Report of Executive Engineer

PHED, Nagaland

Report of Executive Engineer

1.1 Introduction

River is an important strategic natural

water resource for mankind. Population
growth and its development needs drive
water development – direct water demands
for various needs, or indirect through
migration or urbanization. Population
growth represents a main driver of
pressure affecting the ecological
integrity of rivers and threatening the
ecological services within the basin.
There are several prevailing problems for
river basin that include flooding and
erosion along with lack of indigenous flow, loss of self-assimilative
capacity, discharge of wastewater and sewage, dumping of solid wastes &
ecological degradation due to disturbed drainage pattern and increasing
water demands in the basin.

The urban settlements along the rivers are facing defined problems of
floods and erosion. Lack of Infrastructure, awareness and financial
constraints made the issue further complicated. Likewise other cities
and fast growing towns of the country, Dimapur city of Nagaland is also
facing similar nature of problems. However, Dimapur is blessed by lotic
and lentic water resources, which include mainly four manmade lakes and
two of the tributaries of Brahmputra river systems namely, Dhansiri and
Diphu rivers.

The Dhansiri and Diphu Rivers after

travelling in Nagaland and passing
through Dimapur joins Brahmputra River in
the State of Assam State.

This detailed project report deals with

the problem of flooding and erosion.
.

1.2 Location of the project:

Dimapur is the oldest human settlement in

Nagaland. It is situated between longitude 93° 43' East and latitude
25°54' North bordering Assam at the western side of the State. The flat
terrain of the town supports the settlement to come up, hence fast
growth of the town is observed in the last two decades. The extended
area of the town increases municipal limit over the years and likely to
increase further in forth coming years. The project area considered

1-1 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

stretches of Dhansiri and Diphu rivers located in Dimapur district

boundary along with the watershed area found within Nagaland state.
Salient features of the project area are summarized below in the Table
2.1.

Table 2.1: Salient Features of the Project Area

S. Salient Data
No Features
1 Geographical 250 48’ & 260 00 N
Location 930 38’ & 930 54 N
2 Altitude 140-600 m (ASL)
3 Climate Subtropical
4 Temperature 10-40 0C
5 Rainfall 1500-2000 mm
6 River Stretches Dhansiri & Diphu River located within
District boundary of Dimapur
7 Watershed Area Dhansiri & Diphu River Watershed located in
and around Dimapur within Nagaland state
boundary
8 Terrain of Hilly ( at Upstream) & Flat (Near Dimapur
Watershed Area town)
9 Major Issues & Non-point pollution, Disturbed watershed,
Thrust Shore-stabilization, Minimum ecological flow,
river meandering etc

Geography:
The area surrounding Dimapur town is covered by alluvium and sandy loam
soil. The town has been established on both banks of Dhansiri river and
therefore the surface is mostly flood plains, and west upland zones are
sand stone structures without hard surface rocks. The gentle sloppy
terrain in most of the part of the town and undulating topography
partly support fast drainage which leads to mainly river systems. The
historic lakes within the city are also collecting the drainage water
and serve the recharging zones of the ground water. However, water
supply is depending on river, which receives pollution load on account
of inflow of untreated sewage and wastewater in the river.

Topography:
General topography is a gentle slope from south towards north
direction. Average slope varies from 1:300 to 1:500. There are several
depressions where rain water takes 15 to 17 hours to escape to natural
streams or to percolate into the soil.

Geo-hydrology:
Ground water varies from 2m to 6m in low land zones in sandy soils.
South east monsoon brings average annual rainfall of 180 cm to 200 cm.
During monsoon from June to October, ground water level raises near to
surface therefore sewer lines will be over loaded with infiltration.
Demography:

1-2 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

The population of Dimapur is 1,13,545 (Source: Census Data 2001, GoI).

However, designed year is considered 30 years from the base year 2014,
thus the target year is 2044. Based on the expected population which
has been derived through various method of population prediction, the
average of arithmetic and graphical prediction will be used for
designing of conservation measures. The predicted demography of the
summarized in Table 2.2 below.

Table 2.2: Projected population of Dimapur

Town

Projected population
S. No. Year
Arithmeti Incrementa Geometri Graphica
c l c l
1 2014 130858 131038 144127 142694
2 2024 154463 155843 239383 205475
3 2034 178068 181572 397597 278368
4 2044 201673 208223 660377 361373

1.3 Problem of the area:

Dhansiri and Diphu rivers are the key lotic system of Nagaland
especially for Dimapur town. Dimapur is located in the western part of
Nagaland and it is surrounded by the district of Kohima in the south-
eastern part. The boundary on the eastern part of Dimapur is formed by
Dhansiri river, while the western part of the district consists mostly
of forests and hills. In the subsequent paragraphs salient features of
Dhansiri and Diphu rivers are summarized for better understanding of
the actual ground conditions.

Dhansiri River- Dhansiri originates from Laisang peak of Nagaland. It

flows through a distance of 352 km from south to north before joining
the Brahmaputra on its south bank. While flowing as the boundary
between Karbi Anglong and Nagaland, it flanks large wilderness very
rich in wildlife. On one side of the river, there is Dhansiri Reserved
Forest while Intanki National Park is located at the other side. The
Dhansiri River is the largest tributary of river Brahmaputra. It is a
perennial source of water for Dimapur district (25°54’45” N, 93°44’30”
E and 25°91’25” N, 93°74’16” E).

Diphu River- Diphu River locally known as Chathe river originates at

the upstream of Thekrejuma near Dzulekma. This river has a total length
of about 32 kms and gets its major water flow after confluence of four
small streams namely, Sochunama, Tsebama, Khukhi Tsebama and Dzumha at
New Chumakedima. river Diphu ultimately confluence to Dhansiri river at

1-3 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

downstream of Dimapur town. River Dhansiri along with river water of

Diphu finally merges with the Brahmaputra River in the plains of Assam.
The salient features of Dhansiri and Dhipu rivers are shown in Table
2.3.

Table 2.3: Salient Features of Dhansiri and Dhipu River

S.No. Name of Features Dhansiri Diphu

1 Total Length of the River 352 Km 32 Km
2 Survey Length of River 20.278 Km 8.71 Km
3 Basin Area within 1099 Km2 56.16 Km2
Nagaland
4 Maximum River Bed Level 138.58 m 134.25 m
5 Minimum River Bed Level 130.50 m 130.69 m
6 Average Width of River 176.78 m 165.03 m

Rivers Watershed

Drainage and Watershed Area of Rivers:

The topography of
Nagaland is much
dissected, full of hill
ranges, which break into
a wide chaos of spurs
and ridges. The terrain
is mountainous covered
by rich and varied flora
and fauna.
Geographically, the
state largely has vast
undulating terrain and
hilly landscape and some
low lying areas giving
rise to a very conducive
climate with presence of
perennial water and
moisture for truly rich
variety of flora and
fauna.

In order to explore fine

details of river and
Figure 2.3 TIN of Dhansiri River within Nagaland State
river basin and stream
networks, rigorous GIS
analysis using ArcGIS
10.1 as well as BASIN 4
Model was used. The
elevation model suggests
varied geographical
patterns in the river
Dhansiri basin and it

1-4 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

varies from 103 ASL to 2059m ASL. The river originates in the Southern
part of the Nagaland state and runs towards eastern part which is
compartevily low lying. The only urban settlement within the Nagaland
state that is Dimpur is at the eastern proximity and falls near the
river flood plain. Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) map represents
elevation difference shown in Figure 2.3 or giving in Drawing No.S6
while Digital Elevation Model is depicted in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Elevation Map of Dhansiri River within Nagaland State

Figure 2.5 Basin Map of Dhansiri within Nagaland State

Dhansiri & Diphu are
the main rivers of the Dimapur District of Nagaland. As mentioned,
river Dhansiri originates from Laisang peak of Nagaland. It flows
through a distance of 352 km from south to north before joining the
Brahmaputra on its south bank. Its total basin area up to the
confluence to the Brahmaputra river is 10195 Km² while approximately
1099 Km2 of river basin area is draining the water in river within the
Nagaland state boundary. Total basin area of Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
fall within the State of Nagaland is further divided in 14 sub basins
and 2 sub basins respectively in order to analyze the specific terrain,
stream lengths, stream slopes, land use and land cover patterns for
better understanding of river hydrological behavior and to formulate
appropriate management plans.

1-5 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

Basin and sub basin map of Dhansiri and Diphu rivers are shown in
Figure 2.5 A&B or Drawing No. S4 & S5 of Volume II while area of basin
and sub basin is summarized in Table 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.

Figure 2.5B- Basin Map of Diphu River (within Nagaland State)

Table 2.4: Basin and Sub Basin Area of Dhansiri River falls within
Nagaland State

Basin Prevailing Major Land Use Area of Land Use (ha)

Sub Basin 1 Agriculture (50%)

Urban (50%)
Sub Basin 2 Agriculture & Plain Area
(30%)
Forests (50%)
Denuded Hills (20%)
Sub Basin 3 Denuded Hills (100%)
Sub Basin 4 Forests (100%)
Sub Basin 5 Forests (60%)
Denuded Hills (40%)

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 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

Sub Basin 6 Urban (100%)

Sub Basin 7 Agriculture (70%)
Sub Urban (30%)
Sub Basin 8 Agriculture
Forests
Denuded Hills
Sub Basin 9 Agriculture
Forests
Denuded Hills
Sub Basin 10 Forests
Sub Basin 11 Forests
Sub Basin 12 Forests
Sub Basin 13 Forests
Sub Basin 14 Urban
Forests
Denuded hills
Total Area (in Ha) 109891
Total Area (in Km2 ) 1099

Table 2.5.: Basin Area of Diphu River falls within Nagaland State

Basin Land Use Type Area of Land Use (ha)

Sub Basin 1 Agriculture (30%) 781.2

Urban (30%) 1171.8
Forests (40%) 1562.4
Denuded Hills (10%) 390.6
Sub Basin 2 Agriculture (30%) 526.2
Urban (30%) 526.2
Forests (30%) 526.2
Denuded Hills (10%) 175.4

Dhansiri and Diphu rivers are important river systems of Dimapur as

well as for the north eastern part of Nagaland state. The banks of both
the rivers are largely unprotected. Due to unregulated hydraulic
behavior of the rivers, flash flooding occurs in monsoon season. As the
rivers are flashy in nature, the banks are subjected to severe erosion
in floods. The rivers are of meandering nature and along with erosion
at concave banks, depositon at convex banks is occuring in monsoon
season.

1.4 Survey conducted in formulation of the scheme:

1-7 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

Preliminary and detailed surveys were done in correct assesment of the

flood and erosion problem of the area. Follwoing surveys have been done
in formulation of this scheme. Engineering survey and investigation has
been performed in order to obtain river morphological characteristics
and fringe and catchment area details. In the present project survey of
the main stem of Dhansiri and Diphu Rivers and their watershed have
been done which includes

 Cross-section of the River bed at every 500m intervals

 Longitudinal sections of the river bed at every 500m
interval along the cross section line
 All bridges – alignments, pier positions and reduced levels
of bridge tops and soffits
 Reduced level and positions of the discernible top edge of
the river bank
 Location of storm water outfalls along both the banks and
their top and invert levels
 Building footprints, compound walls, fences, electric poles,
telephone poles, trees in fringe area
 Cross sectional survey is performed for the river in order
to assess their depth and bed profile. Results of Cross
sectional survey are used to calculate silt load and water
carrying capacity of the river. Cross sectional survey has
been performed by using GPS along with a staff and total
station method.
 Survey & Investigation
o Geo-Morphological Features
o Channel cross section
o Bank width
o Depth
o Aggregation or degradation in river bed
o River velocity
o Analysis of bed slope
o Channel shifting
o Meandering
o Soil and soil type
o Siltation and sedimentation , prevailing siltation
rates and historical changes
The details are as under:
Reconnaissance Surveys

Primary surveys were conducted by the concerned experts for situation

analysis and design the concept for development of conservation
schemes. With integrated approach, primary surveys were conducted
including submergence, fringe and catchment area survey to identify the
existing problems for their remedial measures.

Secondary Data Collection

1-8 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

Relevant data and information was collected from various departments of

Dimapur in the form of maps, references, project reports and published
research papers. The collected literature was reviewed and analyzed to
find out the information gaps so as to generate primary data for
evaluation of present status of Dhansiri and Diphu rivers.

However, the collected secondary data based on ongoing works and

schemes under planning and status assessment as far as silt load,
catchment area, forest cover, rainfall, from point and non-point
sources, etc. were found inadequate, irrelevant and too old to arrive
at any definite conclusion. Therefore, studies were conducted for
generating of data for the evaluation of present status of Dhansiri and
Diphu rivers and its fringes as per scope of work for this project.
Following table (Table 2.6) summarizes the required information as
secondary data necessary to collect to an extent for achieving the
desired objectives:

Table 2.6: Secondary Data & Information Required for Watershed

Management of Dhansiri & Diphu Rivers of Dimapur, Nagaland
S. No Data & Information Required

River Main stem & Its Tributaries/Channels

1. River length & Cross section
2. Seasonal /Daily flood discharge
3. Highest recorded flood level and discharge
4. Bed Profile
5. Physical Sediment Characteristics
6. Soil erosion prone areas at shores with past record
7. River meandering within project area
8. Changes in river path based on past record ( based on revenue
record or Satellite imagery)
9. No. of major inflow tributaries/ channels
Watershed/Catchment Details
10. Demographic Details
11. Topographic Map & Satellite Imagery
12. Land use types with map
13. River bank profile
14. Drainage Maps
15. Soil types
16. Soil erosion prone area
17. Crop Types & Crop Cycle
Meteorological Details
18. Rainfall pattern

Review of Secondary Data

All collected base line information data were reviewed and analyzed to
assess the actual site conditions and the problems faced by the
Dhansiri and Diphu rivers. Following are the list of important areas on
which information were collected, reviewed and analyzed in depth:

 General Topography and Land use pattern of Dimapur

 Hydrological data of Dhansiri and Diphu rivers

1-9 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

 Demographic data of Dimapur

 Drawings and photo imagery maps of rivers available with the
concerned authority.
 Water spread in different seasons and area encroached
 Land use in the fringe area and yield of sediment
 Details of storm water/sewers outfall into river
 Discharge analysis of all inflows and outflows from the river
 Peak flood flow in the River
 Characterization of the discharge flowing in to the river

Primary Data Generated

To bridge the gaps identified after analysis of secondary data, site

surveys and investigations were conducted to generate the primary data.

The primary data collected through field study are as follows:

 Topography Survey
 Mapping of the physical features in and around rivers
 Physico-chemical characterization of water and sediment

1.5 Proposal:

Various alternatives for management of floods and erosion were explored

by the State Govt. As a viable solution to the vexed problem of erosion
and inundation ,it is proposed to construct following works on the
rivers Dhansir and Diphu:
At River Dhansiri.
 Construction of bund at both banks of river Dhansiri for a length
of 42000 m(2x21000 m)
 Construction of bank pitching along with launching apron on river
Dhansiri at concave banks at various locations for total length
of 5100 m.
 Construction of boulder deflectors of length 25 m and @ 100 m
c/c spacing at river Dhansiri.
 Desilting at selected reaches at river Dhansiri

At river Diphu

 Construction of bank pitching along with launching apron on river

Diphu at concave banks at various locations for total length of
1650 m..
 Construction of boulder deflectors of length 15 m and @ 100 m
c/c spacing at river Diphu.
 Desilting at selected reaches at river Diphu

1.6 Scope of the project:

1-10 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

The proposed works under the project are based on the existing problems
and issues of the rivers. Dhansiri being an important river of Nagaland
state and one of the major tributaries of Brahmaputra River, and
bearing on socio-economy of Nagaland and Assam states, flood management
of this river is important. Investigations on river system and its
watershed were conducted for assessment of present status and
identification of issues and problems for the management of these
rivers. After detailed analysis, the works required for integrated
flood and erosion management, have been proposed for sustainable flood
management of the river system. The proposed management practices
include the following aspects:

 to protect the river bank in view of flood control and soil

erosion,
 to improve the river bed profile in view of maintaining the
minimum ecological flow during lean periods,
 to train the river in view of control of meandering of river and
soil erosion,

1.7 Design featues:

The bank pitching along with launching apron have been designed as per
guide lines of I.S.:8408-1994. The bund has been designed as per
provsion of BIS 12094:2000. The design discharge and design HF.L. And
discharge considered for protection works are are based on mathematical
model study due to lack of historical flood data.

1.8 Basis of rates and cost estimate

The rates for preparation of the cost estimate have been adopted as per
PWD SOR 2010 with 32% cost index (@ 8% annual price escalation for 4
years from 2010-2014. The general cost abstract and detailed cost
estimate have been prepared as per CWC guidelines. The cost of the
project has been worked out as Rs 899801000 (Rupees Eighty Nine Crore
Ninety Eight Lakh(s) One Thousand Only).
1.9 Benefit cost Ratio:

The B.C Ratio of the scheme is evaluated to be 1.20;1. The anticipated

damages in absence of the proposed work have been taken into
consideration. The scheme if implemented will yield a benefit to whole
of the Dimapur town comspring huge homestead and town land along with
Govt and private properties.

1.10 Constrcution materials and Constrcution program:

The main construction materials like boulder, gravel etc. will be

available from the nearby quarries. The works for the project wiil be
complted in two years after getting the neccessary approval and funds.

1-11 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers
 Report of Executive Engineer
PHED, Nagaland

1.11 Socio-Economic Aspects:

The scheme if implemented successfully, will boost up the socio-

economic status of the people of the area predominantly inhabited by
poor backward community of Nagaland by ensuring safety in regards to
their dwelling houses valuable homestead and cultivable lands,
P.W.D.village roads, bridges and other Govt. and public utilities. The
proposed work will protect most of the Dimapur town from imminent
erosion and flood devastation.

1.12 Environtal Aspects:

The proposed work will not have any adverse affect in the surrounding
environment.

1.13 Recommendations

The project for flood managments works on river Dhansiri and Diphu
Rivers is much essential for protection of the Dmapur town from the
threat of floods and erosion. Therefore this project is recommneded
for the early implementation.

1-12 Floods Management Works on both banks of rivers Dhansiri and Diphu rivers