossil fuel (petroleum, coal,
etc) are fuels made from organic materials, the so-called “biofuels”. The two widely used
biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Each has its own pros and cons. However, the present
technologies result in limitation of production for the reason that not all parts of a certain
plant can be used.
Due to this drawback, there has been lot of studies that would resolve this problem. This
is where the so-called second generation of biofuel enters. This so-called second
generation denotes non food crops (cellulosic biofuel) such as waste biomass, wood, etc.

To briefly differentiate second from first generation, First generation biofuel are those
fuel derived from vegetable or animal fats/oils, starch or sugar with the use of modern
technology. Proponents claims that increasing industrial and political support for this
second generation biofuel is a more feasible solution to achieve efficient fuel production
utilizing a much greater range of plants and its waste.

Cellulose ethanol production is newly discovered experimental processes which can

breakdown cellulose in woody fibers. This would only mean that through this method,
ethanol from crop wastes, trees and grasses can be derived. It is significantly better since
trees and grasses require small amount of energy in comparison to grains that must be
replanted annually. Moreover, there have been techniques to develop fast-growing trees
that can grow to size in just 10 years. In addition, grasses can be harvested twice every
year.

In cellulosic ethanol, the fuel is derived from the stems and stalks of plants rather than
only using the sugars and starches from corns, as with corn ethanol, This is starting to
gain interest in the United States. As a matter of fact, several companies are moving
forward having plans to build plants using this method.

This new type of biofuel is gradually gaining popularity because of the feedstock such as
wood chips and grasses that is cost effective and very abundant. During the conversion
into ethanol, less fossil fuel is required, therefore, having a greater impact than the usual
corn ethanol on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Moreover, in comparison between the land area of grasses and corn, there is no doubt that
an acre of grasses could make twice the number of gallons of ethanol that can be
generated with an acre of corn. This is because in cellulose ethanol, the entire plant can
be utilized instead of just the grain as in corn ethanol. This is great news for those regions
having a short supply of corn-based food that is competing with the corn-ethanol
manufacturers.

Based on the report made by the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), by year
2050, the increasing productivity of cellulosic sources would in due course allow them to
generate as much as 150 billion gallons of ethanol which is comparable to more than two-
thirds present gasoline consumption in the United States.At the present time in the United
States, none of the ethanol is derived from cellulosic materials. This is according to
ethanol industry’s list of producers in the United States.

Tags: biofuel, biomass, cellulose, corn, development, Ethanol, nrdc, problem

No Comments »
Dec 15 2007

Posted by admin under Biodiesel, Biofuels, Ethanol

The Pros and Cons of Biofuels

There have been studies that prove the many benefits of substituting fossil fuels
(petroleum, etc) with biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. In its simplest sense, such
biofuels are biodegradable which means they are derived from organic materials. They
are naturally renewable. It can create numerous jobs since our own farmers can
practically make them domestically. Consequently, our reliance on foreign sources of
fossil fuels will be significantly reduced. Moreover, these biofuels emit nontoxic and
cleaner emissions in comparison to traditional fuels. These alternative fuels also do not
promote global warming, since the carbon they emit is taken back to the environment.

Biofuels are easily utilize but not readily accessible.

The use of biofuel is not complicated. Compared to other forms of renewable energy
(solar, wind, etc), biofuel is far more simple and easy to use. It does not require special
equipment or a modification in all engines. Any automobile will not need complex
changes. The biodiesel can be readily combined with conventional petroleum diesel in
your fuel tank at any point in time. In some instances, particularly true for ethanol, you
may have to look for flexible fuel car models. If not, biodiesel can run most diesel
operated engines.

Despite these benefits, it would take time for biofuels to be readily accessible due to lack
of ethanol or biodiesel pumps at existing filling station.

Biofuels are renewable but crops are still not enough.

It is a fact that biofuels are derived from biomass that is renewable and biodegradable.
For this reason, it will accordingly cause lasting effects on generations to come.

However, one major concern of wide scale biofuel production is the increased need of
growing crops to meet the demand. This leads to some arguments, since it might require
extensive land that may involve forests, wild habitats and agricultural lands.

Biofuels uses more energy than they can produce.

This had been an issue in so many years whether producing biofuels would actually need
more energy than they can give.

Over the years, technology has significantly improved. A lot of researches and tests had
been done to prove that biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel generate energy that is
comparable to conventional diesel fuel. Ethanol puts out about 1.5 units of energy for
every unit of energy used in processing it. In addition, biodiesel even has an output of 3.2
units of energy to every unit of energy used on its production. The “traditional” fuel like
gasoline needs 20% energy based on what it can provide, or leaving you with only 80%.

Conclusion

To reduce the reliance on fossil fuel, conservation is still the primary strategy. There is no
instant weaning on conventional petroleum diesel. It is quite impossible to totally replace
it but instead the consumption must be decreased. Other sources of energy such as solar,
wind, etc. are still needed. But this does not mean that biofuel have no future. As a matter
of fact, it has a very promising potential. As an alternative to this “traditional” diesel or
gasoline fuel, it is expected to yield significant energy security and environmental
advantage to its consumers.

Tags: alternative, biofuels, cons, diesel, energy, pros, renewable, technology, traditional

No Comments »

Nov 19 2007

Posted by admin under Biodiesel, Biofuels, Ethanol

Ethanol and Biodiesel: A Biofuel Comparison

The two most widely used types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Just a brief review,
ethanol is an alcohol fuel derived from sugarcane, wheat, corn and biomass, thus
including wasted cooking oil. It can be blended with conventional petroleum diesel to
improve its octane level resulting in reduced greenhouse gas emissions. On the other
hand, biodiesel is made from natural oils such as animal fats or vegetable oils.

Presently, experts states that the main biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, have a positive
effect to the environment. Each of them has its pros and cons. The utilization of both
ethanol and biodiesel will result to a decrease reliance on foreign conventional fossil
fuels and a reduction on harmful, toxic emissions.

There are various methods to compare ethanol and biodiesel. Below are some of them.

Process

The two processes that can generate fuel-grade ethanol are wet milling and dry milling.
But the most widely used is the dry-mill method. In it simplest explanation, yeast, sugars
and starch are fermented. From starch, it is fermented into sugar, afterwards it is
fermented again into alcohol.

Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process termed as transesterification. In this

method, the two byproducts, methyl esters and glycerin which are not good for engines,
are left behind.
Environmental Benefit

Both biofuels can reduce harmful emissions. Both biodiesel and ethanol could provide
significant environmental benefit. The two have a great probability of decreasing the
greenhouse gas emissions because of the fact that these biofuels are primarily derived
from crops which absorb carbon dioxide. Thus, the balance of carbon dioxide is sustained
and maintained in the atmosphere.

Compatibility

Biodiesel can run in any diesel generated engines. However, it is not yet clear if it is the
same when using 100% ethanol since it is recommended to be blended with fossil fuel
like gasoline. Therefore, it is only compatible with selected gasoline powered
automobiles. In the United States, almost all ethanol produced can be blended with
gasoline.

Costs

Currently, commercial biodiesel is more expensive than ethanol.

Gallons per acre

In the perspective of land use and agricultural efficiency, ethanol seems to be a good
choice. The reason is that about 420 gallons of ethanol can be generated per acre in
contrast to 60 gallons of biodiesel per acre soybeans. Consequently, the cost of soybean
oil would significantly increase if biodiesel production is increased as well.

Energy

Many reports stated that biodiesel provides 93% more net energy per gallon than is
necessary for its manufacture. On the other hand ethanol produces only 25% more net
energy.

Greenhouse-gas Emissions (GHG)

The production and combustion of ethanol ends in 12% less greenhouse gas emission
than the production and combustion of regular diesel. On the other hand, the generation
and combustion of biodiesel from soybeans results in 41% diminution compared to
conventional gasoline.

Stated above are some of the many facts about ethanol and biodiesel with the end view of
comparing the two biofuels on which one is better. The pursuit to lessen our reliance on
non-renewable fossil fuels will not be realized with a single alternative fuel. It
necessitates a blend of ethanol, biodiesel and perhaps some yet-to-be discovered
alternative fuel.
Tags: biodiesel, biofuel, comparison, compatibility, cost, energy, environment, Ethanol,
gallons per acre, ghg, process

No Comments »

Oct 06 2007

Posted by admin under Biofuels, Ethanol

Uncovering a Biofuel: Ethanol

Ethanol is alcohol fuel derived from sugars found in crops such as rice, potato skins and
sugarcane and it is commonly made from corn, sorghum and wheat. Corn is commonly
the base material in the United States due to its affordability and availability. But in
Brazil, sugarcane is widely used. Since it is produced from plants, it is considered
biodegradable and renewable. It is definitely a clear, colorless alternative alcohol fuel.
Presently, various methods are used in making ethanol from biomass - an organic
material. The fermentation of sugars and starch in corn with the use of yeast is the most
frequently method utilized. From starch, it is fermented into sugar, afterwards it is
fermented again into alcohol.

A variety of procedures can generate fuel-grade ethanol. But the most widely used is the
dry-mill method. Below is the brief step by step process.

1. Let the base organic material (corn, sugarcane, wheat, etc) pass through a grinding
meal to pulverize the selected material.

2. Then, liquefy it by placing the blend of water, grain powder and an enzyme that
facilitates the breakdown of the grain compound into a high-heat cooker.

3. Cool it afterwards. Add another enzyme that will facilitate the conversion of starch into
sugars which are then fermented, producing alcohol from the cooled mash.

4. Start the fermentation by adding yeast to the sugar mixture. The sugars will be broken
down to ethanol (a form of alcohol) and carbon dioxide.

5. Distill the fermented mixture in order for the ethanol to separate from the solids.

6. Get rid of the water from the separated ethanol through a dehydration process.

7. To make it undrinkable, add a small amount of gasoline. The ethanol should be non
potable to be used as an alternative fuel.

The carbon dioxide and distiller grain which are both byproducts of this method can be
use in the ranching and farming industry. Ethanol-producing plant also buys these by-
products for a variety of purposes.
Utilizing ethanol means using less of the nonrenewable fuel to produce gasoline. Ethanol
is safe, nontoxic and biodegradable. It is not detrimental if accidentally spilled because it
breaks down very quickly. It is considered clean for the main reason that it lessens toxic
pollutants such as carbon monoxide from the pipelines of vehicles. It does not require
lead or other derivatives to keep the engine running smoothly. It has a great probability of
decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions because of the fact that biodiesel is primarily
derived from crops which absorbs carbon dioxide. Thus, the balance of carbon dioxide is
sustained and maintained in the atmosphere.

On another note, ethanol as a transportation fuel can be utilized as a partial or total

alternative for conventional petroleum diesel. For urban regions that don’t meet the
standards of a clean air, gasoline containing 10% ethanol (E10) is utilized. The extensive
use of E10 is encouraged in some states. The use of E10 can be used on all gasoline
operated vehicles without making massive modification to their engines. In the United
States, almost 99% of ethanol produced can be blended with gasoline to make E10.

Tags: biofuel, corn, Ethanol, ghg, organic, safe

No Comments »

Sep 14 2007

Posted by admin under Biodiesel, Biofuels

Biodiesel: In Depth

A type of biofuel that is now frequently used is biodiesel. Considered to be biodegradable

and nontoxic, biodiesel is primarily produced from a chemical reaction of alcohol
(commonly methanol) and a wide range of fats which include vegetable or animal oils
and plant extracts such as corn, soybean, canola, and sunflowers. This reaction gets rid of
the by-product glycerin which is not suitable for the engines through a refinery process
termed as transesterification. The glycerin that is removed in turn can be made into soaps.
During the transesterification process, other byproducts such as methyl esters are also left
behind. Biodiesel is then free from such materials as sulfur and aromatics which are
contained in traditional fuels that in turn will substantially facilitate in the reduction of
harmful emissions from diesel-fed engines.

It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative for petroleum-based diesel fuel. It can be

used in unmodified engines - be it a car, bus, truck, boat, construction equipment,
generator or oil home heating units. Since it is primarily derived from plants and animals,
the supply can be replenished by means of farming and recycling.

In addition, it also one of the most thoroughly tested substitute fuels on the market. Tests
have verified that even though it operates in a similar manner to conventional diesel,
biodiesel is way better for the environment. Since it does not produce detrimental
consequences to the environment, it will accordingly cause lasting effects on generations
to come.

Biodiesel can be utilized in pure form however it may necessitate engine modifications to
refrain from maintenance and performance troubles. It is most often blended with
traditional diesel fuel at any level to lessen automobile emissions. When biodiesel is
mixed with petroleum diesel, it yields a fuel which is compatible with diesel engines,
shifts imported petroleum and decrease toxic emissions. A combination of 20% bio- and
80%- conventional diesel will considerably lessen carcinogenic emissions and gases
which can aggravate global warming. Lower-level biodiesel blends, such as 2% bio- and
98% diesel or 5% bio- and 95% diesel, are turning out to be increasingly common and
widely used by drivers as they become more aware of the many advantages. It can be
safely utilized in any compression-ignition engine, may it light-duty or heavy-duty
engines, designed to be ran on traditional fuel on the condition that it meets the given
standards that can be checked on the manufacturer’s recommendations and information.

The ultimate target of the biodiesel industry is not to totally replace conventional diesels
such as petroleum diesel. However, its main goal is to broaden its usefulness, efficacy
and worth. As one of numerous alternative fuels, biodiesel have a spot in the
development and improvement of a balanced energy policy. The contribution to the
sustainability and cleanliness of diesel engines has been one of the focuses of biodiesel
production. Biodiesel is a ground-breaking fuel that is rapidly becoming more available
to the general community. It can be seen around the country in selected areas or it can be
purchased directly from manufacturers. It may rate a little more expensive than
conventional fuels at the present time due to the demand that is not as great.
Nevertheless, as demand increases and as the public realize the advantages of a
biodegradable, renewable fuel source, the price will eventually drop.

Tags: alcohol, biodiesel, energy, fuel, production, renewable

No Comments »

Aug 28 2007

Posted by admin under Biodiesel, Biofuels

Why Choose Biodiesel?

How It Works

To generate biodiesel, the raw oil is subjected to a process called “transesterification.”

This refining method uses of an industrial alcohol (ethanol or methanol) and a catalyst
(substance that speeds up the chemical reaction) resulting to a conversion of the oil into a
fatty-acid methyl-ester fuel (biodiesel).
It can be utilized in single pure form however it may require engine alterations to avoid
maintenance and performance troubles. It is most commonly mixed with conventional
petroleum diesel fuel at any level to reduce detrimental automobile emissions. When
biodiesel is combined with petroleum diesel, it brings in a fuel that is compatible with
diesel engines, reduce imported petroleum needs and decrease toxic emissions. A
combination of 20% bio- and 80%- conventional diesel will greatly lessen carcinogenic
emissions and gases which can worsen global warming. Lower-level biodiesel blends,
such as 2% bio- and 98% diesel or 5% bio- and 95% diesel, are turning out to be
increasingly common and widely used by the public as they become more aware of the
many benefits.

Definition

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from farm products such as vegetable or animal oils,
fats, or recycled cooking greases. Almost all biodiesels are derived from soybean oil;
however sunflower oil, canola oil, recycled vegetable oils, and animal fats can also be
used in the United States.

A Safe and Clean Fuel

• Cleaner Emissions – The use of biodiesel lessens greenhouse emissions because carbon
dioxide that is released from the combustion of biodiesel is neutralize by the carbon
dioxide utilized while growing the feedstock.

• Non-hazardous – In terms of toxicity, biodiesel is the best alternative that has proven to
be safe and not harmful to the environment. Various tests verified that biodiesel is
biodegradable and nontoxic that poses no threat to human health.

• Simple – The automobile need not any complex modification or conversion. The
biodiesel can be readily blended with conventional petroleum diesel in your fuel tank at
any point in time.

• Renewable – Biodiesel is derived from 85% vegetable or animal oils/fats which are
renewable sources.

• Sustainable – Aside from it biodegradability, biodiesel is also renewable in contrast to

scarce fossil fuel use which is formed from the remnants of animals and plants that have
lain in the earth for millions of years.

• Nonflammable – In contrast to gasoline which ignites immediately at any lower

temperature, biodiesel will only ignite at a very high temperature.

• Appropriate for Your Engine – A number of tests reveal that biodiesel is more
lubricating than any conventional diesel to both the fuel injection pump and engine.
• Available – Currently in the United States, there are roughly 600 fleets that use
biodiesel blends in their diesel engines. Moreover, various blends of biodiesel at
approximately 800 areas are available nationwide.

• Affordable – The geographic area, base organic material (soybean, corn, etc) and
supplier will greatly determine the price of biodiesel. It varies depending on the said
determinants. It does not also require purchasing new vehicles to shift from conventional
diesel to biodiesel. On the side of the fleets, acquisitions of new spare parts supply or
rebuilding stations need not to be done by the manager.

Tags: biodiesel, clean, energy, fuel, renewable

No Comments »

Jul 22 2007

Posted by admin under Biodiesel, Biofuels

Precautionary Measures in Using Biodiesel in Your Engines

One of the main biofuels which is biodiesel is now widely used in the United States,
Canada, Thailand, and many countries in Europe. Since it turns out to be increasingly
common and generally used by the public as they become more knowledgeable of the
positive effects, it is advisable to consult the manufacturer’s recommendations and
information about the use of biodiesel. Here are some of the important considerations in
utilizing biodiesel in your engines.

• Rubber Seals and Hoses

Almost all pre - 1994 automobiles and several later model vehicles have fuel lines that
are not compatible with biodiesel. These rubber fuel system components, such as hoses
and pump seals will be gradually degraded with the utilization of biodiesel. Before they
will entirely ruin, it will first become supple or spongy. Thus, once in a while check
under your hood and replace with a biodiesel resistant synthetic any ruined fuel lines and
seals

• Fuel Filter Clogging

Biodiesel can liberate deposits mounted up on pipes and tank walls from previous
traditional diesel fuel, thus primarily causing fuel filter clogs when used for the first time.
Power loss is an indication of fuel filter clogging. Vehicle owners must change the filter
shortly after trying on a full tank of biodiesel. It is suggested to carry an extra fuel filter
in your car, know how to change it and be prepared at all times.

• Paint
The paint on your automobile may dissolve with the use of biodiesel in due course. This
incident can be prevented by immediately wiping off or washing with small amount of
soap and water.

• Cold Weather

Depending on the type of fat sources it was derived from, at around 32°F or higher,
biodiesel crystallizes. The vehicle will not start when biodiesel freezes your fuel system
and injection pump. This however may not cause damage, warming up the vehicle helps.
Fuel containers can be stored in warm places. If no indoor parking is available, the car
should be parked where sunlight can hit it, else park it indoors. In regions with colder
climates, crystallization can be prevented with adding of heating elements or insulation to
the fuel systems. If experiencing power loss, immediately replace your fuel filter. A
blow-dryer can also be aimed at the fuel filter and lines. Pouring hot water can also be
done but be sure to avoid wetting the electrical components.

• Uninformed Mechanics

Mechanics that are not knowledgeable and familiar with biodiesel might misdiagnosed
not related problems as being brought about by biodiesel and perform “repairs” in the
fuel system that are not necessary and expensive. It is better to look and locate for the
nearest biodiesel-friendly mechanic before actually needing one. A second opinion from
an expert mechanic is also suggested before permitting any expensive repairs to be done.

Overall, the utilization of biodiesel can not be the primary reason for maintenance issues
and concerns. A lot of newer vehicles have compatible components that will accept
biofuels readily. Nevertheless it is still best to check your owner’s manual or consult your
vehicle manufacturers for recommendations and more specific information.

Tags: biodiesel, biofuel, danger, engine, precaution, vehicle

No Comments »

Mar 11 2007

Posted by admin under Biodiesel, Biofuels, Ethanol

Misconceptions on Biofuel

Misconception # 1: Biofuel generates a small amount of energy than it takes to produce

them.

Fact: Over the years, technology has significantly improved. A lot of researches and tests
had been done to prove that biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel generate energy that is
comparable to conventional diesel fuel. Ethanol gives about 1.5 units of energy for every
unit of energy used. In addition, biodiesel even provides 3.2 units of energy to every unit
of energy used. As a matter of fact, “traditional” fuel (gasoline) uses 20% more energy to
make it than it provides or converts.

Misconception # 2: Biofuel brings about food shortage.

Fact: There is more than enough food to cater to the general public. If there are billions of
people who suffer starvation in different parts of the world, that is not primarily because
there is not enough food. Sufficient amount of food exist than there has ever been before.
The main reason why people starve is not because of biofuel production but because of
inequitable economic system.

Misconception # 3: Modification of all engines is a must in using Biofuel.

Fact: This is not true for all. In biodiesel for example, it can be used in unmodified
engines - be it a car, bus, truck, boat, construction equipment, generator or oil home
heating units. Biodiesel can be utilized in pure form however it may necessitate engine
modifications to refrain from maintenance and performance troubles. On another note,
gasoline containing 10% ethanol (E10) can also be used. The extensive use of E10 is
encouraged in some states. The use of E10 can be used on all gasoline operated vehicles
without making massive modification to their engines.

Misconception # 4: Biofuel must be subsidized to be affordable.

Fact: The geographic area, base organic material (soybean, corn, etc) and supplier will
greatly determine the price of biodiesel. It varies depending on the said determinants. It
may rate a little more expensive than traditional fuels at the current time due to the
demand that is not as great. Nevertheless, as demand increases and as the public realize
the advantages of a biodegradable, renewable fuel source, the price will eventually drop.

Misconception # 5: Biofuels will completely replace conventional fuel.

Fact: The ultimate target of the biofuel manufacturing is not to totally replace
conventional diesels such as petroleum diesel. However, its main goal is to broaden its
usefulness, efficacy and worth. As one of numerous alternative fuels, biodiesel have a
spot in the development and improvement of a balanced energy policy.

Reality: At the present time, biofuels are the best alternatives to fossil fuels which are
nonrenewable. Not only traditional petroleum fuel is far more expensive, it is also
damaging our environment. Biodiesel and ethanol are both clean, grow-your-own fuels
which can be produced on-site in local villages or communities from locally available,
renewable resources, most of the time using equipment that a local workshop can make
and maintain. This can make biofuel an economical option to fossil fuels and can aid in
strengthening local communities both socially and economically. It can create jobs and
help boost the economy as well.
Tags: affordable, alternative, biodiesel, biofuel, e10, energy, engine modification,
Ethanol, food shortage

No Comments »

Jan 24 2007

Posted by admin under Biofuels

Biofuel and the Controversies

There have been many efforts to generate unlimited and renewable source of fuel. This is
where biofuel production comes in. It has been believed to be the sole answer for the
world’s global warming and energy crisis. In contrast to other renewable energy
resources, biomass - an organic material, can be converted directly into burnable fuels,
termed as “biofuels,” to assist in meeting transportation fuel demands.

In the contemporary years, the biofuel industry is gaining impetus to promote a cleaner
environment, improve new economic prospect for the agriculture industry and eventually
reduce reliance on crude oil as a feedstock for gasoline. However there are a lot of
controversies that arises from biofuel production and use.

Issue # 1: Is it really environmental friendly?It is known that biofuel chief benefit is the
reduction of harmful greenhouse gas emission because of the fact that these biofuel is
primarily derived from crops which can absorb carbon dioxide. Thus, the balance of
carbon dioxide is sustained and maintained in the atmosphere. However, looking at the
entire process, from clearing the field to its consumption, the considerable reduced
emission from the utilization of biofuel is overshadowed by far greater emissions that
result from burning, deforestation, etc.

Issue # 2: Does it not really affect food supply?One of the prime criticisms is usually
directed against large-scale biofuel production. It is believed to redirect agricultural
production away from food crops. It is especially not good in developing countries.

The central dispute is that biofuel production will compete with food supply in numerous
ways. Consequently, this fight over rural investment, agricultural, infrastructure, water,
fertilizers, human resource, etc. will cause food shortages and price increase.

Issue # 3: Does it not affect a considerable amount of land and water?It is a fact that
biofuel production necessitates growing biomass such as crops which in turn require a
massive amount of land and water. It is particularly alarming in regions known to have
scarcity of water. Manufacturing biofuel would only worsen water problem.

We can’t deny the fact that in other parts of the world, water limits are becoming more
severe. The presence of large-scale biofuels would greatly need enormous amount of
water. This would only result to further reduction of water availability.
Issue # 4: does it not involve destruction of wild habitats?As stated above, manufacturing
biofuel would necessitate growing biomass which requires large agricultural lands.
Consequently, in some countries, the incidence of deforestation is alarmingly increasing
as croplands are being created. It does not only destroy wild habitats but also increase
carbon dioxide that is emitted when forests are burnt. The home occupied by indigenous
people, subsistence farmers and endangered species is in reality affected by this land
clearing for growing biomass.

The issues presented above are indeed hot topics that need to be clarified and answered.
These controversies would result to a much continual and thorough studies and research
that would greatly benefit not only the government but the public itself.

But despite of these uncertainties, biofuel is now widely used in different countries
including United States, Brazil and some countries in Europe because it poses a very
good potential as an alternative fuel.

Tags: benefit, biofuel, biomass, environment,

Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuels
There are both advantages and disadvantages of biofuels that eco-savvy consumers should be aware of
when investigating this green fuel alternative to more destructive petroleum products.

Fuel can be made from sugar cane.

Ads by Google

Algae Oil Extraction - High lipid recovery for biofuels Leaders in fractionation technology
www.solutionrecovery.com/algae

Solar Energy Blog - Solar Energy information Your source for energy information.
damascusenergy.com/events.aspx

Biodiesel Plants - We supply components for Biodiesel Plants! www.frankenfilter.com

What is Biofuel?
Biorganic fuel – biofuel – is any combustible plant or animal material that can be used as an energy source.
The simplest biofuel is wood; wood-burning as a heat and light source has been popular for millennia. Other
common biofuels are made from corn, sugar cane, soybeans, algae, vegetable oils, and even manure.
Today, biofuels are often considered to be a more environmentally responsible type of fuel compared to oil
and other fossil fuel products because biofuels have many advantages in terms of ecological sustainability.
Different biofuels have more specialized pros and cons, but the general arguments for and against this type
of renewable energy resource are applicable to all types of biofuels and biodiesel.

Primary Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuels

No fuel source is completely positive or completely negative. Consumers need to weigh the pros and cons of
biofuels to determine whether they feel comfortable with this emerging resource as an alternative to
traditional fuels.

Advantages

Biofuel advocates frequently point out the advantages of these plant- and animal-based fuels, such as:

• Cost: Once the technology is widely available, biofuels can be significantly less expensive than

gasoline and other fossil fuels, particularly as worldwide demand for oil increases, therefore increasing

oil and gasoline prices to unheard of levels.

• Source Material: Whereas oil is a limited resource that comes from specific materials, biofuels can

be manufactured from a wide range of materials including crop waste, manure, and other byproducts,
making it a efficient step in recycling.

• Renewability: It takes thousands of years for fossil fuels to be produced, but biofuels are much

more easily renewable as new crops are grown and waste material is collected.

• Security: By reducing dependence on foreign fuel sources, countries can protect the integrity of

their energy resources and make them safe from outside influences.

• Economic Stimulation: Because biofuels are produced locally, biofuel manufacturing plants can

employ hundreds or thousands of workers, creating new jobs in rural areas. Biofuel production will also

increase the demand for suitable biofuel crops, providing economic stimulation to the agriculture

industry.

• Biodegradability: Biofuels are easily biodegradable and far safer to handle than traditional fuels,

making spills less hazardous and much easier and less expensive to clean up.

• Lower Carbon Emissions: When biofuels are burned, they produce significantly less carbon
output and fewer toxins, making them a safer alternative to preserve atmospheric quality and lower air

pollution.

Ads by Google

Free Algae Co's Database - 50+ companies profiles 1000+ interactive comparison views
www.thegreentrackers.com

Biofuels Development - Biofuel development research on lab and pilot plant scales. www.pos.ca
Learn Energy Work Basics - Free 7-Part course sent by email Intention, protection, clearing etc
www.spiritconnections.com

Disadvantages

Despite the many positive characteristics of biofuels, there are also many disadvantages to these energy
sources.

• Energy Output: Biofuels have a lower energy output than traditional fuels and therefore require

greater quantities to be consumed in order to produce the same energy level.

Biofuels aren't all good.

• Production Carbon Emissions: Several studies have been conducted to analyze the carbon

footprint of biofuels, and while they may be cleaner to burn, there are strong indications that the process

to produce the fuel – including the machinery necessary to cultivate the crops and the plants to produce

the fuel – has hefty carbon emissions.

• High Cost: To refine biofuels to more efficient energy outputs and to build the necessary

manufacturing plants to increase biofuel quantities will require a high initial investment.

• Food Prices: As demand for food crops such as corn grows for biofuel production, it could also

raise prices for necessary staple food crops.

• Water Use: Massive quantities of water are required for proper irrigation of biofuel crops as well as

to manufacture the fuel, which could strain local and regional water resources.

• Availability: Biofuels are not widely available for consumer purchase and most vehicles are not

equipped to run on biofuel products. Limited availability reduces the desirability of biofuels as alternative

energy sources.

• Smell: Biofuel production produces heavy smells depending on the type of materials used, and

those smells are generally undesirable near large communities. While manufacturing plants can be

isolated, this will add to the carbon emissions necessary to bring fuel to population centers.
The Future of Biofuels
Biofuels are a reliable alternative energy resource but more development and research is necessary to
overcome the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels and make them suitable for widespread consumer
use. When the technology is available, many of the disadvantages will be minimized and consumers can
begin to enjoy all the benefits of this sustainable, renewable energy source.

food supply, land, water, wild habitat