Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
at
Fluids posses elastic properties under a compressive force but cannot resist
shearing stress that results to the ability to flow.
Types of Fluid
Ideal Gas
Real Fluid
Page | 1
Physical Properties of Fluids
1.) Weight, w:The earth’s gravitational pull upon a body, (newton)
2.) Mass, M:The quantitative measure of the amount of matter in a given
𝑤 𝑚 𝑘𝑔.𝑚
body, (kilogram) or 𝑀 = , 𝑤 = 𝑀𝑔, where: 𝑔 = 9.81 2 ; 1𝑁 = 1
𝑔 𝑠 𝑠2
3.) Specific Weight ȣ:The weight of a fluid contained in a unit volume
𝑤 𝑛
ȣ= ,
𝑣 𝑚3
4.) Mass Density, 𝜌:The weight of a fluid contained in a unit volume
𝑀 𝑤 𝛾 𝑘𝑔 𝑃
𝜌= = = ; for ideal gas: 𝜌 =
𝑣 𝑣𝑔 𝑔 𝑚3 𝑅𝑇
𝑀 𝑤
Units: English:𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3 ȣ= 𝜌. 𝑔 = .𝑔 =
𝑣 𝑣
Metric:𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3
Fluid 𝑘𝑔
𝜌( 3 )
𝑚
Air(STP) 1.29
Air(210F) 1.20
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1,260
Mercury 13,600
Water 1,000
5.) Specific Volume, V:The volume per unit of mass of fluid or the reciprocal
𝑣 1 1 𝑚3
of density. 𝑉 = = or 𝜌 = ,
𝑚 𝜌 𝑣 𝑘𝑔
6.) Specific Gravity, S:The dimensionless ratio of the specific weight ȣ or
density 𝜌 of a fluid to the specific weight of water or density of water.
Page | 2
𝛾𝑓 𝜌𝑓
𝑠= or 𝑠 =
𝛾𝑤 𝜌𝑤
𝑘𝑔
At 40℃ water: 𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑆𝑢 = 1.0
𝑚3
𝑁
ȣ=12.70
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1.29
𝑚3
Metric: 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚3
𝑁 𝑘𝑁
SI : 𝑜𝑟
𝑚3 𝑚3
Properties of Water:
Page | 3
Where: ∆𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
∆𝑉 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
3.) Viscosity is defined as that property of a fluid which determine the
amount of its resistance to a shearing stress
Area = A
V
F
Moving Plate
Y
Fixed Plate
𝑑𝑣
𝜏 = 𝜇. . 𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑦
Where: 𝜇=Coefficient of viscosity(also known as dynamic of absolute
(viscosity, Pa.s)
4.) Kinematic Viscosity: is the ratio of viscosity to density.
𝜇 2
𝑣 = ; 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
𝑃
5.) Cohesion is the ability of a fluid to resists tensile stress, while adhesion
is the property which enable it is to adhere or stick to another body.
6.) Surface tension is the effect of cohesion between particles of the liquid
at its surface.
Page | 4
7.) Capillarity is the property of liquid that is due to intermolecular
cohesion and adhesion. If adhesion has a greater effect than cohesion,
the liquid will rise at the point where it comes in contact with another
body. If cohesion will be prevalent, the liquid will be depressed.
a.) Adhesion Predominates
b.) Cohesion has a greater effect than adhesion
For complete wetting as in water on clean glass, the angle 𝜃 is 0°. Hence,
4𝜃
formula is : ℎ =
𝛾𝑑
For clean glass tube, the angle of contact for water 𝜃=0°.For mercury
𝜃=140°.
Page | 5
𝑃𝑉 𝑃 𝜌𝑔
Properties of Air: = 𝑅 or = ; Specific Weight: ȣ=𝜌. 𝑔=
𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
If a certain gasoline weights 7,000 𝑁/𝑚3 , what are the values of its density,
specific volume and specific gravity relative to 𝐻2 𝑂 at 15°
Given: Required:
t=15°
Solution:
7000𝑁⁄ 3 7000𝑁⁄ 3
𝛾𝑔
𝑚 𝑚
𝜌= 𝑆𝑔= = =0.71
9.81𝑚⁄ 2 𝛾𝑤 9.790𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑠 𝑚
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌 = 713.56
𝑚3
If 5.30𝑚3 of a certain oil weighs 43,860 N, calculate the specific weight,
density and specific gravity of oil.
v=5.30𝑚3 𝜌=?
𝑆𝑜 =?
Page | 6
A cubic meter of air at 101.325 kPa and 15℃ weighs 12N. What is the
specific volume? R=287 𝑁. 𝑚⁄𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑁.𝑚
Given: R=287 in absolute: T=15℃
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
W=12N T=℃+273 °𝐾
T=15℃ T=15°+273°𝐾=288
P=101.325 kPa
𝑃 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔⁄ 1 1
𝜌= = =1.23 v= = =0.816𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇 (287)(288) 𝑚3 𝜌 1.23
Page | 7
The unit pressure is the intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid is
the amount of pressure per unit area.
If the unit area is the same at very point of on any area, a or which
𝑃
the total pressure is P. 𝑝=
𝐴
𝑑𝑃
If the unit pressure is different at different points. 𝑝=
𝑑𝐴
Where: 𝑝=Unit Pressure, Pa
P=Total Pressure, N
A=Area, 𝑚2
2.) Direction of Resultant Pressure
The resultant pressure on any plane in the fluid at rest in normal to
the plane.
P2
P
P1
y
Pz
Px = Py = Pz
Px
x
Py
4.) Atmospheric or Barometric Pressure
The pressure exerted by the atm. on every surface with which it
comes in contact. Patm
Page | 8
5.) Gage Pressure, pg: pressure measured by means of gages above or
𝑝𝑔
below the atm. level at sea level pg=0 𝑝𝑔=ȣh; Pressure Head; h=
𝛾
6.) Absolute Pressure; Pabs
The pressure, measured above absolute zero at sea level, under
normal condition, absolute pressure is 101,325 kPa.
Pabs=Patm ± Pgage
7.) Vacuum: any space having a pressure less than the Patm.
8.) Variation of Pressure
P2=P1+Pg(1-2)=P1+ȣw.h=0+ȣw.h
Transmission of Pressure
G1G2=wt. of plungers
Page | 9
A1A2=Area of plungers
W=wt. of bigger plunger
Note:
1.) If the lower force of the plungers are at the same level; h=0 and G1 and
G2 are both neglible: then
𝑤 𝐹
=
𝐴2 𝐴1
If the pressure 3m below the free surface of a fluid is 140 kPa, calculate the
specific wt. and sp.Gr.
Given:
LS 1
Liquid h
2 140kPa
Page | 10
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝐿 46.67 ⁄𝑚3
P2=P1 + Pg(1-2)=0+ȣL.h(1-2) S L= = =4.76
𝛾𝑤 9.81𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
P2=140 =ȣL(3m)
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
ȣL=46.67
𝑚3
If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 1400 kPa, what is the pressure
30m below this point? So=1.03
Given:
𝛾
Specific Gravity; So= 𝑜 ; ȣo=So(ȣw)=1.03(9.81)=10.10𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝛾𝑤 𝑚
𝑁
P2=1400+Soȣw.h=1400kPa+(1.03)(9.81 )(30m)=1706.072 kPa
𝑚3
The pressure of air inside a tank is 90kPa, abs. Below air is oil (S=0.80) with
ho=2.0m. Determine the gage pressure at the bottom of oil, assume std.
atm.
Pabs=Patm±Pgage =-11.325+15.70
Pgage=-11.325 kPa
Page | 11
What force F is required to balance the weight of the cylinder if the balance
of the plunger is negligible.
P2=P1+ȣoho
𝑊 𝐹
= +So.ȣw.ho
𝐴 𝐴
44𝑘𝑁 𝐹
= +(0.80)(9.81)(5.0)
0.5 0.005
F=0.24kN
Page | 12
a.) Piezometer b.)U-Tube Manometer
Page | 13
In terms of pressure head
ho=0
13.6
h1=0.9m Hg x =12.24m H2O
1.0
0.72
h2=-0.8m kerosene x =-0.576m H2O
1.0
hm=Ʃh=0+12.24-0.576=11.664m H2O
then: Pm=ȣw.hw=9.81(11.664)
Pm=114.42 kPa
PHg=ȣw.hHg=SHg.ȣw.hHg
PHg=13.6(9.81)(0.9)=120.07 kPa
Pk =0.7(9.81)(-0.8)=-5.65 kPa
Pm=ƩP=120.07-5.65=114.42 kPa
Page | 14
Pressure of Oil
Po=ȣo.ho=So.ȣw.ho
=(0.80)(9.81)(-0.80)
Pressure of water
Pw=ȣw.hw=9.81(3)=29.43 kPa
Pgage=ƩP
Pgage=29.43+(-1.57)=27.86 kPa
Page | 15
𝑃𝑀 0.45(13.6) 𝑃𝑁
+𝑦+ − 0.45 − 𝑦 − 1.2 =
𝛾𝑀 0.3 𝛾𝑁
𝛾𝑀 = 𝛾𝑁 = 0.3𝛾𝑤
69.08 𝑃𝑁 0.45(13.6)
− = 1.2 + 0.45 − = −18.75𝑚
𝛾𝑀 𝛾𝑁 0.3
69.08−𝑃𝑁
= −18.75𝑚
0.3(𝛾𝑤 )
𝑃𝑁 = 124.26 𝑘𝑁
Page | 16
Hydrostatic Pressure on Plane Surfaces: is the pdt. of the unit
pressure acting at the center of gravity of the cross-sectional area.
P=ȣw.h
ℎ
P=ȣw.sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 =
𝑦
dP=𝑝. 𝑑𝐴
dP=ȣw.ysin 𝜃 . 𝑑𝐴
dP=ȣw.sin 𝜃 . ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴=Aȳ
Page | 17
Then: P=ȣw.sin 𝜃 Aȳ≈ ȣw.ȳsin 𝜃.A
P=Total Pressure; N
ƩMws=0
P.Yp=∫ 𝑑𝑃. 𝑦
∫ 𝑦.𝑑𝑃 ∫ 𝑦.𝛾𝑤 .𝑦 sin 𝜃𝑑𝐴 ∫ 𝑦 2 .𝑑𝐴
Yp= = =
𝑃 𝛾𝑤 ȳ sin 𝜃𝐴 𝐴ȳ
∫ 𝑦 2 . 𝑑𝐴=Iws
𝐼𝑤𝑠 𝐼𝑏
Then: yp= = ; Ib=M.I. w/respect to the base, Ss=Statical Moment
𝑆𝑠 𝐴ȳ
Page | 18
Total Pressure
P=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81(3)(3x6)=529.74 kN
Eccentricity
1 ħ𝑐𝑔 𝑏ℎ3 𝑏ℎ3 ℎ2
ħ= (6)+2=5m e= = 12 = 12 =
2 𝑆𝑠 12ȳ
𝐴ȳ 𝑏ℎ.ȳ
62
P=ȣw.ħ.A e= =0.60m
12(5)
Page | 19
P=882.9 kN ∴ P is 5.60m fr. surface
The gate shown is hinged at B add rest on a smooth surface at A. If the gate
is 1.6m perpendicular to the paper, find Bh and Bv.
3
𝜃=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )=56.31°
2
ℎ2 (3.61)2
e= = =0.32 L=√32 + 22 =3.61
12ȳ 12( 2.8 )
sin(56.31)
Pw=ħ.ȣw.A=(2.8)(9.81)(1.6x3.61)=158.66 kN
Bh=Ph=Pcos𝛼=158.66 cos(33.69)=132.01 kN
Bv(2)-3Bh+1.48P=0
Bv=80.61 kN
Page | 20
2.48 2.86
ħ= =1.24m ; ȳ= =1.43m P=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81(1.24)(2x2.86)=69.58 kN
2 2
0.6𝑥0.8 𝑦2 2.862
dw=2+ =2.48m e= = =0.48m
𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 12ȳ 12(1.43)
𝑑
sin60°=
𝑦
2.48
y= =2.86m
𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
F.B.D.
ƩMA=0
2.77FH=P(0.95) ; FH=23.86 kN
Page | 21
Hydrostatic Pressure on Curve Surfaces
𝑀′ 𝑁 ′
PH=ȣw( + 𝑦) (𝑀′𝑁′𝐿′)
2
PH is at hp fr. ws.
Vertical Components of P
PV=W=ȣw.VMNOP
PV is located at cg of curve
Page | 22
a.)
Hor. Components of P
PH=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81(1.5)(3x4)
2
PH=176.58 kN; location hp= (3)=2m
3
∴ PH is at 2m fr. ws.
Ver. Components of P
4𝑟 4(3)
PV=ȣw.Vc → A.L x= = =1.27m
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋𝑟 2
PV=ȣw( )𝐿 ∴ PV is at 1.27m fr. pt. A
4
𝜋(3)2
PV=9.81[ ] (4)
4
PV=277.32 kN
Page | 23
b.)
3
PH=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81( + 2)(3𝑥4)
2
PH=412.02 kN
𝑏2 32
e= = =0.21m
12ȳ 12(3.5)
hp=ħ+e=3.5+0.21=3.71
PV=ȣw.Vw=ȣw.Wr+Wc
PV=ȣw.Vr + ȣw.Vc
𝜋.32 .4
PV=9.81[(3𝑥2𝑥4) + ( )]
4
PV=512.81 kN
ƩMA=0
PVxp=ƩW.x
xp=1.38m from A
Page | 24
Y=2sin60=1.73m
1.73
PH=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81( ) (1.73𝑥3)
2
PH=44.04 kN
2
hp= (1.73)=1.15m
3
PV=ȣw.Vw=9.81(0.5)(3)
PV=14.72 kN
Page | 25
HOOP TENSION FOR CIRCULAR PIPES AND TANKS
εFH=0
2T=P
2 δT At= P•A
2 δT (t x 1)= P (d x 1)
𝑝𝑑
δT= tensile stress of the wall
2𝑡
𝑝𝑑
t= = thickness of wall
2δ𝑡
2T = P
2 (δH • AH) = PA
2δH AH = P (d • s)
Spacing of hoops
2δH AH
S=
𝑃𝑑
Page | 26
Determine the wall stress in a 1200mm steel pipe 6mm thick under a head
of 120m of oil(S=0.82)
Given:
d= 1200mm
t= 6mm
h=120m
So=0.82
Recq:
δw=?
Solution:
𝑝𝑑 (𝑆𝑜•γo•ho)d
Wall stress : δw= =
2𝑡 2𝑡
𝑘𝑁
(0.82)(9.81 𝑚 •120m)1.20m
δ w=
2(0.006𝑚)
𝑘𝑁
δw=96,560.40 ≈96.50 Mpa
𝑚
What is the minimum allowance thickness for a 60mm steel pipe under an
interval pressure of 860 kPa with a working stress of 70 Mpa?
Given:
Sw =70 Mpa
Page | 27
Pi= 860 kPa
d= 60mm
Recq:
t=?
Solution:
𝑝𝑑
δ w=
2𝑡
(0.86𝑀𝑝𝑎)(0.6m)
70 Mpa =
2(𝑡)
−3 103 𝑚𝑚
t=3.69x10 𝑚 𝑥
𝑚
t= 3.69mm
A wood stave pipe is bound by steel rods which take the entire bursting
stress. Find the proper spacing for 25mm round steel rods for a 1800mm
wood stave pipe under a head of 10m of H20 if the working stress in the
steel is 105 Mpa.
Given:
dw= 1800mm
hw= 10m
Recq:
s=?
Solution:
2δH AH
S=
𝑃𝑑
As= 𝜋𝑟 2
Page | 28
As= 𝜋(0.0125)2
As= 4.91𝑥10𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
2(105,000 )(4.91𝑥10−4 𝑚2 )
𝑚2
S= 𝑘𝑁
9.81 2 (1.8𝑚)
𝑚
S =0.58m
P = 𝛾𝑤 • ℎ
𝑘𝑁
P = 9.81 (10𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
P = 9.81
𝑚2
Page | 29
A cylindrical tank having a vertical axis, is 2m ø and 4m high. Its sides are
held in position by means of 2steel hoops one at the top and one at the
bottom. What is the tensile force in its hoop when the tank is filled wt oil
(S=0.80)?
P = 𝛾𝑤 • ℎ𝑜 • 𝐴
P = (0.8)(9.81)(2)(2x4)
P = 125.57kN
Page | 30
DAMS
Dams are structure that block the flow of a river, stream or other
waterway. They are built for the purpose of impounding water.
Purpose of a Dam
3. Navigation
4. Flood Control
5. Multi Purpose
Explanation :
1. Some dams divert the flow of a river into a pipeline, canal or channel.
3. Other dams raise the level of inland H2O ways to make them
navigation by ships and barges.
4. Dams also hold water for drinking and crop irrigation and provides
flood control.
5. Dams are also used for recreation like fishing, water ski.
Page | 31
Analysis of Gravity Dam
Since the water level is raised on the upstream side, the dam is subject to
hydrostatic forces which tend to .
Page | 32
FORCES ACTING ON DAMS
1. Pressure on the upstream
P = 𝛾𝑤 •Ћ•A
PH = 𝛾𝑤 •Ћ•A
Pv = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉
W𝜔 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉
Page | 33
4. Dynamic pressure due to velocity of approach.
𝛾𝑤 𝑉 2
Pa =
2𝑔
Page | 34
Where;
𝑁
𝛾𝑠 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡, 14,150
𝑚3
∝ = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
ℎ𝑠 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒.
Note.
Note:
Page | 35
Where;
Pe = 0.2w
𝜇 = 𝛾𝑤 •Ћ•B
8. Weight of dam
W= 𝛾𝜇 • 𝑉𝜇
Where;
𝑁
𝛾𝜇 = 23,540
𝑚3
Page | 36
Pressure Distribution at the base of the dam.
𝑃+𝑂 𝑃𝐵
R= (𝐵)(1)=
2 2
2𝑅
P= ; twice the average pressure
𝐵
Page | 37
𝐵 𝐵
e= ; x=
6 3
𝑅 𝑅𝑐•𝐵⁄2 𝑅 6𝑅𝑒 𝑅 𝑅
Pmax= + = + = (1 + 𝛿𝑒) ; Pmin= − (1 + 𝛿𝑒)
𝐵(1) 𝐵 3 /12 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝐵
c= - x
2
∑𝑅𝑀
FSo=[ ]> 1.0 except moment of foundation reaction
∑𝑂𝑀
Caused by silt and water pressure which are resisted by frictional force Ff
𝐹𝑓
FSs= > 1.0 where: 𝜇=coefficient of static frictional that
∑𝐹ℎ
ranges from 0.65 to 0.75
𝜇𝑅𝑣
=
𝑅+1
Measures are taken to step the foundation and to ensure stronger bond
between concrete and rock
Page | 38
Page | 39
Page | 40
A masonry dam has a trapezoidal section, one face is vertical, width at the
top is 60cm and the bottom is 3m. The dam is 3.6m high with the vertical
face subjected to water pressure. If the depth of the H2O is 5m, where will
the resultant force intersect the base? Draw the pressure distribution along
the base
P=𝛾𝑤 • Ћ • 𝐴
Pw=9.81(2.5)(1x5)
Pw=122.63 kN
1
y= (5)=1.67m
3
weight of dam
WR=𝛾𝑤 • 𝑉
WR=23.54(0.6x1x7)𝑚3
WR=98.87kN
WT= 𝛾µ • 𝑉𝑇
𝑘𝑁 1
WT= (23.54 3 )(
(2.4)(1)(7))
𝑚 2
WT=197.74Kn
Page | 41
Resultant Ry:
εFV=0
Ry=εW=296.61kN
Resisting Moment
RM=WR(2.7)+WT(1.60)
RM=583.33kN•m
Overturning Moment
OM=Pw(1.67)
OM=204.79kN•m
Locate Ry:
Ry•X=RM-OM
X=1.28m
e= 1.5-1.28=0.22m
𝑅𝑦 6𝑒 𝑘𝑁
pmax= (1 + ) = 142.37
𝐵 𝐵 𝑚2
𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
pmin= (1 − ) = 55.37𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐵 𝐵
Page | 42
Problem Sets - 1
S=1.33
Page | 43
The density of alcohol is 790𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑 . Calculate its specific weight,
specific gravity and specific volume.
a.) For Specific Weight
𝒌𝒈⁄
𝜸=𝝆. 𝒈=790 𝟑 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎⁄ 𝟐 )
𝒎 𝒔
𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟗.𝟗𝑵⁄ 𝟑
𝜸= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 =7.75𝒌𝑵⁄ 𝟑
𝒎
b.) For Specific Gravity
𝜸 𝟕.𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵⁄ 𝟑
S=𝜸 = 𝒌𝑵 𝒎 =0.79
𝒘 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 ⁄ 𝟑
𝒎
Page | 44
average bulk modulus is 2344MPa for that pressure range, a.)
what will be the change in specific volume bet. that at the surface
and at the depth? b.) what will be the specific volume at that
depth? c.) what will be specific weight at the depth?
𝒌𝑵
𝜸 𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟎 ⁄𝒎𝟑 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
a.) 𝝆𝟏 =𝒈= 𝟗.𝟖𝟏𝒎⁄ 𝟐
𝒔
𝝆𝟐 =𝜸. 𝒉=10.10𝒌𝑵⁄ 𝟑 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝒎
𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝟏 =1029.6 ⁄ 𝟑 𝝆𝟐 =80.80MPa
𝒎
∆𝑽=3.3x10-5m3/kg
𝟏 𝟏
b.) V=𝝆= 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟑 ⁄ 𝟑
𝒎
V=9.5x10-4m3/kg
𝝆 𝟖𝟐.𝟐𝟔(𝟏𝟎𝟔)
c.)𝜸=𝒉= =1039.9N/m3
𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎
Page | 45
𝒌𝒈.𝒎.𝒔
𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ⁄ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒎 𝒔
V= 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ⁄ 𝟑
𝒎
𝟐
-6𝒎 𝟑.𝟐𝟖𝒇𝒕 𝟐
V=1x10 x( )
𝒔 𝟏𝒎
V=1.08x10-5 ft2/s
Page | 46
𝟏𝒇𝒕𝟐 (𝟏𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉)𝟐 (𝟐.𝟓𝟒𝒄𝒎)𝟐
x x =929.03 strokes
𝒔 𝟏𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝟏𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝟐
Page | 47
𝜸 𝟑.𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝝆=𝒈𝒗=𝟗.𝟖𝟏(𝟎.𝟒𝟓)
𝝆=729.84 kg/m3
h=35.68 m
Page | 48
The pressure of the air inside a tank containing air and water is
20kPa absolute. Determine the gage pressure at a point 1.5m
below the water surface. Assume STD. ATM. Pressure.
Pabs=20+1.5(9.81)
Pabs=34.72 kPa
Pabs=Patm ± Pgage
34.72=101.325 ± Pgage
Page | 49
Pgage=66.61 kPa
P=9.81(1.4)(3.1)𝝅(0.5)2
P=33.44 kN
Page | 50
A horizon tunnel having a diameter of 3m is closed by a vertical
𝟏 𝟑
gate. When the tunnel is a.)𝟐 Full, b.) 𝟒 full of water, determine
the magnitude and location of the total force.
𝟏 𝝅(𝟏.𝟓)𝟐
a.) Full P=𝜸𝒘 .ħ.A=9.81[ ] (𝟎. 𝟔𝟒)=22.19 kN
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝒓 𝟒(𝟏.𝟓)
ħ=𝟑𝝅= 𝟑𝝅
ħ=0.64m
𝟏.𝟓+𝟎.𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝝅(𝟏.𝟓)𝟐
b.) ħ= =1.08m P=𝜸𝒘 .ħ.A=9.81[ ] (𝟏. 𝟎𝟖)=56.17
𝟐 𝟒
kN
Page | 51
𝑰𝒈 𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟖(𝟏.𝟓)𝟒
e=𝑨ȳ= 𝟑.𝟓𝟑(𝟎.𝟔𝟒) hp=ħ+e=0.64+0.25=0.89m
e=0.25m
P=9.81(1.8)(2/3)(3)(3) hp=ħ+e=1.8+0.34=2.14m
P=105.95 kN ∴ Location of P at 2.14m fr. the ws.
Page | 52
A sliding gate 3m wide by 1.60m high is in a vertical position. The
coefficient of friction between the gate and guides is 0.20. If the
gate weighs 18kN and its upper edge is 10m below the water
surface, what vertical force is required to lift it? Neglect the
thickness of the gate.
P=𝜸𝒘 .ħ.A Pf=𝝁𝑵
P=9.81(1.6)(10.8) Pf=0.2(508.55)
P=508.55kN Pf=101.71kN
Page | 53
ƩFv=0
Pv=𝜸𝒘 +Pf
Pv=18.0+101.71
Pv=119.71kN
Page | 54
𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟗
𝟏
𝒉= = 𝟏𝒎
𝟐
𝑷𝒓 = 𝟗. 𝟖(𝟏. 𝟔)(𝟐)(𝟏)
𝑷𝑹 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟗
𝑷𝑹 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟗 + 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟗
𝑷𝑻 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟔𝟖
𝒃𝒉𝟑 𝒃𝒉𝟑 𝒉𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒆𝑹 = = = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟐𝑨𝒚 𝟏𝟐𝒃𝒉𝒚 𝟏𝟐𝒚 𝟏𝟐(𝟏)
𝟏𝟐
0.025=𝟏𝟐ħ − 𝟎. 𝟓
ħ=2.83m
Page | 55
The width of the Fig. G normal to the paper is 3m. What vertical
force must be applied at “a” to prevent collapse when h=6m?
Neglect weight of the gate, what is stress in strut bc?
Page | 56
The gate of Fig. H is hinged at A and rest on a smooth surface face
at B. The gate is circular having a ∅ of 3m. Determine the value of
the vertical force P that will open the gate at B.
𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟔 + (𝟏. 𝟓) = 𝟑. 𝟏𝒎 ∑𝑴𝑯 = 𝟎
Page | 57
𝑷(𝟐. 𝟏𝟐) = 𝑭(𝟏. 𝟑𝟕)
𝟏𝟐𝟐.𝟓(𝟏.𝟑𝟕)
𝝆 = 𝑺𝜸𝑨 𝒉 𝑷=
𝟐.𝟏
𝑷 = 𝟖𝟎𝒌
𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟑. 𝟏)
𝝆 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝟓) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝒎 =
𝟏
𝟒
[𝝅(𝒓)𝟒 ]
𝒆= 𝑷(𝟐. 𝟏𝟐) = 𝑭(𝟏. 𝟑𝟕)
𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉
𝒓𝟐
𝒆= 𝑷 = 𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝟒(𝟑.𝟏)
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑
𝒂
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝒉
𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝟓) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝒎 = 𝒙
What depth of water will cause the rectangular gate Fig. I to fall?
Neglect weight of the gate.
𝒉
𝟎.𝟓𝒉 𝑰𝒈 𝒉𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎
ħ=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎 →eq. 1 e=𝑨ȳ=𝟏𝟐ȳ= 𝟎.𝟓𝒉 → eq. 3
𝟏𝟐( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎
P=𝜸𝒘 .ħ.A
𝒉 𝟎.𝟓𝒉
P=9.81(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎) (𝟐. 𝟔) (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎) → eq. 2
ƩMA=0
Page | 58
𝒉 𝟎.𝟓𝒉 𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝒉
P(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎)=22.5(𝟎. 𝟓)
5.95h3=112.5
h=2.66m
Page | 59
The hemisphere dome of Fig. P surmounts a close tank containing
a liquid of S.G.=0.75 the gate indicates 60kPa. Determine the
tension holding the bolts in place.
P=𝜸𝒘 .S.h T=𝜸.V.S=9.81(39.23)(0.75)=288.63kN
Page | 60
60kPa=9.81kN/m3(0.75)(h)
h=8.15
𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟑
V=𝝅𝒓𝟐 .h- 𝟔
𝟒𝝅(𝟏.𝟓)𝟑
V=𝝅(𝟏. 𝟓 )𝟐 ( 𝟖. 𝟏𝟓) − 𝟔
V=39.23m3
Page | 61
the top and bottom hoops which are holding the container in
place.
SOLUTION:
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟏/𝟐(𝑷𝟐 )(𝟐)(𝟏)
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝜸𝑨 ħ𝑨 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟐𝜸
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟎 + (𝟐𝜸)(𝟏) = 𝟐𝜸 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟒𝜸
𝑷𝟑 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝜸𝑩 ħ𝑩 𝑭𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎𝜸
𝑷𝟑 = 𝟐𝜸 + (𝟑𝜸)(𝟏) = 𝟓𝜸 𝑭𝟓 = 𝟏𝟔𝜸
𝑷𝟒 = 𝑷𝟑 + 𝜸𝑪 ħ𝑪
𝑷𝟒 = 𝟓𝜸 + (𝟒𝜸)(𝟐) = 𝟏𝟑𝜸
Ʃ𝑴𝑻𝑶𝑷 = 𝟎
𝟑𝟕𝟕(𝟗.𝟖𝟏)
𝑻𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝟐𝟒
FINALS
Principles of Archimedes
Page | 62
Any floating is acted by an uplift force equal to the weight if the displaced
fluid.
A rectangular show 4.6m wide by 9.8m having vertical sides and ends,
weighs 40.73kg. What is its draft in fresh water?
Page | 63
ƩFv=0
BF=Ws
ȣw.VD=40.73kg
𝑘𝑔
1000 [(4.6)𝐷(9.81)𝑚2 ]=40.73kg
𝑚3
40.73
D= 𝑚
1000(4.6)(9.8)
D=0.0009m≈0.9m
If a metal sphere 60cm diameter weighs 11,120N in air, what should be its
weighs when submerged in H2O?
Given: Ww=11,120N
Page | 64
Required: WA=Apparent Weight or Weight in Liquid
Solution: WA=Wa – BF
WA=Wa - ȣw.VD
4𝜋𝑟 3 𝑁 4𝜋
WA=Wa - ȣw[ ]=11,120-9810 [ (0.3)3 ] 𝑚3
3 𝑚3 3
WA=10,010.52N
𝑥 12.5
= ƩFv=0
𝐷 30
𝑥=0.42D BF=Wc
Scr2h=SHg.x2D
(6.95)(0.125)2(0.3)=13.6[(0.42)D]D2
(6.95)(0.125)2 (0.3) 3
D3 = =0.014 ; D3= √0.014=0.24m
(13.6)(0.42)2
Stability of Floating
a.) Upright Position
Page | 65
𝑆
b.) Due to Wind Action sin 𝜃= ; S=MBo.sin 𝜃
𝑀𝐵𝑜
Couple: W.X=BF.X x=GM sin 𝜃
M=Metacenter
GM=Metacentric Height
Page | 66
𝐵2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
ȣw.VD.S = ȣw.VW.L MBo= [1 + ]
12𝐷 2
𝑉𝑤 .𝐿
S= GM=MBo ± GBo
𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝑤 .𝐿
MBo sin 𝜃= If M is above to G: -
𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝑤 ,𝐿
MBo= If M is below to G: +
𝑉𝐷 sin 𝜃
If 𝜃 is =0 RM or OM = BF.x
𝑉𝑤 .𝐿
MBo= = ȣw.VD.GMsin𝜃
𝑉𝐷 𝜃
Approx.
𝐼
MBo=
𝑉𝐷
A rectangular scow 9.15m wide by 15.25m long and 3.65m high has draft of
2.4m in sea water(s=1.03). Its cg is 2.75m above the bottom of the scow
Solution:
GBo=1.53m 𝜃=0
𝐵2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
MBo= [1 + ]
12𝐷 2
(9.15)2
MBo= [1]=2.86m
12(2.44)
Page | 67
Approx.
𝐼 𝑏ℎ3 (15.25)(9.15)2
MBo= = = =2.86m
𝑉𝐷 12(𝑏𝐷𝐿) 12[(9.15)(2.44)(15.25)]
Initial Metacentric Height
M is above G
GM=MBo – Gbo
GM=2.86 – 1.533
GM=1.33m
1.21
𝜃=tan-1 =14.81
4.575
MBo=2.96m
Check:
1
𝑉𝐿 2
(4.575∗1.21∗15.25)(6.1)
MBo= = (340.47)sin(14.81)
=2.96m
𝑉𝐷 sin 𝜃
Final Gm=MBo-GBo=2.96-1.53=1.43m
RM=BF.X=So.ȣw.VD.GMsin𝜃
Page | 68
RM=1.03(9.81)[340.47](1.43)sin(14.81)
RM=1257.50 kN.m
Page | 69
If every particle of a liquid mass is in equilibrium and at rest w/ respect to
every other particle to every other particle and to the containing vessel,
but the whole mass including the vessel, has uniformly accelerated motion
relative to the earth, then we say that the liquid mass is in relative
equilibrium.
1.) Liquid masses moving horizontally w/ uniform motion that is w/o acc.,
maintain a horizontal surface.
Page | 70
𝐹𝐼 𝑚𝑎
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑊 𝑚𝑔
𝑎 𝑎
tan 𝜃 = ; 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑔 𝑔
Where:
a=Linear Acceleration
Therefore, the surface and all planes at equal hydrostatic pressure must be
inclined at their angle 𝜃 w/ the horizontal.
Page | 71
Vertical Motion of Liquid Masses
For a liquid mass moving vertically, the surface always remain horizontal.
The unit pressure “P” at any point in the liquid at depth “h” is given by the
formula.
PA=ȣAh+𝜌.Ah.a 𝛾 = 𝜌. 𝑔
𝛾 𝑎𝛾 𝑎
P=𝛾ℎ + (ℎ)(𝑎);P=ℎ [𝛾 + ]P=𝛾ℎ (1 ± )
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
Page | 72
Inclined Motion
Consider a mass of liquid being accelerated upwards at an indication 𝛼 w/
the horizontal so that
𝑚𝑎𝑥
tan 𝜃 = Note: + = upward motion
𝑚𝑎𝑦 +𝑚𝑔
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
tan 𝜃 = = - = downward motion
𝑎𝑦 +𝑔 ±𝑎𝑦 +𝑔
Solution:
Page | 73
𝑎
tan 𝜃 =
𝑔
3
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 17°
9.81
Page | 74
1
b.) PR= 𝑝. 𝐴 = (9.81)(2.5) [ (2𝑥2.5)] = 61.31 kN
2
1
PF= 𝑝. 𝐴 = (9.81)(1.5) [ (2𝑥1.5)] = 22.07 kN
2
F= 𝑚. 𝑎
F= 𝜌. 𝑣. 𝑎
𝑘𝑔
F= 1000 ⁄ 3 (2𝑥2𝑥5)𝑚3 (1.96 𝑚⁄ 2 )
𝑚 𝑠
39200
F= N= 39.20 kN
1000
2.5 6
c.) tan 𝜃 = =
𝑥 9.81
𝑥 = 4.09m
1
𝑉𝑇𝑟 = (2.5𝑥2.4.09) = 10.225 m3
2
𝑉𝑅 = 2𝑥5𝑥2.5 = 25
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝑇𝑟 = 25 − 10.225 = 14.775 m3
Page | 75
ROTATING VESSEL
𝑣2 𝑤2
ℎ= x ; height of parabola
2 𝑔
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
Page | 76
𝑣 = 𝑟𝑤
𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼
𝑟2
ℎ=
2𝑔
2 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑉𝑠𝑤 = 𝜋𝑟 . 𝐻 −
2
𝜋𝑟 2
𝑉𝑠𝑤 =
2
𝐶 𝑚𝑎 𝑎 𝑟𝑤 2
tan 𝜃 = = = =
𝑊 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
𝑑ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑤 2 .𝑑𝑟
= ; ∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫
𝑑𝑟 𝑠 2𝑔
An open cylindrical tank 0.60m ∅ and 1.2m high is half full of H2O. If it is
rotated about its vertical axis so that H2O just reach the top, find the speed
of rotation, what will then be the max. pressure in the tank? If the H2O is
1.0m deep, what speed will caused the H2O to just reach the top? What is
the depth of H2O at the center?
Given: h=1.m
r=0.3m
solution:
ℎ.2𝑔 (1.2𝑚)(19.81𝑚⁄ 2 )
𝑤=√ = √ 𝑠
𝑟2 (0.3𝑚)2
𝑤 = 16.17 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 (1.2𝑚) = 11.77 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Page | 77
Max. Pressure in the Tank
2𝑔.ℎ 2(9.81)(0.4)
𝑤=√ =√
𝑟2 (0.3)2
𝑤 = 9.34 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
Page | 78
By Equation of Parabola
𝑥1 2 𝑥2
=
ℎ 𝑦
(0.3)2 (0.15)2
=
1.2+𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = 0.4 𝑚
ℎ = 1.6 𝑚
Speed
2𝑔.ℎ 2(9.81)(1.6)
𝑤=√ =√
𝑟2 (0.3)2
𝑤 = 18.68 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
Problem Sets
FINALS
Page | 79
A rectangular solid piece of wood 30 cm square and 5 cm thick
floats in water to depth of 3.25 cm. How heavy an object must be
placed on the wood (Sp. Gr. 0.50) in such a way that it will just be
submerged?
𝒘 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎(𝟎. 𝟑)(𝟎. 𝟑)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟓)
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟓𝑵
Page | 80
submerged in water, what would be the specific gravity of the
rock?
𝑾 = 𝑾𝒂 − 𝑾𝒘
𝑾 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟓 – 𝟑. 𝟖
(𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎)𝑽 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓
𝑽 = 𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎 𝟑
𝟔. 𝟏𝟓
𝑺= (𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 ) = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐
𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎
𝑾𝒂 𝟔. 𝟏𝟓
𝑺. 𝑾 = =
𝒗 𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝑺. 𝑾 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝑵/𝒎 𝟑
Page | 81
A sphere 1m in diameter floats half submerged in a tank of liquid
(S=0.80) (a) What is the minimum weight of the anchor (S=2.40)
that will require to submerge the sphere completely?
(a)
𝑭=𝑾
𝟏 𝟒
𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) [ ( 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟓)𝟑 ]
𝟐 𝟑
𝑾 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵
(b)
𝑩𝑭 = 𝑾𝑺 + 𝑾𝑨
𝟒
𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) [ (𝝅(𝟎. 𝟓)𝟑 ] = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝒗)
𝟑
𝟒
𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) [ 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟓)𝟑 ] + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝒗𝒂 )
𝟑
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝒗)
−𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝒗) + 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝒗)
𝟒
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) [ (𝝅(𝟎. 𝟓)𝟑 ] − 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓
𝟑
𝟐. 𝟒𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)𝑽𝒂 − 𝟎. 𝟖(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝑽𝒂 ) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔
𝟐. 𝟎𝟔
𝑽𝒂 =
𝟐. 𝟒𝟎(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) − 𝟎. 𝟖(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝑽𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
Page | 82
An iceberg has a specific gravity of 0.92 and floats in salt water
(Sp. Gr. 1.03). If the volume of ice above the water surface is 700
cu.m, what is the total volume of the iceberg?
Page | 83
A concrete cube 60 cm on each edge (Sp. Gr. 2.40) rests on the
bottom of a tank in which sea water stands to a depth of 5 m.
The bottom edges of the block are sealed off so that no water is
admitted under the block. Find the vertical pull required to lift
the block.
Page | 84
A 15 cm by 15 cm by 7 m long timber weighing 6280 N/cu.m is
hinged at one end and held in horizontal position by an anchor at
the other end as shown in Fig. AA. If the anchor weighs 23450
N/cu.m, determine the minimum total weight it must have.
𝑾𝑻 = 𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟎(𝟎. 𝟏𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟏𝟓)(𝟕)
𝑾𝑻 = 𝟗𝟖𝟗. 𝟏
𝑾𝑨 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟎(𝒗)
∑𝑴𝑯 = 𝟎
−𝟑. 𝟓(𝑾𝑻 ) + 𝟕(𝑾𝑨 ) = 𝟎
−𝟑. 𝟓(𝟗𝟖𝟗. 𝟏) + 𝟕(𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟎)(𝒗) = 𝟎
𝟑. 𝟓(𝟗𝟖𝟗. 𝟏)
𝒗=
𝟕(𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟎)
𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝑾𝑨 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟎(𝒗)
𝑾𝑨 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟎(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐)
𝑾𝑨 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝑵
Page | 85
A vertical cylinder tank, open at the top, contains 45.50 cu.m of
water. It has a horizontal sectional area of 7.40 sq.m and its sides
are 12.20 m high. Into its lowered another similar tank, having a
sectional area of 5.60 sq.m and a height of 12.20 m. The second
tank is inverted so that its open end is down, and it is allowed to
rest on the bottom of the first. Find the maximum hoop tension
in the outer tank. Neglect the thickness of the inner tank.
𝝈𝑯 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟓𝒌𝑵
Page | 86