EEG 211

Week 1

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Learning Outcome

 Introduction: concept of abstraction

 lumped-circuit modelling,
 Element laws
 device laws: Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws,
 current source, voltage source,
 I-V characteristics

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Introduction: concept of
abstraction
• Abstractions are models, laws, equations etc... used to
describe scientific concept ignoring minute details of
experiment

• F = ma is a layer of abstraction in physics.....

• Law of Maxwell is another abstraction.....

• Level of abstraction differs, which means a layer of

abstraction can be built on another one
EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I
 Introduction: concept of
abstraction
• Abstractions mechanism makes the task of building
complex systems tractable

• An abstraction is like a black box that describe a

scientific phenomenon
• We can ignore the details inside the black box and just
use it (the box) to solve engineering problem

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Introduction: concept of
abstraction
• To form an abstraction we need the discretization
discipline ....
The discipline of discretization states that we choose to deal
with discrete elements or ranges and ascribe a single value to
each discrete element or range.

Discretization is also referred to as lumping.

A discipline is a self-imposed constraint.

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Introduction: concept of
abstraction

Fig: Sequence of courses and the

abstraction
layers introduced to create the
Doom computer game

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 THE LUMPED CIRCUIT
ABSTRACTION

FIGURE: (a) A simple light bulb circuit.

(b) The lumped circuit representation.

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 THE LUMPED CIRCUIT
ABSTRACTION
Lumped elements in circuits must have a voltage V
and a current I defined for their terminals

the elements must not interact with each other

except through their terminal currents and voltages

Lumped circuits comprise lumped elements (or discrete

element) connected by ideal wires.

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 THE LUMPED MATTER DISCIPLINE
The voltage, the current, and the resistance are
defined for an element only under certain constraints
that we collectively call the lumped matter discipline
(LMD).

Once we adhere to the lumped matter discipline, we

can make several simplifications in our circuit
analysis and work with the lumped circuit
abstraction.

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 THE LUMPED MATTER DISCIPLINE
• The rate of change of magnetic flux linked with any
portion of the circuit must be zero for all time. 
0
t
• The rate of change of the charge at any node in the
circuit must be zero for all time. q
0
t
• The signal timescales must be much larger than the
propagation delay of electromagnetic waves through
the circuit.

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 THE LUMPED MATTER DISCIPLINE
Or the circuit dimension is much smaller than the
wavelength of light at the highest frequency !
EM travels 30 cm (1 foot) in 1 nm
Signal wires are encassed in insulators (such as SiO2)
 SiO2  4 o for SiO2
• EM travels in SiO2 in roughly 15 cm in 1 ns
• Alpha microprocessor is about 2.5 cm size
• Signal propagation delay is then 1/6 ns
• Clock speed of 2 GHz = 0.5 ns cycle time
• Propagation delay is then 33 % of the clock speed

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 THE LUMPED MATTER DISCIPLINE

• Lumped circuit analysis may be insufficient when the

propagation delay approaches clock speed !

• In such case, we use distributed circuit analysis

(beyond scope of this course)

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 PRACTICAL TWO-TERMINAL
ELEMENTS
• Electronic access to an
element is made through its
terminals
• A port is formed by pairing
two or more terminals
• Most circuits require two
terminal elements
• More than two terminal
elements can be modeled by
combination of two terminal
elements

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 PRACTICAL TWO-TERMINAL
ELEMENTS
Most common are:

• Resistors

• Batteries

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 PRACTICAL TWO-TERMINAL
ELEMENTS: BATTERY
Such as cell phone battery, lithium ion battery,
deep cycle battery etc.
Energy source is from internal chemical reaction

Battery Specification: nominal voltage,

Total energy stored, internal resistance,

Power delivered by the battery P = iv

Energy supplied over a time interval T = PT
Power is measured in Watts
Energy is usually measured in Joules or Watt-hour
Battery cell (a) and (b) Symbol
Two cells connected in series
What is the difference between two batteries (of same voltage)
connected in series and same batteries connected in parallel ?
Is the net energy supplied equal in both cases above? Yes or No ?

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 PRACTICAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS:
LINEAR RESISTORS

can be In form of
• nichrome wire used in toasters and electric stoves
•planar layers of polysilicon in highly complex computer
chips
• small rods of carbon particles encased in Bakelite
commonly found in electronic equipment

Over a limited voltage (v) and current (i) range,

resistors obey Ohms law, i.e, v = iR
R is called Resistance

Symbol for resistor

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 PRACTICAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS:
LINEAR RESISTORS
The resistance of a piece of material depends on the geometry and
the material property called resistivity

If the cylindrical piece of material satisfies the

lumped matter discipline and obeys Ohms law
then:
l
R
a
EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I
 PRACTICAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS:
LINEAR RESISTORS
Two limiting cases of R
• Short circuit ≡ R = 0, and v = 0 regardless of any current flow in the resistor
• Open circuit ≡ R = ꚙ, i = 0, regardless of any voltage between the resistor terminals

•In both cases above the power dissipated in the resistor is zero

•The elements characterized by the relationship below are not general resistors

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Associated Variables Convention
Associated Variables Convention: Define current to flow in at the
device terminal assigned to be positive in voltage.

The variables v and i are called the terminal variables for the
element.

When current flows into the positive terminal of the device,

it naturally exits at the negative terminal (lumped matter
discipline)

Using associated variable convention, energy is pumped into

the element when p=iv is positive.

Energy is supplied by the element when p=iv is negative

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Associated Variables Convention
Under Associated Variables Convention :

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Associated Variables Convention

For the above circuit, terminal variable v = 3v For the above circuit, terminal variable v = -3v

What is the terminal variable i ?

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 Associated Variables Convention

Determine v, i and p ?
Specify whether power is delivered or absorbed by the
battery ?

Suppose R = 10, Find i, v and p ?

(a) (b)

(c)
(d)

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 IDEAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS

Battery Constant voltage Time varying voltage

Perfect Wire with
conductor non zero
resistance
Ideal linear resistors obey Ohms law

OR

where

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 IDEAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS
INDEPENDENT SOURCES

Independent voltage sources Independent current source

Examples: Power supplies, signal generators,

and microphones

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 IDEAL TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS
DEPENDENT SOURCES

(a) Current dependent current source

(b) Voltage dependent current source
(c) Voltage dependent voltage source
(d) Current dependent voltage source

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 ELEMENT LAWS
The v i relationship is element law

Element law of resistor

Plot of vi relationship of resistor

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 (a) Independent voltage with assigned terminal variable
(b) Plot of v-i relationship of ideal voltage source

Element law

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 (a) Ideal conductor with assigned terminal variable
(b) Plot of v-i relationship of ideal conductor

Element law

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 (a) Open circuit element with assigned terminal variable
(b) Plot of v-i relationship of open circuit element

Element law

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I

 i
I

v
Element law

(a) Plot of v-i relationship of ideal current source element

EEG 211: Introduction to Electrical Engineering I