Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By
Rosa Elisa Munda
Cristal Jacinta Pimentel
Melissa Ballesteros
Sheresh Bernales
Donna Gido
Kiara Lao
Margaux Mayordomo
Xyrus Pabo
Crislyn Sampaga
Datu Bimbo Sinsuat
SEPTEMBER 2019
Effects of Plastic…2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
As the effect of pollution worsens, every institution has then started to find ways
in helping and contributing to the betterment of the health of our planet. Thus, they have
started to implement strict bans on single-use plastic inside their schools and facilities.
With this, they aim to have zero plastic waste encouraging that their students and staffs
to use reusable tupperware, utensils, water bottles, and bags to promote sustainability.
However, single-use plastics are also found to be beneficial. As Chemical Safety Facts
(n.d.) reports that containers composed of plastics can prevent spreading infections and
fight against food waste, keeping the food or water to stay longer and fresher which is
potential solution to reduce food contamination. Due to its convenience, single use
plastics makes the life of people easier because thrown easily and is important for
(2018) says that using of single-use plastics also brings a lot of negative effects, the
enumerable detrimental plastic waste is slowly killing our planet as plastic pollution is
Effects of Plastic…4
adversely affecting wild life, habitat and specially humans. Plastic packaging is
introduced as a reliance to the general idea of being human since it is most known to be
with mundane situations, individuals often times use plastic materials in order to attend
to certain aggravations, even in its nitty-gritty context. Immensely, plastic waste issues
prohibit the use of single-use plastics by 2021 to help in reducing the plastic pollution
that is evident nowadays. In the same article Parker (2019) also cited that, India’s Prime
Minister, Nalendra Modi, has already declared the elimination of the single-use plastics
by 2022 and China however has already stopped the importation of recycling plastic
products which resulted to the global recycling market to face crisis. In a study
conducted by Steiner & Helgesen (2016), which focused on the plastic debris in the
ocean, it was proven even the tiniest pieces of plastic, identified as micro-plastics
include microbeads which are used in cosmetic and personal healthcare products has
caused the death of aquatic animals that has consumed them. Plastic bags that did not
dissolve are often mistaken by turtles as jellyfish, causing them to get sick from
consuming plastic. Numerous photographs of dolphins and whales dead on shore exist
where their stomachs ate filled with plastic. Floating debris of plastic also causes
While in Manila, Senator Francis Pangilinan has already filed a Senate Bill 40 or
the “Single-use Plastic Regulation and Management Act of 2019” which aims for the full
Effects of Plastic…5
2019). This can be related to the fact that the waste management of some Filipinos is
poor thus leading to over 163 million plastic sachets and 93 million bags are thrown on
The study aims to fill in the empty space of knowledge in terms of determining
the effects of banning single-use plastic products within the premises of a private
institution and how it affected the students' waste management practices. An alarming
number of occurrences took place in different regions, commonly stating that the
environment is at stake as drastic changes are also happening in the different parts of
the world, with the first Icelandic glacier to melt (Kaur, 2019) and the Amazon rainforest
burning (Brown, 2019), one must do everything that they can in order to preserve the
Related Literature
Plastic Ban
health and economic expenses of plastic bags are generally known and unchallenged:
among others, they block drainages and cause flooding, gag marine and land creatures,
are a curse especially in the travel industry and seaside territories, waterways and open
spaces, and occupy valuable space in waste disposal facilities where they will endure
for years. In addition, the production and distribution of plastic bags contribute
measures around the world have been taken since 2002—the year when the main
control their usage. In the Philippines, urban areas and districts, organizations and the
dependence on plastic sacks and are now more accepting of efforts to regulate their
usage. The accommodation of these plastic bags come at a staggering expense to the
earth and negatively affects human health. Due to the negative effects caused by plastic
products, the Philippines has now acknowledged its effects and is exerting more effort
into regulating the use of these products. Although only three provinces has mandated
its ordinance regarding the usage of plastic bags, the whole country has now and slowly
is adapting to the alternatives of plastics like cartons and paper bags for packaging as
consumers are now bringing their own eco-bags to further contribute to the preserving
Across the US, cities and states have been enacting by restricting their use on
single-use plastics which includes plastic bags and plastic cutlery. 200 bills related to
these have been introduced in state legislatures. Plastic-straw bans hit cities in 2018
that included big companies like Starbucks. This shows how the bans vary and are not
the same everywhere. The most basic plastic ban is the regulation of plastic bags from
grocery stores and other retailers. Plastic bans have been applied more often recently
due to the increased attention on litter found all over the environment that caused a big
amount of animals to die from as the plastic bags are not biodegradable (Calfas, 2019).
Effects of Plastic…7
As plastic became more convenient for everyone, the volume of plastic has also
inflated thus forcing institutions to find solutions to organize the amount of plastic that is
accumulated in the landfills. In this article, the methods and options of managing and
recycling is divided into two categories, where 20% of the volume of plastic is remolded
and 80% is recycled through pyrolysis and hydrolysis. Recycling technologies can be
categorized into three types namely primary the physical method, secondary – which is
another physical method which turns plastic into something new, and tertiary recycling
which is the chemical method of recycling (Agile Process Chemicals LLP, n.d.).
products has led to the destruction of our environment due to its volume which is being
disposed of carelessly. Due to these complications, certain efforts and measures have
been made which can be also called as waste management. In India, a portion of waste
that is generated each day is currently disposed through open site dumping though a
large fraction of their waste cannot be catered through this method alone. The extra
volume is then thrown on land which results to great floods, death of millions of animals
Since plastic has been introduced in the 1970’s, the demand has led to
billion plastic that is used every year, the problems also rose and still continues to
create permanent damages to our planet. The results of this research shows that due to
the excessive shopping of the Yemeni, at least 3 sacks of non-biodegradable plastic are
Effects of Plastic…8
thrown by individuals, carelessly where large a large fraction of this contributes to the
Moreover, Quartey, Tosefa, Danquah, and Obrsalova (2015) believes that the
issues with waste management are a solid indication of the effects of utilization
examples, and it has been recommended that seeking for an answer for the waste issue
could give a vital aspect for breaking the impasse, as it powers society to consider it is
progression of materials. The decision of waste administration method relies upon a few
elements including the waste stream, gear limit and finance. Supportable strong waste
management is an urgent issue for developing countries as well as for the developed
countries.
An article by Chow et al. (2017) mentioned the fast increment of the population
and the continual demand of economic growth remained to be two factors of affecting
Furthermore, the low recycling rate of plastic waste caused majority of it being thrown
into the ocean. Then, Chow et. al (2017) put to account the significance of promoting
towards it is the article noted the 4 R's of Plastic Waste Management namely: (1)
Reduce, (2) Reuse, (3) Recycle, (4) Regenerate.The City of Belmond promotes
environmental stability and by highlighting the importance of the 4 R's in Plastic Waste
Management which are reduce - or to minimize the usage of plastic and avoiding plastic
products, reuse - to give purpose to reusable products that people would normally throw
away, recycle - means that products undergo such change, enabling it to be used again,
Effects of Plastic…9
and regenerate – which is converting of waste into resources through thermal and
biological processes.
Trilling (2016) reports indicated that back in 2008, an estimate of 500 billion to
1 trillion plastic bags are disposed by the global population per year. While the National
Maritime and Air Organization (n.d.) lists single-utilize plastic packs as a noteworthy
patron, alongside sustenance wrappers and angling nets, to the great pacific trash
patch — tremendous, moving rushes of trash that frequently arrive by means of tempest
channels and waterways and can snare marine life or be ingested. Also as a report by
Eriksen et al. (2014) indicates that roughly an excess of 5 trillion pieces of plastic which
While in Ilyas et al. (2018) in November 2016 cites that, California is the first
State Lawmaking bodies, which keeps an active list of American laws. Thicker, reusable
sacks are as yet accessible for buy for 10 pennies. Prior to California, urban
communities frequently organized the bans: In 2016, for example, Cambridge became
the primary Massachusetts city to boycott plastic packs inside and out and expect
vendors to offer paper sacks for an expense of no under 10 pennies. On the other hand,
Missouri's lawmaking body in 2015 forbid cities and regions in the state from instituting
The results of the study entitled Usage of plastic carry bags and impact on
that all the study’s 50 respondents are well aware that plastic bags are not beneficial for
Effects of Plastic…10
both our health and our environment yet they still use plastic products. Despite the
different and diverse demographics that makes up the respondents, all of them said that
plastic bags are convenient and affordable. However 38% of them said that they store
and reuse their plastic while the rest of the fraction said that they throw away their
This article surveys, orders, and assesses the targets, means, and aftereffects of the
those zones where MFA systems are best in supporting waste administration choices.
The focal point of this audit is on the differentiation between MFA on the degree of
possibilities, qualities, and shortcomings are researched for the two degrees of MFA
materialness, and information accessibility. The outcomes demonstrate that MFA on the
degree of products are instrumental for seeing how waste administration frameworks
organizations. The substance level is basic to evaluate subjective angles with respect to
assets and condition. Information about the change, transport, and capacity of
significant and dangerous substances frames the base for recognizing both asset
possibilities and dangers for human wellbeing and the earth. The aftereffects of this
survey empower the utilization of MFA on the two degrees of merchandise and
substances for basic leadership in waste administration. Due to the mass parity
guideline, this mix has demonstrated to be an amazing asset for thoroughly surveying if
Effects of Plastic…11
a picked framework spans assigned waste administration objectives (Allesch & Brunner,
2015).
Furthermore, plastic packaging has been an important product worldwide for its
lightweight, short life and re-usability. Despite the plastic being re-usable, they inevitably
turn to waste.A very large quantity of plastic waste ends up in the environment that
cause ecological and economic damage. Europe alone produces 60 million tonnes of
plastic in the past 50 years in 2016. 25.8 million tonnes of plastic produced in Europe,
31% end up in landfills, 30% are collected for recycling and 39% is incinerated. Under
that context, they aim to change the way plastic products are produced, used, designed
and recycled in the EU. A common method used to recycle plastic waste is mechanical
recycling where they collect, sort, wash and grind the material. Another method is
chemical recycling which is where plastic’s polymers are transformed into smaller
oligomers or monomers which then can be turned into fuels, chemicals or virgin plastics
Alongside the increasingly prevalent issue of plastic bag ban at some parts in
Australia, an article by Brook (2018) showed red flags in implementing such policy. The
sensitive awareness of supermarket officials towards the plastic bag ban is getting out
would rifle through consumers' bags and search for plastic bags, thus giving birth to a
The efforts to reduce plastic use, or even single-use plastics have been going on
for years but the quantity of waste produced has not yet been gradually reduced.
Approximately P5.8 million a day or P2.1 Billion to P2.6 Billion is also estimated by the
reform the same law in the Philippines. Banning microplastics and single-use plastics
will assists to decrease and may lead us to veer away from a throwaway culture
because the waste we produce is finding its way to our oceans unless it is correctly
minimized and managed to avoid the possible consequences which it can affect the
Theoretical Framework
narrow down the analyses of waste, the operation upon waste and comprehensive
visions of waste management goals. TWM proposes that waste management is used to
prevent the excessive amount of waste to cause harm to the environment and the
people living in it. It intends to rationalize the specified definition of key concepts in
suggests that the way we perceive of certain ideologies prescribes action upon it, thus
implicates that sustainable waste management relies heavily on the way people define
waste. In the etymological fashion, the term waste derives from the Latin “uastus”,
Effects of Plastic…13
Class 1: Non-wanted things, created not intended, or not avoided, with no purpose.
Class 2: Things with a finite purpose, destined to become useless after fulfilling it.
Class 3: Things with not acceptable performance due to a flaw in Structure or State.
Class 4: Things with acceptable performance, but their users fail to use them for their
intended purpose.
Moreover, TWM suggests that in order to attain the correct control of waste, it
needs thorough planning of limitations. Limitations include restricting certain wastes and
proper waste disposal. It also suggests that correct control of waste can be achieved
through manipulation of waste activities such as the limitation and prevention of the
usage of materials that are harmful to the environment and prescribing alternatives such
as eco-friendly and re-usable containers. The theory and its concepts will assist the
Conceptual Framework
Plastic Waste
Plastic Ban Policy
Management Practices
The figure above represents the conceptual synthesis of the effects of plastic ban policy
comprises of the plastic ban policy that will result to the dependent variable that focuses
The study intends to establish the effect of plastic ban implementation on student’s
waste disposal of plastic. This study aims to answer the following questions:
3. Is there a significant effect of banning the plastic to the student’s plastic waste
disposal?
Hypothesis
H1. There is a significant effect of plastic ban to the student’s plastic waste disposal.
Effects of Plastic…15
This study hopes to find out the effects of implementing a plastic ban towards the
Senior High School Students. This study is significant to the Senior High School
students, primarily those who have implements plastic ban in their schools, who will
provide their personal thoughts on the protocol. The group will benefit from the study for
they will be more aware of the thoughts of those who practice such waste management
in their school.
Teachers and Parents. The study is significant to the teachers and parents who
can become more aware of the thoughts and knowledge of students on the protocol. In
addition, they will be able to disseminate the information about the waste management
considering that this study would allow them to discover new information about the
practice in school. In addition, this would also aid future researchers to come up with
CHAPTER II
METHOD
This chapter will present the methods that the researchers will use in conducting the
study in order to gather the data that are needed in order to complete the study. Descriptions
about the design, setting, respondents, measure, procedures, limitation of the study, data
analysis, and ethical considerations can also be found in this section of the paper.
Design
In this study, the researchers will use the causal research design in determining the
effects of plastic ban. Whereas causal research is being used by focusing on two variables and
determining how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Thus, this method will
be used to point out the relationship between the implementation of the plastic ban policy and
Setting
This study will be conducted in one of the private medical institution in Davao city which
strictly implements the No Single-Use Plastic Ban. Whereas the determined participants are
Participants
The research participants of this study will be Grade 12 Senior High School students,
who experienced plastic ban in school. The researchers will use random sampling in choosing
the respondents for this study. The researchers will select 278 students among the 908 Grade
12 students of school year 2019-2020. The sample size of 278 is determined using Slovin’s
Measures
targeted intentions of the study. Whereas 5 questions have been created each under two
factors which is the adaptation of plastic ban and plastic waste disposal and which is to be
answered by the responders using the Likert scale in order to answer the statement of the
problem. Alongside the survey questionnaire, a theory, various literatures, and studies will
emerge to back up the results. These will assist the researchers in organizing data to attain a
Procedure
The following are the procedures to be followed by researchers to gather the data
First, there will be a request for approval from the Program Head of Senior High School
Department. Researchers will send a letter asking for approval to conduct a research study.
Effects of Plastic…18
Second, the researchers will construct questionnaires that will be use during the study.
These questionnaires will be obtained from the objectives of the research. Collected information
is required for researchers to come up with a solution to the problem of the study.
Third, the paper will be presented to a panel of members for checking accustomed to
their expertise. After which, necessary revisions and/or additions will be made based on their
suggestions and comments before the paper will be submitted to the Ethics committee for their
own review.
Next, there will be a validation of measures used in the research. The survey
questionnaire which is custom made to answer the statement of the problem will be checked by
the chosen validators. Final revisions will be made according to their suggestions and
comments.
Fourth, the paper will be submitted to the Ethics committee for the Ethics review where a
letter is expected to be received by the researchers containing all comments, suggestions, and
revisions that the review committee suggests to be changed before the study will be conducted.
Fifth, will be the conducting of the study. This will be done through survey method where
researchers will select 278 respondents from 908 Grade 12 students of the school year 2019-
2020. The researchers will send a letter and an information sheet to the determined
respondents before they take part in conducting the study. The researchers will also provide
tokens to the respondents as a sign of gratitude for their time and effort.
After all 278 respondents have successfully answered the questionnaires that were
given, the researchers will retrieve all of the questionnaires in order to get the results for the
Lastly, the disposal of data will take place after 6 months of conducting the study. All
research tools and data containing any information regarding any of the respondent’s identity
Limitations
The study focuses on the effects of the implementation of plastic ban on student's plastic
waste management in one of the institutions located in Davao City. This study is limited to the
Senior High School students of the institution who were the last batch to use single use plastics
inside the institution. Determined respondents are the Grade 12 students of school year 2019-
Data Analysis
This study will use the simple linear regression to analyze the data which will be
gathered later on in conducting the study. Through this method, this will shed light and show the
relationships between the two variables which are the main focus of the study. With plastic ban
policy being the independent variable and plastic waste disposal as the dependent variable, the
simple linear regression will show the analyzed data and interpret it into a more detailed way in
Ethical Consideration
The following must be considered before, during and after conducting the study.
For the respondents. The respondents will be informed by the researchers of the
purpose of their study. The identity and survey questionnaires that will be answered by the
respondents are to be kept confidential. In accordance, the respondents are given the freedom
choose if whether they will refuse or go through with the survey. The option whether they are
Effects of Plastic…20
going to write their name or not is also given however their option will not affect the results of
As the survey will be conducted in a particular private medical institution, the results of
the study will not be applicable to other institutions who have the same plastic ban
Lastly, during the distribution of questionnaires, the respondents will be briefly informed
about the purpose and importance of conducting the research as well as their right to refuse to
answer the surveys if they wish to withdraw. On the other hand, if the respondents wish to go
through the survey, the questionnaires and other research tools used will be kept in a padlocked
locker and only will be taken out during reviews and for data analysis.
Effects of Plastic…21
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methods & options. Retrieved from http://www.plasticwastedisposal.com/plastic-
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Effects of Plastic…24
APPENDICES
I. APPENDIX A – LETTERS
APPENDIX A
Respectfully:
Rosa Elisa Munda Cristal Jacinta Pimentel Ballesteros, Melissa Datu Sinsuat
Grade 12-H1 Grade 12-H1 Grade 12-H1 Grade 12-H1
Noted By:
Verona A. Vigor
Research Adviser
Approved By:
Rosario M. Oconer, MATC
Head, SPC SHS Program Head
Effects of Plastic…26
Madame:
Greetings of peace.
We are the Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) students of San Pedro
College who will be conducting a study which will be focused on the Effects of the Plastic Ban
on Students’ Waste Disposal. In line with the fulfillment of our requirements for our subject
which is Practical Research 200, we the researchers humbly ask for the enrolled population of
the Grade 12 (S.Y. 2019-2020) of all strands that you cater in your institution. This will serve as
the population for the determined respondents of our study whose answers will be gathered and
analyzed after due process.
Sincerely Yours:
Datu Sinsuat
Grade 12-H1
Noted:
Verona A. Vigor
Research Moderator
Effects of Plastic…27
APPENDIX B – QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIRE
Respondent’s Details:
Name (optional): ____________
Grade and Section: __________
Instruction: Check the box of your answer. Please be guided with the following:
4-Often 2- Seldom
3-Sometimes 1- Never
A. Adaptation of Plastic Ban 4 3 2 1 Choice of
packaging for
newly bought
1. I carry eco-bags for storage. items:
Eco-bags
2. I always carry stainless steel utensils Plastics
with me. Paperbags
3. I use metal straws instead of
disposable plastic straws.