20/01/2020 2nd year students.

T.T.U

Avoiding Plagiarism
1. Paraphrasing : to retell information from a text in roughly the same number of words
but should be accurate and in your own words. When you write a paraphrase, you
restate other’s ideas in your own words. That is, you write the meaning of the author’s
ideas. You use some of the author’s key terms, but you use many of your own words
and sentence structures. You include in‐text citation, including the author’s last name
and year of publication.

Original: Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of
disease. Paraphrase: According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the
globe are causing diseases to spread (James, 2004).

Original: The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat. The
announcement followed an intelligence report that found high rates of HIV infection could lead to
widespread political destabilization. Paraphrase: The government of the United States announced
that AIDS could harm the nation's security. The government warned the population after an
important governmental study concluded that political problems could result from large numbers of
people infected with HIV (Snell, 2005).

Original: Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the epidemic. African
Americans, who make up 13 percent of the U.S. population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS
cases diagnosed in 1998. Paraphrase: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the
United States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African, but
almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African America
(Jenson, 2000).

Original: Although only about one‐tenth of the world’s population lives there, sub‐Saharan Africa
remains the hardest hit region, accounting for 72 percent of the people infected with HIV during
2000. Paraphrase: Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in sub‐Saharan
Africa. However, this area of the world has the highest percentage of AIDS‐related illnesses. In
fact, in 2000, almost three‐ fourths of the population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).

What is the difference between Summary & Paraphrase:

The main idea of an entire source is briefly and clearly communicated in a summary; however,
a paraphrase gives a detailed restatement of a source’s idea in its completeness.
Since a paraphrase includes all of the writer’s main ideas, it is often as long as, and sometimes
longer than, the original source. Whereas, summaries are always shorter.
Paraphrases are most useful when you want to present or examine an author’s ideas but you do
not think the original words merit direct quotation. Paraphrasing is good because it can help you to
control the temptation to quote too much from a source.

1. Direct Quote: to use the exact words from a text with quotation marks around the words.
In general, use direct quotations only if you have a good reason.
20/01/2020 2nd year students.
T.T.U

Paraphrasing Activity
A/ “In the northeastern United States, people are building homes on the edge of woods, where
ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer. In addition, in Africa, hunters bring back the
meat of animals that scientists think may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal disease that causes
massive hemorrhaging in its victims” ( yaya, 2004).

B/ “Humans are endowed with a rich repertoire of cognitive abilities. Many of these are shared
with other animals, while a few appear to be unique to our species. Among the latter is our
ability to translate complex thoughts into language, a code that allows us to exchange those
thoughts with one another, plausibly laying the foundation of human culture and civilization”
Authors : Rosemary Varley and Evelina Fedorenko. Year : 2016. Page 1.

C/ “Successful persuaders foster people’s beliefs in their capabilities, while at the same time,
ensure that visualized success is achievable” Author: Saeid Najafi Sarem. Year: no date. Page
299.
D/ : Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the
overwhelming majority of them children in sub‐Saharan Africa. Author unknown. Book title :
Malaria. No date. In paragraph 6.

E/ Death rates for males are substantially higher than for females for every age group of children
and youth, but the largest difference occurs among teens, ages 15 to 19” Authors: Ahcène
Goutas, ,Youcef Ferdi , Jean-Pierre Herbeuval , Malika Boudraa , Bachir Boucheham, C.Kittas.
yar 2011, p. 11.
F/ "So dynamic is the Web that new technologies and techniques are emerging all the time.
What's commonplace one year becomes old hat the next. The only thing that seems to remain
constant is people's desire to transmit and receive information efficiently and to communicate
with others, no matter what the means. That's what drives people to shop, invest, and converse
online, and it is the same force that is propelling them to learn online as well" Author : ko and
rossen. Year 2008. Page 5.

G/ Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries.
Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet
can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock
and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May
1990): 348.

H/ The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries
75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by
as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school
children ("Bike Helmets" 348).
20/01/2020 2nd year students.
T.T.U