A proposal to review the theory of relativity

Jaki Umam[1]

It has been investigated that all figures of variables are associated with each
other. Statistical geometry proposes a solution to solve the missing link
between space and time. An inertial body, stone, atom, tree, water, electron,
planet, and all matters in the universe are only interaction between space and
time as fundamental frames of the figures of the variables. All physical laws
are only formulated by space and time which inevitably contain relativity
from their natural properties.

A. Introduction

Inertial body is involved in almost all physical laws, but no one is really sure
what it is. Thales said, “What is matter?” It might be the most complicated
question ever. There is no alternative solution which is able to completely
explain it. Unfortunately, since both Newton and Einstein did not fully answer
it, it ingrained as an acute illness in science. It takes a breakthrough[2] before
it kills the highest sense of intellectuals.
Inertia definition was first officially discovered by Galileo and formulated by
Newton, both in the 17th century and also completed by Einstein in the 20th
century. Galileo and Newton explained that the inertia depends on an absolute
time. Einstein believed that motion depends on its reference frame. To unite
time in space dimension, the motion scoped from the inertia to “only” light,
where light is the maximum velocity that can be reached. All of them are
certain that inertia fulfills the universe as a matter which is linked to a force
as a kinematical and mechanical paradigm.
Most people make an approach of matter as something that can be weighed.
A soft drink tin of 100 grams, for example, can resist with a force that is
comparable to its weight. Because the weight of the soft drink tin is far smaller
than our body weight, it will not be strong enough to resist when we kick it.
Unlike when we try to lift a cupboard alone, we will find it hard because the

1
Corresponding email: jakiumam@gmail.com.
2
Especially to unify the quantum field of electricity and the general relativity of gravity,
can be seen on: Weinberg, S., Scientific American 281: 68-75 (1999), p71.

1
weight of the cupboard is heavier than our body weight. The way to defend it
is equivalent to something called inertia.
Let the experiment in Fig. a as a Gedanken. An 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 ball is measured by 1
kilogram and 𝐵𝑜𝑏 is measured by 2 kilograms, with uncertainty being
ignored. It shows that they are in a zero-gravity environment. For examples,
they are in a space or on a rail that has been greased until all frictions are
gone. Now push each one in the uniform force of 1 Newton. Would the same
time to go through the path of 1-meter occur?

Figure a

Mechanical postulates only explain that 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 and 𝐵𝑜𝑏 will move in a
straight line until there is a force stops them, therefore, an inertial
phenomenon is generally associated with force. Mechanics “ignore” the
problem of how much time is taken by them or, in this case, it means each
material of mass.
This leads us to have a wrong paradigm about the inertia. The well-known
experiment of Galileo, stating that all objects experience the same time when
they are dropped from the top of the Pisa tower because they are in the same
gravitational field, affects us. The Gedanken is totally different because the
gravitational field is not taken into account, making another viewpoint of
Galileo, Newton, and Einstein. To understand this, see Eq. 48 in the section
of “Physical meaning test.”

B. Statistical geometry[3]

Definitions of the geometric term are frequently used to make deeper

understandings about the universe in this paper, as follows:

3
This section is a revised concept of the original paper: Umam, J., Jurnal Matematika 18
(3): 1-5 (2015).

2
1. A real coordinate system is a Cartesian coordinate system built by a real
number basis.
2. An imaginary coordinate system is a Cartesian coordinate system built by
an imaginary number basis.
3. Plane-axis is a group of the number basis that does not take into account
angles between them (symbol 𝑘).
4. Dimensional-axis is a group of the number basis that takes into account
90-degree angles between them (symbol 𝑛).
5. A frame is the plane-axis of the real and/or imaginary coordinate system.
6. A figure is the dimensional-axis of the real and/or imaginary coordinate
system.
The coordinate system has begun since Descartes proposed it in the 17th
century. He mapped a variable in the system based on its position on 𝑥 and 𝑦
axis. The Cartesian coordinate system is developed into at least a dozen types
that only dwell on real mathematics, but it completely ignores imaginary
mathematics. If the real mathematics can be applied in the real coordinate
system, the imaginary mathematics can also be logically applied in the
imaginary coordinate system (see Fig. b).

Figure b

The coordinate system consists of at least one dimensional-axis of the real or

imaginary number basis that can be described in a transformed variable. In
Fig. b, the two dimensional-axes of the coordinate system take 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 as a real
axis of 𝑥 and another real axis of 𝑦 , and the same goes to Bob as well.
Mathematical meaning of the real axis can be converted into the imaginary
axis, or vice versa, by using the imaginary 𝑖. Therefore, it can also take 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒
and 𝐵𝑜𝑏 on the imaginary axis of 𝑖𝑥 and 𝑖𝑦 . The number bases of the
coordinate system are related to the plane-axes of objects.

3
Euclid stated his geometric “Elements” by five postulates, including: “Let it
has been postulated to draw a straight line (1). And to produce a finite straight
line continuously in a straight line (2). And to draw a circle with any center
and radius (3). And that all right angles are equal to one another (4). And if a
straight line falling on two other straight lines make the internal angles on the
same side of itself whose sum is less than two right angles, then the two other
straight lines, if produced to infinity, meet on that side of the original straight
line on which the sum of the internal angles are less than two right angles and
do not meet on the other side (5).”[4]
This postulates considered that all lines (𝑟) are a radius of circles. It concludes
that measurement of a plane surface can be approached by its radius. On the
other hand, an arbitrary geometric shape is actually formed by the position
shifting of the perfect shape of the circle. In everyday life, this phenomenon
can be observed as the surface contour (see Fig. c).

Figure c

The example in Fig. c is a circumference of the ten-plane-axes of the arbitrary

geometric shape. If the position shifting of its circumference to the circle
circumference can be determined, then the formulation of its length, surface,
volume and whatever its name can be determined. It means that there is a
relation between the plane-axes and the dimensional-axes of the coordinate
system. Distribution of the position shifting around the circle satisfy a typical
statistical distribution pattern that can be approached by the circle

4
Fitzpatrick, R., 2007, Euclid's Elements of Geometry, the Greek text of J.L. Heiberg (1883-
1885), from Euclidis Elementa, edidit et Latine interpretatus est J.L. Heiberg, in aedibus
B.G. Teubneri (1883-1885).

4
circumference projected by several position samples of the ten-plane-axes of
the arbitrary geometric shape.
In the measurement theory,[ 5 ] the standard instrument is theoretically
assumed. The measurement result using a standard instrument is called the
correct value ( 𝑟𝑜 ) while the measurement result using an existing or
measuring instrument is called the obtained value (𝑟). The deviation between
them is called error (𝜎). This relation is simplified by:

𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 − 𝜎
(1)
𝑟𝑜 = 𝑟 + 𝜎

Thus, comparison of the correct value and the obtained value is error index
(𝑃) which shows that the smaller error, the smaller deviation between them,
as follows:

𝑟𝑜
𝑃= (2)
𝑟

In optics terminology, this is called refractive index with 𝑟 = 𝑣𝑡 and 𝑟𝑜 = 𝑐𝑡.

If there is no error in the measurement result, the obtained value equals to the
correct value, therefore, the error index (or the refractive index) is nothing. It
can also be formed by the ratio between the circle circumference (𝐺𝑜 ) and the
arbitrary geometric shape circumference (𝐺):

𝐺𝑜
𝑃= (3)
𝐺

If 𝑟𝑜 or 𝐺𝑜 as the standard theoretical instrument results in the correct value

and 𝑟 or 𝐺 as the arbitrary geometric shape results in the obtained value, then
the error index can be approached by the statistical concept of average (𝑟̅ ):

𝑟𝑜
𝑃= (4)
𝑟̅

5
Cooper, W.D., Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, Prentice-Hall of
India Private Ltd, New Delhi (1958).

5
The radius average of a 𝑘-plane-axis of the geometric shapes can consider as
the variance of the data measurement to influence the formulation. Therefore,
if the postulate of the Euclid geometry considers all lines as the circle’s radius
(𝑟𝑜 ), it is a possibility that the circumference of the arbitrary geometric shape
of 𝐺 can be statistically approached by the circumference of the circle of 𝐺𝑜
that is projected by 𝑟̅ :

𝐺𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐺 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

2𝜋𝑟𝑜 = 2𝜋𝑟̅ 𝑃 (5)

The formulation takes the radius average and the error index into account that
it becomes:

𝑟𝑜 = 𝑟̅ . 𝑃 (6)

The experimental data[6] assumed the projected position of the reference

frame in the center of the objects for:

𝑃 1
= (7)
𝜎 𝑟𝑜

If Eq. 1 is substituted into Eq. 7, then it becomes:

𝑟̅
𝑃 = (1 − ) (8)
𝑟𝑜

It is satisfactory that the formulation of the circle circumference is:

𝐺𝑜 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑜 (9)

And the formulation of the circumference of the 𝑘-plane-axis of the arbitrary

geometric shape is:

𝐺 = 2𝜋𝑟̅ 𝑃 (10)

6
The experimental data can be seen on: Umam, J., Jurnal Matematika 18 (3): 1-5 (2015).

6
Therefore, based on Eq. 8, Eq. 9, and Eq. 10, general formulation of the
circumference of the 𝑘 -plane-axis of the arbitrary geometric shape is
satisfactory for:

𝑟̅
𝐺 = 𝐺𝑜 (1 − ) (11)
𝑟𝑜

And also for 𝑛-dimensional-axis views is satisfactory for:

𝑛
𝑟̅ 𝑛
𝐺 = 𝐺𝑜𝑛 (1 − ) (12)
𝑟𝑜

For attention, 𝑘 is a number basis that is ingrained in the radius average of 𝑟̅ ,

while 𝑛 is a dimensional number that shows a dimensional view of the
objects.
The dimensional views of the statistical geometric system can be integrated
into a dot and figure. In Euclid’s geometry, the dot is a fundamental definition
of which there is no part[7] that forms all variables of the geometric shapes—
length, surface, and volume. The arbitrary geometric shapes consist of the
dots, but it is no part itself, hence “all objects around us suddenly appear from
nothingness.” It is a fact that our existence origins from the nothingness that
mathematically runs in the frame as a variable. The dots are zero-plane-axis
and zero-dimensional-axis of the geometric shapes:

𝑛
𝑟̅ 𝑛
𝐺 = 𝐺𝑜𝑛 (1 − )
𝑟𝑜 (13)
𝑘 = 0, 𝑛=0

Some dots are able to form a figure. The figure behaves as the dot in the
frame, thus their properties are identical. Imagine, our body consists of many
atoms behaving as the dot-atom, whereas our body’s organism consists of the
dot-atoms that can behave as just one atom in the frame. Hence, our body’s
organism is called the figure which consists of many dots.

7
See also Fitzpatrick, R., 2007, Euclid's Elements of Geometry, the Greek text of J.L.
Heiberg (1883-1885), from Euclidis Elementa, edidit et Latine interpretatus est J.L.
Heiberg, in aedibus B.G. Teubneri (1883-1885).

7
The figure is the 𝑘-plane-axis of the 𝑛-dimensional-axis of the geometric
shape frame that can be formed by the circumference of arbitrary geometric
shape. All plane-axes and dimensional-axes numbers naturally count
themselves in the real and imaginary sequences, therefore, 𝑘 and/or 𝑛 is the
real and/or imaginary number. Therefore, the figure can be organized as:

𝑟̅ 𝑛
𝐺 𝑛 = 𝐺𝑜𝑛 (1 − )
𝑟𝑜 (14)
𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … , 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …

The calculation of the plane-axes system becoming the dimensional-axes

system of the arbitrary geometric shape of the figure can be done by an
integration method and otherwise by a differentiation method. The integration
method is the technique to integrate more dimensions of the figures. If
𝑟̅
(1 − ) = 𝛽, so the calculation of the figure becomes:
𝑟𝑜

∞
𝐺 𝑛 = 𝛽𝑛 ∫ 𝐺𝑜𝑛 (15)
0

Otherwise, the differentiation method is the technique to differentiate the

fewer dimensions of the figures:

𝐺 𝑛 = 𝛽𝑛 𝑑𝐺𝑜𝑛 (16)

Statistically and geometrically, the formulation of Eq. 15 and Eq. 16 can

exactly count how much the length (or the breadth or the height), the surface,
and the volume of the arbitrary geometric shapes with a three-dimensional-
axes view as well as all no-name shapes with more than three-dimensional-
axes views.

C. Relativistic system origination

Transformation is relativistic which is derived by the relativistic property of

the frames. Two well-known postulates in the past century were written by
Einstein in 1905. He wrote “The laws by which the states of physical systems
undergo change are not affected, whether these changes of state are referred
to the one or the other two systems of coordinates in uniform translatory

8
motion (1). And any ray of light moves in the stationary system of coordinates
with the determined velocity 𝑐, whether the ray is emitted by a stationary or
by a moving body (2).”[8] He called it special relativity.
Einstein’s second postulate of relativity was derived by Maxwell
electromagnetism and confirmed by various experiments. Physical law is
formed by the interactions between frame and figure in the kinematical
system which result in a factor called light constant. It importantly rules in all
formulation of transformation.
Let us see the origination by my own geometry.[9] The statistical geometry
states that the 𝑛-dimensional-axes of the figures can be formed by the 𝑘-
plane-axes of the frame as a reference frame. If the radius average is known,
the formulation becomes:

𝑟 𝑛
𝐺 𝑛 = 𝐺𝑜𝑛 (1 − ) (17)
𝑟𝑜

𝑟
Where it has been mentioned that (1 − 𝑟 ) is the 𝛽 factor.
𝑜

Einstein’s second postulate considers that the light is always constant thus the
velocity of light propagation is a path through which the light passes every
𝑟
second 𝑐 = 𝑡 or the path through which the light passes is to multiply the
velocity of light propagation by time 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑡 . This causes the statistical
geometry system turns into a relativistic kinematic system.
Using this postulate, it becomes 𝑟 = 𝑣𝑡 and 𝑟𝑜 = 𝑐𝑡, therefore the 𝛽 factor
found in the statistical geometry will turn into:

𝑣
𝛽 = 1− (18)
𝑐

Where 𝛽 is the factor influencing all measurements of the relativistic motion

which is identical with the factor influencing all measurements of the
statistical geometry.

8
See the original paper of relativity: Einstein, A., Ann. Phys 17: 891-921 (1905).
9
See my original paper: Umam, J., Jurnal Matematika 18 (3): 1-5 (2015).

9
The frames of the mathematical coordinate system have no physical meaning
because mathematics ignores a physical unit of the natural phenomena.
Einstein’s second postulate gives a meaning that drives us to an understanding
that the transformations of the real frames become:

𝑟𝑜 = 𝛽𝑟 (19)

Because the imaginary frames are contradictory from the real frames, their
transformations become:

𝑖𝑟
𝑖𝑟𝑜 = (20)
𝛽

A depiction of the real and imaginary frames can be seen in Fig. b. The
imaginary frames can be formulated by 𝑖𝑟 = 𝑐𝑡 where the imaginary
properties have default bound in space’s plane-axes as time’s plane-axes, thus
the transformation of time becomes:

𝑐𝑡 𝑡
𝑐𝑡𝑜 = , 𝑡𝑜 = (21)
𝛽 𝛽

1
If 𝛾 = 𝛽, then the transformation of time becomes:

𝑡𝑜 = 𝛾𝑡 (22)

And according to Einstein’s second postulate, both the transformation of

space and the transformation of time satisfactorily become:

𝛽𝑟 = 𝛾𝑐𝑡
(23)
2
𝑟 = 𝛾 𝑐𝑡

Mentioning the 𝛾 factor as a relativistic factor of time to distinguish it from

the 𝛽 factor as a relativistic factor of space is needed for the physical law
formulation. Space and time can be formed by many frames which can be
added as many as possible:

10
 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 + ⋯ = 𝛾 2 𝑐𝑡1 + 𝛾 2𝑐𝑡2 + 𝛾 2 𝑐𝑡3 + ⋯ (24)

And the depiction of Eq. 24 can be constructed as Fig. c or Fig. d below:

Figure d

The dimensional-axes can be added by integrating them so that the frames

form the figures that are in accordance with the statistical geometry rules. The
geometric figures of 𝐺 𝑛 can be interpreted as the figures in space and the
geometric figures of 𝐻 𝑛 can be interpreted as the figures in time.
Geometrically, all figures in spatial dimensions are identical according to the
formulation:

∞
𝑛 𝑛
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 … 𝑛
𝐺 = 2𝜋𝛽 ∫ ( ) (25)
0 𝑘

Where 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 … is the length of the frames, 𝑘 is the plane-axes number,

and 𝑛 is the dimensional-axes number. If the average of the length is known,
then the formulation becomes:

∞
𝐺 𝑛 = 2𝜋𝛽𝑛 ∫ 𝑟 𝑛 (26)
0

Where the real figure is the arbitrary geometric shape of an object in the real
coordinate system.

11
In everyday life, we often think that humans are only able to imagine the real
figures in one, two and three-dimensional-axes of space systems we named
the length, the surface, and the volume (see Fig. e).

Figure e

Therefore, the formulation of the real figures with one dimension or

commonly referred to the length becomes:

𝐺 = 2𝜋𝛽𝑟 (27)

Two dimensions or commonly referred to the surface becomes:

𝐺 2 = 𝜋𝛽2 𝑟 2 (28)

And three dimensions or commonly referred to the volume becomes:

4
𝐺 3 = 𝜋𝛽3 𝑟 3 (29)
3

According to Eq. 23, space’s frames can be equalized to time’s frames so that
the imaginary figures of 𝐻 𝑛 can also be formulated by:

∞
𝑛
𝑡
𝑛∫ ( 1
+ 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 … 𝑛
𝐻 = 2𝜋𝛾 ) (30)
0 𝑘

12
Where 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 … is the imaginary length of the frames, 𝑘 is the plane-
axes number, and 𝑛 is the dimensional-axes number. If the average of the
imaginary length is known, then the formulation becomes:

∞
𝑛 𝑛∫ 𝑛
𝐻 = 2𝜋𝛾 𝑡 (31)
0

Where the imaginary figure is the arbitrary geometric shape of an object in

the imaginary coordinate system.
In everyday life, time’s frames having the imaginary properties have default
constructed in space’s frames having the real properties. As a result, we can
imagine the imaginary figures as a group of time in one, two and three-
dimensional-axes of time systems we named the imaginary length, the
imaginary surface, and the imaginary volume.
Therefore, the formulation of the imaginary figures with one dimension or
commonly referred to the imaginary length becomes:

𝐻 = 2𝜋𝛾𝑡 (32)

Two dimensions or commonly referred to the imaginary surface becomes:

𝐻 2 = 𝜋𝛾 2𝑡 2 (33)

And three dimensions or commonly referred to the imaginary volume

becomes:

4 3 3
𝐻3 = 𝜋𝛾 𝑡 (34)
3

The more-than-three dimensions are objects in any form both real and
imaginary whose the names do not exist in human vocabularies, but they
theoretically exist. In this case, the real and imaginary figures are equivalent,
according to the equation:

𝐺 𝑛 = 𝛽2 𝑐𝐻 𝑛 (35)

13
Where 𝐺 𝑛 is the 𝑛-dimensional-axes of the real figures and 𝐻 𝑛 is the 𝑛-
dimensional-axes of the imaginary figures.
The real and imaginary figures can also be formed by many figures of the
objects which can be added as many as possible:

𝐺1𝑛 + 𝐺2𝑛 + 𝐺3𝑛 + ⋯ = 𝛽2 𝑐𝐻1𝑛 + 𝛽2 𝑐𝐻2𝑛 + 𝛽2 𝑐𝐻3𝑛 + ⋯ (36)

To simplify our thought, it is important to understand that we live in a six-

dimensional-axes of a realm which consists of three spatial dimensions and
three time dimensions, not four-dimensional-axes of spacetime such as
Einstein’s beliefs or just three-dimensional-axes of space such as Newton’s
beliefs. This concept takes the main roles of the formulations of all physical
laws, or calibrating the well-known one, especially regarding the definition
of inertial body discussed in the section of “Introduction.”

D. Physical law formulation

All figures of physical laws are formulated by the frames of space and time
that determine their properties (the main postulate).
Einstein regarded light as a universal constant. In a geometric kinematic
system, light is not only a universal constant but also is the center of mass and
energy movements. It means that all laws regarding mass and energy involve
light, thus it impacts on the central role of space and time as the mainframe
in geometry or the main variable in kinematics. This space and time figure
out all physical laws such as some frames forming figures or an “atoms
composing objects” analogy.
Because of light as the center of the universe, space and time are relativistic
in order to make all the figures they formed are also relativistic. The universe
which includes all real and imaginary figures is limited by light. If a real
figure is continuously pushed by a force or field, then it will lose its physical
meaning in the “light point”. Otherwise, if an imaginary figure is
continuously pulled by a force or field, then it will lose its physical meaning
in the “light point” (see Fig. f).

14
Figure f

Space and time are the fundamental physical laws in the universe, where
space is identical to time that takes into account light in a vacuum. Space
creates the physical meaning of the length between the points, while time
creates the physical meaning of the imaginary length between the imaginary
points. All figures of physical laws composed of space and time have physical
meaning, both known and unknown, thus they can be traced to the frames of
space and time which formulate them.
The formulations of the physical laws can be categorized into at least four
that involve their frames, as follows:
1. The basic figures involve only one frame.
2. The first level figures involve two frames.
3. The second level figures involve three frames.
4. Other important figures involve more than three frames.

The basic figures

1. 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅 2. 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇

1 1
3. = 𝛾𝑠 = 𝑆 4. = 𝛽𝑓 = 𝑌
𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡

The first level figures

5. 𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 = 𝛽2 𝑟 2 = 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴 6. 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 ∗

15
7. 𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟 ∗ 8. 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 = 𝛾 2 𝑡 2 = 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐵

𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟
9. ∗ 10. = 𝛽2𝑣 = 𝐶
𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡

𝛾𝑡 1 𝛾𝑡
11. = 2 = 𝛾 2𝑗 = 𝐽 12. ∗
𝛽𝑟 𝛽 𝑣 𝛾𝑡

1 1
13. ∗ 14. ∗
𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡

1 1
15. ∗ 16. ∗
𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟

The second level figures

17. 𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 = 𝛽3 𝑟 3 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉 18. 𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 ∗

19. 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟 ∗ 20. 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 ∗

𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟
21. = 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅 22. ∗
𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡

𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡
23. = 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇 24. = 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅
𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡

25. 𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 ∗ 26. 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 ∗

16
27. 𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 ∗ 28. 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 = 𝛾 3 𝑡 3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐷

𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡
29. = 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇 30. = 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅
𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡

𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡
31. ∗ 32. = 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇
𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡

𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡
33. = 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅 34. = 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇
𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟

𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡
35. = 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇 36. ∗
𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟

𝛽𝑟 1 𝛽𝑟 1
37. = = 𝛾𝑠 = 𝑆 38. = = 𝛽𝑓 = 𝑌
𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡

𝛾𝑡 𝛾 2𝑗 𝛾𝑡 1
39. = = 𝛾 3𝑔 = 𝐾 40. = = 𝛾𝑠 = 𝑆
𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟

𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡
41. ∗ 42. = 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅
𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡

𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡
43. = 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅 44. = 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇
𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡

𝛽𝑟 1 𝛽𝑟 𝛽2 𝑣
45. = = 𝛽𝑓 = 𝑌 46. = = 𝛽3 𝑎 = 𝐿
𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡

17
 𝛾𝑡 1 𝛾𝑡 1
47. = = 𝛾𝑠 = 𝑆 48. = = 𝛽𝑓 = 𝑌
𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡

1 1
49. ∗ 50. ∗
𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟 𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡

1 1
51. ∗ 52. ∗
𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟 𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟𝛽𝑟

1 1
53. ∗ 54. ∗
𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟

1 1
55. ∗ 56. ∗
𝛾𝑡𝛽𝑟𝛾𝑡 𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡𝛾𝑡

Other important figures

57. 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑁 58. 𝑀𝐿 = 𝐹

59. 𝑁𝑌 = 𝐹 60. 𝑁𝑅 = 𝑊

61. 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑊 62. 𝑁𝐶 = 𝐸

Description: the Greek letter indicates a relativity factor, the capital letter
indicates a figure, the non-capital letter indicates a frame, the star sign (*)
indicates that the variable has not been confirmed by an experiment or I have
no information about it, 𝑅 is the length, 𝐴 is the surface, 𝑉 is the volume, 𝑇
is the imaginary length, 𝐵 is the imaginary surface, 𝐷 is the imaginary
volume, 𝑆 is spooky action, 𝑌 is frequency, 𝐶 is velocity, 𝐽 is inertia, 𝑀 is
mass, 𝐾 is deceleration, 𝐿 is acceleration, 𝑁 is momentum, 𝐹 is force, 𝑊 is
field, and 𝐸 is energy.

18
All formulations above are geometric, kinematic, and relativistic hence they
must be able to be traced to the fundamental law of space and time, even
though they have turned into totally different figures. Thousands of other
variables have not been mapped or have not been connected to basic variables
of space and time, therefore, it takes the attention of many physicists to
conduct experiments to connect them.

E. Physical meaning test

First, 21st, 24th, 30th, 33rd, 42nd, 43rd formulation: A frame of space of βr
creates a figure of the length of R or a figure of the breadth of R or a figure
of the height of R.

𝛽𝑟 = 𝑅 (37)

In geometry and physics, the concept of the dot of 𝐺 0 (see Eq. 13) does not
have any physical meaning. It will be physical if they come together to be a
group and form a line.[10] And then the line itself has two meanings, i.e. a
distance in the real coordinate system based on space’s viewpoint (the length,
the breadth, or the height) and a distance in the imaginary coordinate system
based on time’s viewpoint (the imaginary length, the imaginary breadth, or
the imaginary height).
The length, the breadth, or the height are the simplest physical concepts of
the line. It is like a fundamental brick of the whole building of geometry and
physics. The length can be understood as a measure of the distance in space
against a reference frame. Experiments related to it are common in human
life, for example, you can use a ruler to calculate the distance from the
position of 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 to 𝐵𝑜𝑏. It is done to take the ruler between them.
In statistical geometry, the length can also be interpreted as the radius of the
figure of 𝐺, according to Eq. 27 is satisfied to:
𝐺
=𝑅
2𝜋

10
See also Fitzpatrick, R., 2007, Euclid's Elements of Geometry, the Greek text of J.L.
Heiberg (1883-1885), from Euclidis Elementa, edidit et Latine interpretatus est J.L.
Heiberg, in aedibus B.G. Teubneri (1883-1885).

19
Therefore, every line can be considered as a radius of a circle with one of the
extremity is the center of it.
This postulate has been stated by Euclid at more than 2500 years ago, and in
the early 20th century, Einstein only realized that there was a relativity factor
that had to be taken into account because all measurements were carried out
by involving light as an information carrier. According to Eq. 37, if the
measurement is carried out in an inertial reference frame, then the 𝛽 factor
can be ignored. The measurement is impossible to do when we move near to
the velocity of light so that the result will be equal to zero.
Fifth formulation: A square of the frame of space of β2 r 2 or multiplying the
figure of the length of R by the figure of the breadth of R gets a figure of the
surface of A.

𝛽2 𝑟 2 = 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴 (38)

The surface, which is also one of the simplest concepts in geometry, is

formulated by the square of the length. For arbitrary shapes, the statistical
geometry formula can be applied as it constructs the surface of the figure of
𝐺 2 according to Eq. 28. There is the relativity factor inside 𝐴 which default
emerges from the relativistic property of the kinematical system.
17th formulation: A cube of the frame of space of β3 r 3 or multiplying the
figure of the length of R by the figure of the breadth of R and the figure of the
height of R gets a figure of the volume of V.

𝛽3 𝑟 3 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉 (39)

The volume, which is also one of the simplest concepts in geometry, is

formulated by the cube of the length. For arbitrary shapes, the statistical
geometry formula can be applied as it constructs the volume of the figure of
𝐺 3 according to Eq. 29. Of course, there is the relativity factor inside 𝑉 which
default emerges from the relativistic property of the kinematical system.
Second, 23rd, 29th, 32nd, 34th, 35th, 44th formulation: A frame of time of γt
creates a figure of the imaginary length of T or a figure of the imaginary
breadth of T or a figure of the imaginary height of T.

20
 𝛾𝑡 = 𝑇 (40)

The second physical meaning of the line is the imaginary length—a length
against time’s viewpoint. Time connects two wave points as the distance.
Although time is somewhat similar to space in terms of its axis, they are
contradictory each other. The distance between two wave points only requires
the imaginary length, such as a wave propagating between source to the
wavefront.
According to the Huygens principle,[11] the wave propagates in a straight line
in all directions with the same distances from the source to the wavefront. Of
course, the wave propagates in time frames (the imaginary length). Unlike
space frames that can choose a non-linear path, it can only choose the shortest
distance unless there are refraction, diffraction, and interference. Therefore,
the variable that influences the distance of the source and the wavefront is
time. The two wave points can be connected to the shortest line called
geodesic.

Figure g

To get evidence, do the following experiment in Fig. g. If the position of the

detector is against a source as far as 100 meters, then there will be a distance
of the imaginary length of 100/300 million seconds, it cannot be less and more

11
A simple statement of the Huygens principle is that every point on a propagating
wavefront serves as the source of new spherical secondary wavelets. The wavefront at
this time consists of these new wavelets and the new wavefront is the summation of these
wavelets. This is best described by envisioning a water wave approaching a wall with an
opening (see at https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/huygens-
principle).

21
unless there are other factors that cause light to deflect, refract, or interfere.
In this measurement, there is the 𝛾 factor which describes the condition of the
reference frame thus it will affect the results.
In statistical geometry, the distance of the imaginary length can also be
considered as the radius of the imaginary figure of 𝐻, according to Eq. 32, it
becomes:
𝐻
=𝑇
2𝜋
Of course, there is the relativity factor inside 𝑇 which default emerges from
the relativistic property of the kinematical system. If the measurement is
carried out in an inertial reference frame, the 𝛾 factor can be ignored. The
measurement is impossible to do when we move to near the velocity of light
so that the result will be equal to infinite.
Eighth formulation: A square of the frame of time of γ2 t2 or multiplying the
figure of the imaginary length of T by the figure of the imaginary breadth of
T gets a figure of the imaginary surface of B.

𝛾 2𝑡 2 = 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐵 (41)

The imaginary surface is formulated by the square of the imaginary length.

For arbitrary shapes, the statistical geometry formula can be applied as it
constructs the surface of the imaginary figure of 𝐻 2 according to Eq. 33. Of
course, there is the relativity factor inside 𝐵 which default emerges from the
relativistic property of the kinematical system.
28th formulation: A cube of the frame of time of γ3 t 3 or multiplying the figure
of the imaginary length of T by the figure of the imaginary breadth of T and
the figure of the imaginary height of T gets a figure of the imaginary volume
of D.

𝛾 3𝑡 3 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐷 (42)

The imaginary volume is formulated by the cube of the imaginary length. For
arbitrary shapes, the statistical geometry formula can be applied as it
constructs the volume of the imaginary figure of 𝐻 3 according to Eq. 34. Of

22
course, there is the relativity factor inside 𝑉 which default emerges from the
relativistic property of the kinematical system.
1
Third, 37th, 40th, 47th formulation: A frame of per-space of βr creates a
frame of the spooky action of γs or a figure of the spooky action of S.

1
= 𝛾𝑠 = 𝑆 (43)
𝛽𝑟

The spooky action is a term given by Einstein for a faster-than-light

interaction. It has been found in gravity, electrostatic and electromagnetism.
Cavendish[12] conducted an experiment to measure the earth density which
then produced a gravitational constant by Newton’s universal gravity. The
experiment was the first experiment that measured the spooky action of the
gravitational force between two masses in the laboratory and the first to
produce the gravitational constant which expressed as the earth density.
Coulomb[13] conducted the electrostatic experiment to measure the spooky
action of the electrical force between two charges. Maxwell[14] found the
important role of spooky action in electromagnetism that put light as an
electromagnetic wave derived by the permittivity and permeability in a
vacuum. In the modern era, Casimir[15] found the interaction of electric double
layers, called the Casimir effect, that one of the mysterious spooky action
phenomena has been found.
The spooky action was opposed by Einstein because it violated the second
postulate of relativity. In the quantum entanglement phenomenon,[16] if 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒
and 𝐵𝑜𝑏 in an entangled and uncertain condition, a measurement is needed to
one’s and the result will simultaneously affect the other. If 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 is measured
as “top” spin, because they are in pair, then the result will simultaneously

12
Cavendish, H., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 88: 469-526 (1798).
13
See review about Coulomb experiment on: Falconer, I., Metrologia 41: S107–S114
(2004).
14
The Scientific Papers of James Cleck Maxwell, edited by W.D. Niven, Dover Publications,
Inc., New York (1890).
15
Casimir, H.B.G., Polder, D., Phys. Rev. 73(4): 360-372 (1948).
16
Bub, Jeffrey, “Quantum Entanglement and Information,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/qt-entangle.

23
affect 𝐵𝑜𝑏 in order to be measured as “bottom” spin. Unfortunately, many
tests do not confirm Einstein.
The Aspect experiment[17] was developed in 1982 based on a well-known
former experiment but with better precision, fewer gaps and a choice of
polarization detector orientation. Aspect’s result eventually enforces
physicists to retake the quantum entanglement and restart the debate. Aspect’s
result demolishes Einstein’s locality principle. This world is not only a local
sight but is supported by the unseen, unrealistic and unmolested reality of
spacetime, allowing for the faster-than-light interaction. The spin of 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒
and 𝐵𝑜𝑏 can be connected by a non-local interaction. The popular examples
of non-local interaction are voodoo and extra-sensory perception.
The Hensen experiment[18] observed the loophole phenomenon, another name
of the quantum entanglement, and confirmed the faster-than-light interaction.
Then another massive experiment, the BIG Bell Test,[19] also confirmed this
weird interaction. There is no explanation describing that the interaction in
the quantum entanglement of 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 and 𝐵𝑜𝑏 are simultaneous. It does not
support a general notion proposed by Einstein in special relativity.
1
Fourth, 38th, 45th, 48th formulation: A frame of per-time of creates a
γt
frame of the frequency of βf or a figure of the frequency of Y.

1
= 𝛽𝑓 = 𝑌 (44)
𝛾𝑡

The frequency is an important law which shows the number of waves per
second. Not only related to the wave concept, but it is also related to the
number of activities carried out by a matter per-time (the imaginary length).
For example, a pendulum of 1 kg is hung at a certain distance from the surface
of the earth. If the pendulum has a frequency of 5 H, that means it will move
back and forth 5 times every second.

17
Aspect, A., Dalibard, J., Roger, G., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 25 (1982), see also Aspect, A., Nature
446: 866–867 (2007).
18
Hensen, B., et al. Nature 526: 682-686 (2015), see also Hensen, B., et al. Scientific
Reports 6, 30289 (2016).
19
The BIG Bell Test Collaboration, Nature 557: 212-216 (2018).

24
This is a simple concept of physical law, but very important to know about
the quantum world. It is closely related to the concept of quantum energy,
where a quantum particle has the “well-known” quantized energy of its
frequency which is:
𝐸 = ℎ𝑌
Where ℎ is a field constant invented by Planck hence it is called the Planck
constant.[20] On the other hand, in the quantum world, the back and forth
motion of quantum particles occur even in a ground state because there is the
Planck constant that affects the activity of these particles.
10th formulation: Dividing the frame of space of βr by the frame of time of γt
gets a frame of the velocity of β2 v or a figure of the velocity of C.

𝛽𝑟
= 𝛽2 𝑣 = 𝐶 (45)
𝛾𝑡

The velocity is a fundamental relativity formulation which shows a moving

activity. The reference frame in the measurement can refer to the velocity so
that all measurements carried out in the reference frame will be relative to the
observer motion. The 𝛽 and 𝛾 factors inherent in all variables indicating
relativity applies to all laws in the universe.
The velocity formulation is applied for everyday life. Simple experiments can
be done to prove the presence of this variable. If a train goes 60 km in 30
minutes, it is said that it has a velocity of 120 km/h or 33.333 m/s. It means
that the train passes through the path length of 33.333 m every second. Of
course, the result of this velocity is measured from the inertial reference
frame.
The velocity also applies in wave phenomenon, where it is a very well-known
formulation:

𝐶 = 𝛬𝑌 (46)

20
Planck calculated h from the black-body radiation experimental data of 6.55 x 10−34 Js,
just deviated around 1.2 % of the received value of 6.626 x 10-34 Js.

25
Where 𝛬 is a wavelength, 𝑌 is the frequency, and 𝐶 is the propagation
velocity of the wave. A small stone is dropped into a small lake, for example,
if in 2 seconds there are 10 pairs of peak and valley’s wave along 10 meters
from the point of the small stone falling into that, it becomes 𝛬 = 1 m and
𝑌 = 5 H, hence the propagation velocity is 𝐶 = 5 m/s. Of course, the result
of this velocity is also measured from the inertial reference frame.
In the quantum world, particles always move because they are so small and
there is the Planck constant in space itself that makes the quantum particles
always move into the ground state that is continuously driven by that field.
Thus, it means that space in a vacuum has an energy that equals to the
quantum particles velocity in the ground state. The Casimir effect explains
that the ground state energy is zero-point energy.
11th formulation: Dividing the frame of time of γt by the frame of space of βr
1
or a frame of per-velocity of β2 v gets a frame of the inertia of γ2 j or a figure
of the inertia of J.

𝛾𝑡 1
= 2 = 𝛾 2𝑗 = 𝐽 (47)
𝛽𝑟 𝛽 𝑣

If the velocity contains movements that tend to accelerate, then the inertia
contains movements that tend to decelerate. Therefore, the inertia is also
called anti-velocity.
See the Gedanken in Fig. a in the section of Introduction. If an object gets
moving on the floor, suppose that the floor is so slippery that all friction forces
are lost, then it will continuously move as long as there is no force stopping
it. It will continuously move in accordance with the amount of mass inside
the object, the greater the mass, the slower the velocity. It shows that mass
and velocity are proportionally reversed thus the inertia factor is taken into
account to the definition of the mass.
If the second law of Newton[21]:
𝐹 = 𝑀𝐿
So the Gedanken equalize the force as:

21
The original notation of Newton work is F = ma.

26
 𝐶 𝐶
𝑀 =𝑝
𝑇 𝑅
We get:

𝑇
𝑝 = 𝑝𝐽 = 𝑀 (48)
𝑅

Where 𝑀 is the well-known “mass” and 𝑝 is a certain momentum constant.

Expression in Eq. 48 equals to the proposition that the shift will always occur
as long as time exists. In the Gedanken in Fig. a, for example, assume that
the momentum constant of 𝑝 is 1 kgm/s, if 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 has a mass of 1 kg, “she”
will continuously move in a second every path of 1 meter until a force stops
her. While 𝐵𝑜𝑏 that has a mass of 2 kg will continuously move in 2 seconds
every path of 1 meter until a force stops him.
Imagine if 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 and 𝐵𝑜𝑏 were planets and stars in the non-gravitational
interstellar. For example, if Mercury has the inertial mass of 3.285 x 1023 kg
and is alone in space, then every 3.285 x 1023 seconds it will naturally shift 1
meter. If Pluto has the inertial mass of 1.305 x 1022 kg and is alone in space,
then every 1.305 x 1022 seconds it will naturally shift 1 meter. This law applies
to the Earth, Mars, the Milky Way galaxy and all celestial bodies, because the
shift of objects is the natural property of the mass that bound to space and
time. Of course, all the measurements discussed above are carried out from
the inertial reference frame.
How does this phenomenon occur in a very small object such as an electron?
The electron has a mass of 9.109 x 10-31 kg that seems to violate Einstein’s
second postulate. It is possible that electron and other small particles in the
quantum world live in the imaginary world that is a contradiction of the real
world. Their energy actually causes slowness, deceleration, because the
quantum world is non-inertia (see Fig. f ). It takes something to make sense
that the boundary of the quantum and non-quantum worlds is a particle with
mass 1/𝑐 or 3.333 x 10-9 kg or 3.333 μg.
Many experiments have found anomalies for the quantum world. For
example, the principle of uncertainty and duality that is consistently found.

27
Heisenberg[22] found that the quantum measurements are uncertain thus the
measurement of the momentum and position or energy and time cannot be
measured together. De Broglie[23] also found the existence of duality which
consistently highlighted that the quantum matter can be simultaneously
measured as waves and particles.
39th formulation: Dividing the frame of the inertia of γ2 j by the frame of
space of βr gets a frame of the deceleration of γ3 g or a figure of the
deceleration of K.

𝛾 2𝑗
= 𝛾 3𝑔 = 𝐾 (49)
𝛽𝑟

Experiments for testing the deceleration have generally understood by some

people who understand mechanics. For example, in the case of the pendulum,
if the pendulum has a mass of 2 kg driven by a force of 1 N, then the energy
will be absorbed by the string. Because the resultant force equals to zero, the
pendulum will move back and forth as well as be slowed down by the amount
of the mass (suppose that the momentum constant of 𝑝 is 1 kgm/s hence the
inertia is the same as the mass) and the path length until it stops. Therefore,
its deceleration equals to the mass of every path length.
Another case is a ball that is thrown upwards thus it will bounce on the ground
and stop after going through a certain path. For example, the ball has a mass
of 0.5 kg and has a deceleration of 0.1 kg/m. If a force of 50 N is used to
throw it up, it will be repaid by the gravitational force. The ball will bounce
on the surface of the ground, and with its deceleration, it will stop after
passing the path as far as 5 m (this case also applicable if the momentum
constant of 𝑝 is 1 kgm/s thus the inertia is the same as the mass).
The definition of deceleration is very important for understanding the
quantum world. An example of this is in the experimental photoelectric effect
in which electrons have sufficient deceleration to reach the contact. The
variables which play a role in the deceleration of the electrons when the

22
Heisenberg, W., Z. Phys. 43, 172 (1927), see also Aitchison, I.J.R., MacManus, D.A.,
Snyder, T.M., Am. J. Phys. 72, 1370 (2004).
23
De Broglie, L.V., On the Theory of Quanta (1892-1987)—a translation of Recherches sur
la Theorie des Quanta (Ann. Phys., 10e serie, t. III, Janvier-Fevrier, 1925) by: A.F.
Kracklauer, 2004.

28
momentum of the light spectrum beat against the panel are the path length
from the beaten-point on the panel to the contact and the mass of the electron
itself. If the deceleration is greater than the deceleration limit along the path,
then there will be no electricity. Otherwise, if the deceleration is smaller, then
the electricity will flow.
46th formulation: Dividing the frame of the velocity of β2 v by the frame of
time of γt gets a frame of the acceleration of β3 a or a figure of the
acceleration of L.

𝛽2 𝑣
= 𝛽3𝑎 = 𝐿 (50)
𝛾𝑡

The acceleration phenomenon is very well-known in Newton’s second law,

where the force is the mass multiplied by the acceleration. Experiments for
testing this phenomenon are very familiar. For example, a supercar can reach
the velocity of 100 km/h just in 5 seconds, hence the acceleration is 20 km/h/s
or 5.556 m/s2. The supercar can increase the velocity of 5.556 m/s every
second. Another example is the acceleration of free fall where the objects are
dropped from the top of a skyscraper. They will accelerate at the velocity of
9.806 m/s every second based on the average value of the gravitational
acceleration on the earth.[24]
57th formulation: Multiplying the figure of the mass of M by the figure of the
velocity of C gets a figure of the momentum of N.

𝑀𝐶 = 𝑁 (51)

The momentum can be described as the points of particles or waves in a

coordinated system that is transformed in each frame. This variable is the
unification of the two reversed laws: inertia/mass and velocity/energy. The
material that accelerates forward to 𝑐 is the particles which are calculated by
the inertia or the mass. Otherwise, the material that decelerates backward to
𝑐 is the waves or quanta which are calculated by the velocity or energy. The
momentum is one of the non-relativistic figures because the inertia and the

24
Similar to the Galileo’s experiment dropping objects from the top of the Pisa tower.

29
velocity can simultaneously occur at a point. It does not need a light
transmission to get some information.
Experiments for testing momentum have also been carried out, from the
simple technique to the complicated technique. The simple one is a truck
collision. If two trucks with the same weight (each one is 1 ton) driven at the
velocity of 80 km/h and 60 km/h experience a street accident, based on
momentum conservation law, the second truck to be hit backward with 1.3
times the energy has:
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑀1 𝐶1 = 𝑀2 𝐶2
1000 × 22.222 = 1000 × 16.667
22222 4
=
16667 3
If there are no external factors, the direction of the track after the collision
possibly moves to the opposite of the second truck direction. It means that the
first truck wins so that the second truck will be dragged backward.
A hundred years ago, this concept was used by Rutherford and his colleagues
to determine the existence of something very heavy on the gold sheet so that
it was very strange because there were several alpha particles reflected. It was
like firing a high-caliber bullet onto a piece of tissue paper, but the bullet was
actually reflected. Collisions between the alpha particles and something very
heavy on the gold sheet is similar to collisions between two trucks above.
This experiment was interpreted as the discovery of the nucleus.[25]
58th, 59th formulation: Multiplying the figure of the mass of M by the figure
of the acceleration of L or multiplying the figure of the momentum of N by the
figure of the frequency of Y gets a figure of the force of F.

𝑀𝐿 = 𝑁𝑌 = 𝐹 (52)

25
See review of Rutherford’s paper in 1909-1911 on: https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-
History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911.html

30
Newton is famous for the motion laws which involve the force,[ 26 ] then
Einstein completed it with the relativistic property of spacetime.[27] A simple
experiment of this, to illustrate, was taken by a 200 kg car pushed by 3 people
weighing 50 kg, 60 kg, and 100 kg respectively. Within 5 seconds, the car
managed to reach the velocity of 30 km/h. Therefore, the force produced by
the men was multiplying the mass of the car by the acceleration.
8.333 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = 200 𝑘𝑔 × = 333.322 𝑁
5𝑠
In the quantum world, the particles generally have a very small mass,
therefore, they continuously oscillate. The force is defined as multiplying the
momentum of the particle by the frequency of its oscillation. De Broglie
interpreted this property as duality. [28]
60th, 61st formulation: Multiplying the figure of the momentum of N by the
figure of the length of R or multiplying the figure of energy of E by the figure
of the imaginary length of T gets a figure of the field of W.

𝑁𝑅 = 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑊 (53)

Newtonian mechanics define that the field is the multiplication of the

momentum with the length. Even though it has no significant meaning in
everyday life, it is however very significant in the quantum world. The
quantum theory is famous for the laws of motion which involve the definition
of the field because the quantum material lives in the imaginary world which
is found in the quantum field constant by Planck. Heisenberg discovered the
anomaly of the quantum field where given that the momentum is measured
together with the position or energy is measured together with time, then the
result will not be as accurate as Planck constant that will always be greater
than it. This is called the uncertainty principle.[29]

26
Newton, I. 1846. Newton's Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1st American Edition. New York: Daniel Adee 45 Liberty Street. Translated by Andrew
Motte.
27
See also Einstein, A., Ann. Phys 17: 891-921 (1905).
28
See also De Broglie, L.V., On the Theory of Quanta (1892-1987)—a translation of
Recherches sur la Theorie des Quanta (Ann. Phys., 10e serie, t. III, Janvier-Fevrier, 1925)
by: A.F. Kracklauer, 2004.
29
See also Heisenberg, W., Z. Phys. 43, 172 (1927) and Aitchison, I.J.R., MacManus, D.A.,
Snyder, T.M., Am. J. Phys. 72, 1370 (2004).

31
62nd formulation: Multiplying the figure of the momentum of N by the figure
of the velocity of C gets a figure of energy of E.

𝑁𝐶 = 𝐸 (54)

The definition of energy is well-known in mechanics, especially those related

to mass. Experiments regarding the relation of energy and mass or inertia are
well-known in both Newton and Einstein mechanics. For example, the
1
famous kinetic energy of Newton 𝐸 = 2 𝑀𝐶 2 is usually obtained in the mass
particle that is formed as the momentum variable of 𝑁.[30]
Conservation of momentum in a vacuum means that every point in the
coordinate system contains the momentum constants. Based on various
experiments regarding the faster-than-light interaction, it takes a
consideration that over light velocity or instantaneous interaction exists and
becomes an important base in the coordinate system. In the universe, the
frame of the variable that does not require a relativity factor is the frame of
the momentum of 𝑝 or the figure of the momentum of 𝑁, therefore, all points
in the real and imaginary coordinate systems are the momentum points. The
depiction of Fig. f gives a simple picture of the real and imaginary world of a
comprehensible natural transformation in the universe.
According to this, if the velocity equals to light constant 𝐶 = 𝑐 that means
space in a vacuum, hence the law of the conservation of the momentum
becomes:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
1
𝑀𝑐 = 𝐸
𝑐

𝐸 = 𝑀𝑐 2 (55)

Experiments about the figure of energy in Eq. 55 have been famous since the
past century. Human life has been totally changed since Einstein proposed the
formulation.[31] Almost all developments of civilization in this era can be

30
The famous notation in the classical physics is 1/2mv 2.
31
See his original paper: Einstein, A., Ann. Phys 18: 639 (1905).

32
attributed to the application of the expression of the “little boy,” thus the
biggest war in human history is won by the alliance and it can be said that this
era is fully held by them.

F. Conclusion

A seminal idea in this paper will change the paradigm of our world by means
overturning the notion, i.e. we did not take the definition of mass any more to
explain “What is matter?” By improving the instruments of the statistical
geometry, the definition of space and time turns out to be clearer and the
“particles and waves” matter idea is originated from it. Space and time are the
most important variables as a fundamental geometric, kinematic, and
relativistic frame of the figures of all physical laws. It inevitably assembles
mass and energy. By this result, it can be proven that all of those are identical
thus the simplification of our universe can be understood. In the beginning,
all things are dark and empty,[32] let there be light and there was light.

G. Acknowledgment

Thanks to Mr. Fransiscus Go for his financial support. I believed that he is

the only human on the entire planet that understand my work. I have
researched in theoretical physics since 2001 and more than half of 19 years
period have supported by him. I start to write after I took an English course
program in Pare, Indonesia to improve the skill by which is affordable. On
the other hand, I studied there also to face advanced study overseas in the
USA. No one definitely understands this, except him.

32
Space and time without light.

33