Histories and Definitions of Globalization History, 3000 Population movements, widening scale of social

historical BCE trade, cooperation, global flows

“Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization” by Jan Nederveen Pieterse anthropology technologies, world
(2012) religions
Biology, ecology Time Integration of ecosystems Evolution, global ecology, Gaia

I. Problems with Periodizing Globalization

III. World History, History of Globalization
● Presentist leanings: it overlooks structural patterns, present as novel what are
● The timeline of the conventional western history curriculum is the
older features and misread contemporary trend
premodern (pre-1500), early modern (1500-1850), modern (1850-1945)
● Eurocentric view: World history begins with the “rise of the West” (1500 and
and contemporary eras: reaffirms Eurocentrism
1800 as the start of Eurocentric history)
● Cioffi-Revilla (2006: 87) distinguishes two dynamics of globalization:
➢ This view of globalization is not global: It ignores or downplays
a) Endogenous (“a process of growth or expansion that takes place
nonwestern contributions to globalization
within a given world region”)
II. Presentism and Eurocentrism
b) Exogenous globalization (which “occurs between or among
● The term globalization came out first in business studies in the 1970s and
geographically distant world systems that had previously been
started to be most frequently used in the 1990s.
disconnected from each other”).
● Giddens (1990)- defined globalization as an “extension of modernity”,
● From a European viewpoint, its development is endogenous globalization,
although modernity is a western project
whereas from the viewpoint of Africa and the Americas it is exogenous
● The disadvantage of taking contemporary times as start time of
globalization
globalization is ​presentism​ or ignoring history.
● The following tables present an overview of disciplines and perspectives on E. In many recent accounts the definition of globalization has shifted to growing
globalization, with their timelines of globalization, listed from recent to worldwide connectivity (Nederveen Pieterse 1995, 2009a: 43
early.
IV. Oriental Globalization
Table 1. Globalization According to Social Science and Humanities Disciplines ● Hobson (2012) distinguishes four historical phases of oriental globalization:
1) “Proto-globalization (from 500 to 145) - the extensity, intensity,
Disciplines Time Agency, domain Keywords
velocity, and impact of Afro Eurasian interactions.
Political Science, 1980 “Internationalization of the Competitor states, post
2) “Early globalization” (1450 and 1492-1830) - “the diffusion of
International state,” international
relations INGOs politics, global civil society ‘resource portfolios’ from East to West” led to the “fundamental
re-organization of societies across the world including Europe”
Development IMF, World Bank Debt crisis, structural
studies adjustment policies 3) “Modern globalization” (1830– 2000) – it witnessed the
“Occidentalization in the ascendance, with the West being the
Geography Space, place Local-global interactions,
dominant civilization,” which was achieved by colonization and
glocalization
neocolonial globalization, i.e. Western capitalism.
Economics 1870 Multinational corporations Global corporation, trade
4) The current phase, “postmodern globalization,” witnesses “the return
, sovereign wealth funds
of China to the center of the global economy.
Cultural studies Media, film, advertising, Global Village, McDonaldization
V. Conclusion
ICT
● Many globalization studies are steeped in presentism and eurocentrism.
Philosophy 1850 Ethics Global problems, global ethics
● Identifying a start time of globalization hinges on the definition of
Sociology 1800 Modernity Capitalism, industrialization
globalization and the unit of analysis. If the unit of analysis is connectivity,
Political 1500 Modern capitalism “Conquest of the world market”
economy
 connections are as old as human history, as old as when people dispersed
and wandered across the planet.
“Defining Globalization” by Jan Aart Scholte (2008)
I. Rise of the G-Word
● The English noun ‘globe’ dates from the 15th century (derived from the Latin
globus) - denotes a spherical representation of the earth several hundred
years ago
● the adjective ‘global’ entered circulation in the late 17th century and began to
designate ‘world scale’ in the late 19th centuryC. ‘Globalize’ (verb) – appeared
in the 1940s, together with the term ‘globalism’
● ‘globalization’ as a process – first surfaced in 1959 and entered a dictionary
two years later
● Notions of ‘globality as a condition – began to circulate in the 1980s
(Robertson, 1983)
II. Redundant Concepts of Globalization
a) Globalization as internationalization – Globalization here is viewed 'as
simply another adjective to describe cross-border relations between
countries'.
➢ It describes the growth in international exchange and interdependence.
b) Globalization as liberalization - In this broad set of definitions,
'globalization' refers to 'a process of removing government-imposed
restrictions on movements between countries in order to create an
"open", "borderless" world economy'.
c) Globalization as universalization - In this use, 'global' is used in the sense of
being 'worldwide' and 'globalization' is 'the process of spreading various
objects and experiences to people at all corners of the earth'.
d) Globalization as westernization or modernization (Americanization) - Here
'globalization' is understood as a dynamic, 'whereby the social structures
of modernity (capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.)
are spread the world over, normally destroying pre-existent cultures and
local self-determination in the process.
III. Conclusion
● When defined in a particular geographical fashion, the notions of ‘globality’ and
‘globalization’ can be valuable additions to the conceptual toolkit for
understanding social relations.
● Globalization as supraterritorial has different ideas from internationalization,
liberalization, universalization and westernization.
“Ideologies of Globalization” by Manfred Steger (2005)
I. Globalization as a process, condition, and ideology
a) Globalization as a process: globalization is a set of social processes that
appear to transform our present social condition of weakening nationality
into one globality; human lives played out in the world as a single place;
redefining landscape of sociopolitical processes and social sciences that
study these mechanisms.
b) Globalization as a condition: globalization is a future social condition
characterized by tight economic, political, cultural and environmental
interconnections and global flows, making currently existing political
borders and economic boundaries irrelevant.
c) Globalization as an ideology
➢ Global Imaginary - A concept referring to people’s growing
consciousness of belonging to a global community
➢ Destabilizes and unsettles the conventional parameters within which
people imagine their communal existence
II. Six core claims why globalization is an ideology
1) Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets
2) Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
➢ Quoted Philippine politician Manny Villar who said: “We cannot
simply wish away the process of globalization. It is a reality of a
modern world. The process is irreversible.”
3) Nobody is in charge of globalization: Globalization does not promote the
agenda of any specific class or group
4) Globalization benefits everyone (… in the long run): Globalist believe that
free trade and free market, will bring wealth and prosperity to everyone.
5) Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world
6) Globalization requires a global war of terror: Globalization scholars think
that the subsequent aggressive and militaristic US foreign policy is a
response to protect the gains of globalization which was openly challenged
during the 9-11 attack by Osama Bin Laden’s global network of terror.