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The pile code consists of four parts. They are Part 1:Concrete piles Part 2: Timber
Piles Part 3: Under reamed Piles Part 4: Load test on Piles. Out of these Part 1
consists of four section. Among these, Section 1: Driven cast in situ concrete piles.
Section 2: Bored cast in situ concrete Piles and Section 3: Driven precast concrete
Piles are revised in 2010. Some of the important changes in the code are highlighted
as follows:
1. Definitions of various terms have been modified as per the prevailing engineering
practice.
M 25.
modulus of subgrade reaction, etc, have been revised to make them consistence
4. Minimum dia of bored cat in situ pile have been changed as 450mm based on
following parameters:
450mm
5. Provisions for special use of large diameter bored cast in-situ reinforced cement
safety, lateral load capacity, overloading, etc, have also been modified to bring
them at par with the present practices.
7. Minimum time of curing before handling of precast piles has been modified.
8. Provision has been made for use of any established dynamic pile driving
1. For Poor bearing soils such as Soft clay, Medium Clay or any clay etc. under
reamed pile foundation with pile cap and grade beam or Bored cast insitu
2. For clay soil with G+2F, G+3F, silt+3floors loads, under reamed piles with
If the hard strata available is at 10m depth, End bearing/ Bored cast insitu
piles with pile caps may be adopted. This type of foundation is also best
3. If the load on foundation is 500KN (say G+2Floor load), Under reamed pile
foundation for a depth of 3.5m to 4.50m with pile caps shall be adopted.
in ‘situ concrete piles with 6.0m to 20.0m depth with pile caps shall be
1. A minimum of three piles are required under a column in order to resist all the
column loads and moments acting on it. If one or two piles are provided under a
column, the grade beams have to be provided in one or more directions which have
to be designed to resist fully column basements since piles will resist the vertical
loads only.
2. Further, column shear will also be resisted by piles, which are assumed to have
.a horizontal load carrying capacity equal to 5% of its vertical load capacity. It may
be noted that horizontal load on a pile is the result of earthquake or wind loads only,
3. The bearing capacity of a single pile is governed by the structural strength of the
pile and the supporting strength of the pile and the supporting strength of soil
4. The selection of the type, length and capacity of pile is usually made from
estimation based on the soil conditions and the magnitude of load. In large cities,
where the soil conditions are well known and where a large number of pile
foundations have been constructed, the experience gained in the past is extremely
useful.
Before the actual construction begins, pile load tests must be made to verify the
design values, the foundation design must be revised accordingly to the test results.
6. Piles in sands are driven to the maximum possible depth because pile load is
proportional to square of the length while its cost increases at a smaller rate. In
clayey soils, increased length does not increase the capacity as rapidly as in sandy
spread or bulb at the bottom increases the pile load considerably, at a very small
1. In general the pile require foundation is likely to be more expansive than spread
footings or mat.
2. Weak soils with heavy column loads require either rafts or piles. Rafts, in
general are more economical than piles. But, when rafts become very large, piles
3.When piles and rafts are both equal in cost, then piles are preferable to rafts, as
the settlement for piles is considerably less than that of rafts. Thus, pile foundations
have to be used when raft foundations are not suitable on grounds of economy or
settlement considerations.
depth of 2 to 3m. However for structure having more than 4 storeys and a hard
strata is available only 10m depth below ground level, then adoption of pile
5.The key to economy in the pile foundations is to keep the area of pile cap in plan
pile, pile spacing (equal to three times the diameter) will increase and this will lead
to a large pile cap, which will result in increased cost. So, pile depth should be
increased to get high capacity piles. Thus, economy requires the use of a few high
capacity deep piles under a column rather than a large number of low capacity
shallow piles.
This type of Pile is suitable for situations where accurate determination of pile
length cannot be made on the basis of sub soil investigation and in cases where
compaction takes place. This has a beneficial effect on the soil strength. Driving
piles are advantageous in sandy soils, when compared with bored cast in situ Piles.
in Sandy soils, the point resistance is large compared to the skin resistance and
For driven piles through sandy soil and resting on a firm cohesionless material, ‘N’
increase the strength of the soil medium. Driven piles are generally not desirable in
clayey soil since the set value resistance.es are false due to pore pressure
resistance. Driven piles are not suitable in predominantly boundary strata. Design
aspects:
Spacing of piles
Reinforcement:
Longitudinal reinforcement:
Main rod: Minimum 6Nos. bars shall be used. Minimum dia. of bar is 12mm.
Not more than 10mm for 20 blows with a 3 tonnes drop hammer over a height of
The cost of pile foundation is roughly one floor cost for the building upto 8 storeys
These piles are ideal as end bearing piles particularly when they are to be socketed
into rock. These piles are suitable where vibrations to the existing adjoining buildings
produces noisy and disturb the structures in the immediate vicinity is not desirable. For
high capacities (150 tonnes to 300 tonnes) these piles are preferable.
For bored piles through sandy soil resting on a firm cohesionless material, ‘N’ value
shall be between 40 and 50. Bored cast in situ piles in clay, the capacity must be
ascertained from shear strength of the supporting soil. The ultimate bearing capacity of
a bored pile in a granular soil is generally taken as being 1/3 to ½ that of the ultimate
Design aspects:
Spacing of piles:
namely,
c) nature of the load transfer to the soil and possible reduction in the load capacity
of piles group.
Reinforcement:
Main rod: Minimum 6Nos. bars shall be used. Minimum dia. of bar is 12mm.
Lateral ties: Mini. Dia of links or spiral shall be 8 mm and spacing of links or spirals
Concrete Grade: Minimum M25. The minimum cement content shall be 400 kg/m3
However, with proper mix design and use of proper admixture the cement content
may be reduced but in no case the cement content shall be less than 350 kg/m3
Bore may be terminated at a depth where the penetration with 1 tonne chisel
dropped from a height of 1.20m should not exceed 150mm for blows.
Precast piles are suitable for places where wooden piles are likely to be weaken by
the white ants or other insects and termites. These piles are preferred for Bridge
foundation. Generally these piles are square or octagonal in shape owing to ease in
casting them. Single length precast pile cannot be designed for a length exceeding
18 to 20m, because of undue handling stresses. It derives its capacity from friction
and bearing. Maximum loads on precast piles are generally limit to 100 tonnes. The
Design aspects:
Spacing of piles:
Minimum spacing
Reinforcement:
Main rod:
(iii) Pile length > 40 times least width =2.0% of c.s. area.
Spacing of ties: closer near ends. Max. spacing=3 times least width of pile.
Stiffener rings:
provided along the length of the cage for providing rigidity to reinforcement cage.
4. UNDER –REAMED PILES : IS 2911 (PART III ) – 1980
If a short bored pile is provided with one, two or three bulbs, to provide anchorage
and / or to increase the bearing load, it is known as the under-reamed pile. Due to
their enlarged based they provide anchorage to structures founded on expansive soils,
carry higher loads in comparison to uniform diameter bored piles and offer high uplift
resistance. This type of pile is particularly useful in swelling soils like black cotton soils.
(2) SUITABILITY :
The choice of the pile is governed by site conditions, economics and time
soft / loose soils occur at top and relatively compact layers are available at
lower elevations. Best use is made of the existence of such compact soil
layers by resisting the bulb ( at the bottom of the Pile Stem ) so that an
reamed Piles are also used in locations where the top soils are of high
swelling and high shrinking type in which case the bulbs are rested at a
expansive soils (e.g) black cotton soils or filled up soils, under- reamed piles
For loose to medium sandy and silty soils, bored compaction piles should
be used since in such piles, the compaction process increases the load
having one or more bulbs. These combine the advantage of both the bored
General equipments required (a) Auger (b) Under- reamed (c) Boring
Guide (d) General tools like cutting tools, extension rods and general
T & P.
Three men can easily advance 3.5 m of a hole of dia. up to 30 cm. in about
6 hours, in normal conditions. For Piles larger than 3.5 m and / or of the
After reaching the desired depth, the bore is enlarged with a special
diameter. The scraped soil collected in the bucket is lifted up and disposed
off from time to time. In sandy soils, the bore hole is to be kept filled with
is formed, boring is further advanced. Bottom spreads are made with tools.
pile cap embedded in the ground and the bulb should be a minimum
(8) Location of bottom most bulb from toe = Bucket length +0.55D
In case the site is such that the depth of fill is more and water
If, on the other hand, the water table at the site is low and the
way that the doors and windows openings lie centrally as far as
complex etc., the piles should be first laid for columns and then for
walls. The maximum spacing between two piles in a beam and pile
(11) Mix: Minimum M20 concrete and minimum cement content shall
be 400 kg/m3
cement content 350 kg/m3 shall be used for without provision for
(12) Reinforcement:
Longitudinal reinforcement:
Transverse Reinforcement :
mm use 8 Φ stirrups.
Under- reamed piles are useful for both in expansive clays as well as in
loose to medium no-expansive soils. It has been established that underreamed piles combine safety, economy and
construction, especially in
other soils where the bore and bulb can be supporting or by mud fluids. In
certain cases it is found that the upper most layer consists of medium to
stiff consistency clay up to 1.50m to 2.0 m and beneath it very very soft
Important Note:- For determining the ‘N’ value the average may be taken
(i) Under-reamed piles are suitable generally only for structures contributing
portion. Hence the design engineer must carefully select the sizes of the
SKETCH:
TABLE 1
dinal
Compression
Load
D Du=
2.5D
Single
UR
Dou
bleU
No.-
DIa
6 mm
Φ@
Single
UR
Double
UR
Single
UR
Dou
ble
UR
Single
UR
Double
UR
200 500
250
625
3.5 3.5 4 #10 220 120 180 60 90 15 18
300
750
375
400
450
500
1. This Table apply to both medium compact sandy soils (10 < N <30) and clayey
2. For dense sandy soil (N ≥ 30) and stiff clayey soils (N ≥ 8) , safe loads in
3. For loose sandy (4 < N < 10) and soft clayey soils (2 < N 4) safe loads should
4. For very loose sandy soil (N ≤ 4) and very soft clayey soils (N ≤ 2 ) the Table
5. For piles with bulb of twice stem dia, the table value should be reduced by 15%.
6. If the pile is full of sub soil water, safe load shall be reduced by 25% as per
7. If the spacing between piles is reduced by 1.5 times instead 2 times the under
seamed bulb dia. as per normal requirements safe load shall be reduced by 10%
8. If the under reamed bulb is 2 times pile dia. instead 2.5 times pile dia, safe load
shall be reduced by 10% as per clause 5.2.3.3.