WO - BT1001 - E01 - 1 UMTS Radio Theory-新-63p

UMTS Radio Theory
Contents
 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
 3G services
 Multiple Access Technologies
 Spectrum Planning
 Spreading Technology
 Coding And Interleave Technology
 Modulation
 UMTS Radio mechanism
2
Radio Transmission Technology Requirements
 Data：
 144 kbps High speed and driving
 384 kbps Modest speed and walking
 2 Mbps Low speed and indoor
 Voice
 4.75Kb/s -- 12.2Kb/s
 64kb/s (Video Phone)
 Information transmission at variable rate according to bandwidth

requirements；
 Delay requirements of different service
© ZTE All rights reserved 3

3G services
Bit Error
Different QOS requirements
Delay

3G services
Categories Actual Service Delay (One-way) Bearer Speed
Voice <150ms 12.2kbps

Video Call <150ms 64kbps
conversational VoIP <150ms 15.3~39.6kbps
Interaction Game <250ms N/A
Real-time Voice
<2s 4.7~25kbps
Streaming
Streaming
Real-time Video
<2s 64kbps~2Mbps
Streaming
Web Browsing <4s N/A

Interaction WAP Browsing <4s N/A
E-commerce <4s N/A
FTP No strict N/A
Background
E-mail No strict N/A

Contents
 3G services
 Modulation
6
Duplex mode
 TDD mode－uplink and downlink  TDD ( Time division duplex,Such

has the same frequency as TD-SCDMA)
 Adaptable to any frequency band
 Suitable for both asymmetric and
symmetric services DDDDUUUU
 FDD mode－uplink and downlink
has the different frequency
 Paired frequency bands are needed  FDD（Frequency division duplex,
 Suitable for symmetric services Such as WCDMA and CDMA2000）
DDDDDDDD
UUUUUUUU

Multiple Access Technologies
Multiple access technologies enable various users access public
communication line but without interference.
 Why Multiple Access?
 Increased capacity: serve more users

 Reduced capital requirements since
fewer media can carry the traffic
 Decreased per-user expense Transmission
 Types of Transmission Medium:
 Twisted pair Medium
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber optic cable
 Air interface (radio signals)
 Three methods are frequently used: Each pair of users enjoys a
 FDMA dedicated, private circuit
 TDMA
through the transmission
medium, unaware that the
CDMA
other users exist.


FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
 FDMA
 Traffic channels are assigned to different users at different frequency band,
such as TACS, AMPS.
Users are using

different frequency
Time
FDMA
Frequency

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
 TDMA
 Traffic channels are assigned to different users at different time, such as GSM,
DAMPS.
Users are using

different time slot
Time
TDMA
Frequency
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
 CDMA
 Traffic channels are assigned to users at same time, same frequency band,
but with different code.
Users are using different

Time orthogonal code sequence
CDMA
Code
Frequency
CDMA Application
 Users are distinguished by scrambling codes and OVSF codes

 Self-interference system
 CDMA system is restricted to interference (GSM system is
restricted to frequency resources)
BS2
BS1
Freq. 1
Code D
Freq. 1

Contents
 3G services
 Modulation
13
Single Frequency Network
G SM 900/1800: 3G (W C D M A ):

IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

2010 MHz
ITU IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS
1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS
GSM
China 1800
TDD FDD MSS TDD FDD MSS
1980
1920
1880
Japan PHS IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1930
1945
1965
1970
1975
1890
1865
1870
1885
1910
1990 MHz 2165 MHz

PCS
USA A D B EF C A D B EF C MSS Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

3G Spectrum Allocation in China
1755 1785 1850 1880 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200 2300 2400
Satellite Empty Satellite
30 40 15
60 MHz 100 MHz
MHz MHz MHz
FDD TDD 155MHz

3G Spectrum Planning in China
 Main Operating Frequency Band：

 FDD mode：1920-1980 MHz / 2110-2170 MHz
 TDD mode：1880-1920MHz、2010-2025 MHz
 Supplementary Operating Frequency Band：

 FDD mode：1755-1785 MHz / 1850-1880 MHz
 TDD mode：2300-2400MHz
 Frequency Band for Satellite Mobile Communication System：

 1980-2010 MHz / 2170-2200 MHz
 The frequency bands, 825 - 835 MHz / 870 - 880 MHz, 885 - 915 MHz /
930 - 960 MHz and 1710 - 1755 MHz / 1805 - 1850 MHz, which are
currently allocated to public mobile communication system are also
allocated to expanded frequency bands of 3G public communication
system, but frequency using mode remains the same for both uplink
and downlink.
Contents
 3G services
 Modulation
18
Spread Spectrum Principles
SHANON Formula
C = Blog2(1+S/N)
 Where,
 C is capacity of channel, b/s
 B is signal bandwidth, Hz
 S is average power for signal, W
 N is average power for noise, W
 It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum

communications.

Power is “Spread” Over a Larger Bandwidth
12 KHz
5 MHz

Despreading
Spreading radio channel
Noise
Transmitter Receiver
 User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)
 Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal bandwidth
Rb

S（f） S（f）
signal
signal
f0 f f0 f
Before spreading After spreading
S（f） S（f）
White noise signal

signal White noise
f0 f f0 f
After despreading
Before despreading
signal interference White noise

Spreading Mode
 Direct sequence spread spectrum（DS-SS）

 Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise sequence and
base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-
noise generator
 BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
 Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by power
detection accuracy
 WCDMA uses DS-SS
 Frequency hopping spread spectrum（FH-SS）

 Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency hopping
 Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband modulation
 No near-far effect

DS-SS communication system
 A technology of transmission after spreading signal spectrum.
Wideband
Signal
Slow Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered
TX RX
Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence

Many code channels are individually

“spread” and then added together to
create a “composite signal”

 Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite

signal by using the “right” orthogonal code
 Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and
noise
Processing Gain
Broadband
Interference
Unwanted Power from

Other Resoures

Concept of orthogonal code
Code1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 Code1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 Code2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Mul -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 Mul +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
Sum 0 Sum -2
Orthogonal Non-orthogonal
 Orthogonal—
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0

Example of orthogonal code
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
MUL MUL
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
-4 4 -1 1
Integral Judge
0 0

Direct spread technique
S1 S1xC1
W
Spreading
S2XC2
Air Interface
S2
S
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1
N =S1 (S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Despreading
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2 C1xC2=0,
=S2 C1,C2,orthogonal

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading
Symbol
Data=01001 1
0 -1
Chip
Spreading
Spreading code = 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
( SF = 8 )
1
-1
Spread signal
= Data × code
Despreading 1
-1
Spreading code
1
-1
Data =
Spread signal ×
Spreading code

Characteristics of Spreading Communication
 High anti-multi-path- interference capability

 Anti-sudden-pulse
 High security
 Lower transmitting power
 Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access
Communication
 Occupy band wide
 Complex realization

Contents
 3G services
 Modulation
32
Purpose of Channel Coding
 By adding redundant information in the original data stream,

receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and improve
data transmission rates.
Can not satisfy

No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2 the communication
Can satisfy the

Convolutional coding：BER<10-3 speech communication
Can satisfy the

Turbo coding： BER<10-6 data communication

Principle of Channel Coding
 Channel coding
 Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original data
 Convolutional coding and Turbo coding （1/2，1/3） are widely applied.
 Increase noneffective load and transmission time
 Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
WCDMA W? CCDDMMAA
WWCCDDMMAA
TURBO T T UURRBBOO T T ? URRBBOO
Encoding
SPEAK S S PPEEAAKK S S PPEE A? KK
Decoding

Principle of Interleave Technology
 advantage
 Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the unexpected
errors
 Advance the correcting validity
 disadvantage
 Increase the processing delay
 Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for the
unexpected error.
e.g.
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
Data input
x2 x7 … x22 Data output
x3 x8 … x23
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 … x25) A’= (x1 x6 x11 x16… x25)
x4 x9 … x24
x5 x10 … x25

Encoding and Interleaving
WCDMA WWCCDDMMAA WTSWTS

Encoding Interleaving
TURBO T T UURRBBOO CUPCUP
SPEAK S S PPEEAAKK DREDRE
MBAMBA
Encoding + Interleaving can correct AOKAOK
both continuous and non-continuous
errors
WTS???
Decoding W??CDDMMA? Deinterleaving
? ? ?CUP
T ? ?UR??BOO
DR?D?E
S ? ?P?EAAKK
M?AMBA
AOK?OK
Contents
 3G services
 Modulation
37
Principle of Modulation
 Definition
 Modulation is the process where the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an
electronic or optical signal carrier is changed in order to transmit information.
 Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve communication
effectiveness
 Classification
 Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation bit Symbo

Modulatio l
n

Analog Modulation
 The purpose of analog modulation is to impress an information-

bearing analog waveform onto a carrier for transmission.
 Common analog modulation methods include:
 Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Frequency modulation (FM)
 Phase modulation (PM)

Digital Modulation
 The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an information-

bearing discrete-time symbol sequence into a continuous-time
waveform (perhaps impressed on a carrier).
 Basic analog modulation methods include
 Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)
 Frequency shift Keying (FSK)
 Phase shift Keying (PSK)

Contents

 UMTS Data transmission Procedure
 Channel Coding of UMTS
 Spreading Technology of UMTS
 Modulation of UMTS
41
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
Encoding & Baseband Spreading

UE Data modulation Modulation
Interleaving
RF Transmitting
Despreading Demodulation RF Receiving
Baseband Decoding & UE Data

demodulation De-inteleaving

Contents

43
Convolutional Code
 Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel

 Coding rate is ½ and 1/3.
Input
D D D D D D D D
Output 0
G0 = 557 (octal)
Output 1
G1 = 663 (octal)
Output 2
G2 = 711 (octal)
Rate 1/3 convolutional coder

Characteristics of Convolutional code
 Easy decode
 Short delay
 Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm
 Channel bit error rate is 10－3 magnitude
 Suitable to realtime service
 e.g. speech and video service.

Turbo Code
 Used in Data service channel

 Code Rate is 1/3
 Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long delay services
 Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error control code
combinations. The information bits are interleaved in the two Encoder, and
generate two information flow. At last, this information can be multiplexed and
punctured
 Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation
input
Multiplex
Encoder 1 output
Interleaver
Encoder 2
Characteristics of Turbo Codes
 Complex decoding
 Use the LOG-MAP arithmetic
 Channel bit error rate is 10－6 magnitude
 Very suitable to non-realtime package service which is BER
sensitive & delay insensitive, e.g. WWW, FTP, E_mail, multimedia
transmission.

Contents

48
Spreading Process of UMTS
Symbol Chip
Data Spread Data
3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
OVSF Code Scrambling Code
Symbol rate × SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For UMTS，SF of uplink channelization code：4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Channelization Code
 Adopt OVSF code

 Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where
 SF : spread factor， k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1, - 1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1 ,1,- 1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1,- 1, - 1, 1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Scrambling Code
 UMTS Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence

 It has similar noise array character, seemingly random but with regularity.
 Can make the user data further random , strengthened by scrambling a code
to keep secret the user data, at the same time easy to carry out multiple
access communication.
 UMTS scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence

 Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
 Cross-correlation is very week between two codes.
 It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.

Characteristic of Scrambling code
 There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to

distinguish different users in one cell.
 There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish
different cells
 Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes, which are code 0，
1，……，8191. They are divided into 512 aggregations，each aggregation has
1 primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary scrambling codes (SSC).
 The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further into 64 primary
scrambling code groups , with 8 primary scrambling codes in each group.

Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling Codes
18
2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
(0..262142)
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group

……
No. 511 Scrambling Code
Group No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
No. No. 7 Scrambling

510 Scrambling Code Code
8176 8176：PSC
8177
Group
8177：SSC
…Group
… No. 1 Code
Scrambling Code
8160No. 504 112
Scrambling
8160：主扰码 8176：PSC
8191 8191：SSC
8161 8161：辅扰码
Group
Group 113 8177：辅扰码 … No. 0 Scrambling Code
… Group
…
8064 8064：主扰码 16 16：PSC
127 8191：辅扰码
8175：辅扰码
81758065 17 17：SSC 0 0：PSC
8065：辅扰码
… … 1 1：SSC
8079 8079：辅扰码 31 31：SSC …
15 15：SSC

Code Functions
 Channelization code ---- for separation of physical channels in

the uplink and separation of users in the downlink
 Scrambling code ---- for separation of users/terminals in the

uplink and cells/sectors in the downlink.

Spreading code & scrambling code
c ch 1 Air Interface
Modulation
c ch 2 c scrambling
c ch 3
 Cch：spread code
 Relative to service rate，extended to 3.84Mchips/s
 A kind of orthogonal code
 Cscrambling：scrambling code
 Have no effect on signal bandwidth
 Downlink for identifier cell，uplink identifier terminal
A pseudo-random sequence
© ZTE All rights reserved
 55
Spreading code & scrambling code
c ch 1 Air Interface
Modulation
c ch 2 c scrambling
c ch 3
 Cch：spread code
 Relative to service rate，extended to 3.84Mchips/s
 A kind of orthogonal code
 Cscrambling：scrambling code
 Have no effect on signal bandwidth
 Downlink for identifier cell，uplink identifier terminal
 A pseudo-random sequence
Processing Gain
P
Processing Wc
Gain Processing Gain 
Rb
Despreading
f
W Rb
 PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

 Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after spread/despread
 The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg , the better
The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.

Relation between Eb/N0 and PG
Signal Power S E/t Noise Power N

Eb = = = N0 = =
Bit Rate R B/t Bandwidth W
Signal to Noise
S
R
Eb S W S W
= = X = X
N0 R N N R
N
W
Processing Gain
The more the expansion multiples, the higher the

processing gain, the stronger the anti-jamming
capability
Despreading procedure
 Method of despreading
Input signal
Output after despreading
Ts
(*)dt
0
When T=Ts, judge

integral
Local PN code

Contents

60
Modulation Methods in UMTS
 BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles

 QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA

Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum Modulation
Process-Downlink
Sdl,n
Serial I+jQ
Parallel Cch,SF,m
Downlink physical Switch
channel 1 G1
j
Sdl,n ∑ P-SCH
∑
Serial I+jQ
Parallel
Cch,SF,m Gp
S-SCH
Downlink physical Switch
……
channel 2 G2
j Gp
……
cos(wt)
Separation Re(T) Pulse
of real Forming
Parts
And
Pulse
Imaginary Im(T)
parts Forming
-sin(wt)
Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum Modulation
Process-Uplink
Cd,1 βd
DPDCH1
Cd,3 βd I
DPDCH3 ∑
Cd,5 βd
cc Sdpch,n
DPDCH5 I+jQ
Cd,2 βd ∑
DPDCH2 Q
Cd,4 βd
DPDCH4 Q
Cd,6 βd ∑
DPDCH6 j
Cc βc
cc
DPCCH
cos(wt)
Separation Pulse
Re(S)
of real Forming
Parts
And
Im(S) Pulse
Imaginary
parts Forming
-sin(wt)

Thank you

WO - BT1001 - E01 - 1 UMTS Radio Theory-新-63p

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

WO - BT1001 - E01 - 1 UMTS Radio Theory-新-63p

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

UMTS Radio Theory

 Multiple Access Technologies

 Coding And Interleave Technology

 UMTS Radio mechanism

 Information transmission at variable rate according to bandwidth

© ZTE All rights reserved 3

© ZTE All rights reserved 4

Categories Actual Service Delay (One-way) Bearer Speed

Voice <150ms 12.2kbps

Interaction Game <250ms N/A

Web Browsing <4s N/A

© ZTE All rights reserved 5

 Multiple Access Technologies

 Coding And Interleave Technology

 UMTS Radio mechanism

 TDD mode－uplink and downlink  TDD ( Time division duplex,Such

© ZTE All rights reserved 7

 Increased capacity: serve more users

© ZTE All rights reserved 8

Users are using

© ZTE All rights reserved 9

Users are using

Users are using different

 Users are distinguished by scrambling codes and OVSF codes

© ZTE All rights reserved 12

 Multiple Access Technologies

 Coding And Interleave Technology

 UMTS Radio mechanism

© ZTE All rights reserved 14

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

ITU IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS

Japan PHS IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1990 MHz 2165 MHz

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

© ZTE All rights reserved 15

Satellite Empty Satellite

FDD TDD 155MHz

© ZTE All rights reserved 16

 Main Operating Frequency Band：

 Supplementary Operating Frequency Band：

 Frequency Band for Satellite Mobile Communication System：

 Multiple Access Technologies

 Coding And Interleave Technology

 UMTS Radio mechanism

 It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum

© ZTE All rights reserved 19

Power is “Spread” Over a Larger Bandwidth

© ZTE All rights reserved 20

 User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

© ZTE All rights reserved 21

White noise signal

signal interference White noise

© ZTE All rights reserved 22

 Direct sequence spread spectrum（DS-SS）

 Frequency hopping spread spectrum（FH-SS）

© ZTE All rights reserved 23

 A technology of transmission after spreading signal spectrum.

© ZTE All rights reserved 24

Many code channels are individually

© ZTE All rights reserved 25

 Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite